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Yazgan B, Mesci S, Bayık N, Akşahin M, Çiftçi GY, Yıldırım T. Explorations of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters and Apoptosis Signal Pathways of 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone Substituted Cyclotriphosphazenes in MCF-7 and DLD-1 Cell Lines. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1124-1138. [PMID: 34353271 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210805144252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a class with biological properties, such as anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-HIV, and various physical effects, phosphazene derivatives constitute the most striking part of inorganic compounds. Anthraquinones, on the other hand, are a broad family of compounds with a wide variety of biological properties; the biologically active anthraquinones have been used as valuable tool compounds for biochemical and pharmacological research. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the anthraquinone substituted cyclotriphosphazene compounds on apoptosis and drug resistance in MCF-7 and DLD-1 cells. METHODS In breast and colon cells, mRNA levels of multi-drug resistance genes (ABCB1, ABCC3, ABCC10, ABCC11, and ABCG2), apoptotic genes (BAX, BCL-2, p53, and PARP), heat shock (HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP90α) and endoplasmic reticulum chaperone genes (GRP78, and GRP94) were determined by the qPCR method. The amount of proteins of the cell cycle, HSPs, apoptosis, and related signaling pathways were measured by the membrane array kits. RESULTS Compounds 2, 3, 4, and 7 showed the most potent results on the ATP-binding cassette genes in both breast and colon cancer cells. These compounds have a remarkable effect on apoptotic, heat shock, and ER chaperone genes in cancer cells. Besides, these compounds induced protein levels of pro-apoptotic pathways, leading to apoptosis by inhibiting anti-apoptotic pathways. Also, these compounds decreased HSPs. CONCLUSION These compounds have potential properties that eliminate drug resistance, suppress heat shock and ER chaperone genes, and drag cells to apoptotic cell death and are notable for drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Yazgan
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Sabuncuoğlu Serefeddin Health Services Vocational School, Amasya University, 05100, Amasya. Turkey
| | - Seda Mesci
- Scientific Technical Application and Research Center, Hitit University, 19030, Çorum. Turkey
| | - Nagihan Bayık
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli. Turkey
| | - Maşuk Akşahin
- University of Amasya, Institute of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Amasya. Turkey
| | - Gönül Yenilmez Çiftçi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli. Turkey
| | - Tuba Yıldırım
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Amasya University, 05100, Amasya. Turkey
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Lee B, Lee S, Lee Y, Park Y, Shim J. Emerin Represses STAT3 Signaling through Nuclear Membrane-Based Spatial Control. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136669. [PMID: 34206382 PMCID: PMC8269395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerin is the inner nuclear membrane protein involved in maintaining the mechanical integrity of the nuclear membrane. Mutations in EMD encoding emerin cause Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). Evidence is accumulating that emerin regulation of specific gene expression is associated with this disease, but the exact function of emerin has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that emerin downregulates Signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling, activated exclusively by Janus kinase (JAK). Deletion mutation experiments show that the lamin-binding domain of emerin is essential for the inhibition of STAT3 signaling. Emerin interacts directly and co-localizes with STAT3 in the nuclear membrane. Emerin knockdown induces STAT3 target genes Bcl2 and Survivin to increase cell survival signals and suppress hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in HeLa cells. Specifically, downregulation of BAF or lamin A/C increases STAT3 signaling, suggesting that correct-localized emerin, by assembling with BAF and lamin A/C, acts as an intrinsic inhibitor against STAT3 signaling. In C2C12 cells, emerin knockdown induces STAT3 target gene, Pax7, and activated abnormal myoblast proliferation associated with muscle wasting in skeletal muscle homeostasis. Our results indicate that emerin downregulates STAT3 signaling by inducing retention of STAT3 and delaying STAT3 signaling in the nuclear membrane. This mechanism provides clues to the etiology of emerin-related muscular dystrophy and may be a new therapeutic target for treatment.
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Chen Y, Liu Q, Liu J, Wei P, Li B, Wang N, Liu Z, Wang Z. Revealing the Modular Similarities and Differences Among Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Parkinson's Disease in Genomic Networks. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 24:125-138. [PMID: 34117614 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) exert increasingly lethal or disabling effects on humans, but the associations among these diseases at the molecular level remain unclear. In our research, lists of genes related to these three diseases were acquired from public databases. We constructed gene-gene networks of the lists of disease-related genes using the STRING database and selected the plug-in MCODE as the most suitable method to divide the three disease-associated networks into modules through an entropy calculation. Notably, 1173 AD-related, 203 VD-related, and 722 PD-related genes as well as 72 overlapping genes were observed among the three diseases. By dividing the modules from the gene network, we divided the AD-related gene network into 27 modules, the VD-related gene network into 8 modules, and the PD-related gene network into 17 modules. After the enrichment analysis of each disease-related gene, 146 overlapping biological processes and 32 overlapping pathways were identified. Ultimately, through similarity analysis of the genes, biological processes, and pathways, we found that AD and VD were the most closely related at the biological process and pathway levels, with similarity coefficients of 0.2784 and 0.3626, respectively. After analyzing the overlapping gene network, we found that INS might play an important role in the network and that insulin and its signaling pathways may play a key role in these neurodegenerative diseases. Our research illustrates a new method for in-depth research on the three diseases, which may accelerate the progress of developing new therapeutics and may be applied to prevent neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Penglu Wei
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nongyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenquan Liu
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
The application of metals in biological systems has been a rapidly growing branch of science. Vanadium has been investigated and reported as an anticancer agent. Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, the incidence of which has been increasing annually worldwide. It is of paramount importance to identify novel pharmacological agents for melanoma treatment. Herein, a systematic review of publications including “Melanoma and Vanadium” was performed. Nine vanadium articles in several melanoma cells lines such as human A375, human CN-mel and murine B16F10, as well as in vivo studies, are described. Vanadium-based compounds with anticancer activity against melanoma include: (1) oxidovanadium(IV); (2) XMenes; (3) vanadium pentoxide, (4) oxidovanadium(IV) pyridinonate compounds; (5) vanadate; (6) polysaccharides vanadium(IV/V) complexes; (7) mixed-metal binuclear ruthenium(II)–vanadium(IV) complexes; (8) pyridoxal-based oxidovanadium(IV) complexes and (9) functionalized nanoparticles of yttrium vanadate doped with europium. Vanadium compounds and/or vanadium materials show potential anticancer activities that may be used as a useful approach to treat melanoma.
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Chong ZX, Yeap SK, Ho WY. Regulation of autophagy by microRNAs in human breast cancer. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:21. [PMID: 33761957 PMCID: PMC7992789 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common solid cancer that affects female population globally. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that can regulate post-transcriptional modification of multiple downstream genes. Autophagy is a conserved cellular catabolic activity that aims to provide nutrients and degrade un-usable macromolecules in mammalian cells. A number of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies have reported that some miRNAs could modulate autophagy activity in human breast cancer cells, and these would influence human breast cancer progression and treatment response. Therefore, this review was aimed to discuss the roles of autophagy-regulating miRNAs in influencing breast cancer development and treatment response. The review would first introduce autophagy types and process, followed by the discussion of the roles of different miRNAs in modulating autophagy in human breast cancer, and to explore how would this miRNA-autophagy regulatory process affect the disease progression or treatment response. Lastly, the potential applications and challenges of utilizing autophagy-regulating miRNAs as breast cancer biomarkers and novel therapeutic agents would be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Cheng Q, Li Y, Guo X, Li H. Involvement of mTOR/Survivin signaling pathway in TUA(2β, 3β, 23-trihydroxy-urs-12-ene-28-olic acid)-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer cell line BGC823 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113437. [PMID: 33011370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A natural ursolic compound, 2β,3β,23-trihydroxy-urs-12-ene-28-olic acid (TUA) was isolated from the root of Actinidiafulvicoma Hance. (A.fulvicoma Radix), which is used as a traditional hebal medicine to cure innominate inflammation of unknown origin of the digestive tract in the She nationality. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of TUA on gastric cancer and to clarify the potential mechanisms in human gastric cancer cell line BGC823 cells in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, autophagy were all measured by MTS assay, flow cytometry following exposure to TUA. The mRNA expressions of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, P70S6K, Survivin and the protein expressions of p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-P70S6K, Survivin were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis, respectively. In vivo antitumor activity of TUA was assessed in a xenograft model. RESULTS In vitro studies showed that TUA significantly suppressed the viability of BGC823 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner but not GES-1 non-tumorigenic human gastric epithelial cells. TUA also significantly increased the apoptosis rate and the sub G2 population by cell cycle analysis in a concentration dependent manner. Exposure to TUA decreased PI3K, AKT, mTOR, P70S6K, Survivin mRNA, inhibited the phosphorylation of major receptors involved in autophagy and apoptosis, such as PI3K, AKT, mTOR and P70S6K, while reduced the expression of Survivin in BGC cells. In vivo studies showed that TUA decreased tumor volume and tumor weight and also down regulated the autophagy-related proteins expression. CONCLUSIONS TUA occupies underlying antitumor effects, the potential mechanisms may involve the suppression of mTOR/Survivin pathways connected to autophagy and the activation of apoptotic pathways in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilai Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
| | - Yingchen Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410006, Hunan Province, PR China.
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Hongliang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
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cIAP2 expression and clinical significance in pigmented villonodular synovitis. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:397-406. [PMID: 33599891 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-09961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare hyperplasia disease of the synovium with a predilection for the knee in either a localized (LPVNS) or a diffuse form (DPVNS). But the exact cause is not clear. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP2) and proliferation, apoptosis, invasive growth and postoperative recurrence in PVNS. Clinical significance of cIAP2 expression in synovium from 63 patients' knee joints with PVNS (40 DPVNS; 23 LPVNS) were investigated with 20 normal subjects acting as controls. The cIAP2 gene was screened by Human Cancer Pathway Finder PCR Array and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We also used immunohistochemistry to detect cIAP2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression and analyzed their relationship with PVNS type, invasive growth, and postoperative recurrence. The expression of cIAP2, PCNA, caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 protein was tested in Western blot. Screening results of Human Cancer Pathway Finder PCR array and RT-PCR showed significantly more cIAP2 mRNA in DPVNS synovium than in normal or LPVNS synovium (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry and western blot showed that the cIAP2 protein expression level in DPVNS was significantly higher than in LPVNS tissue (P < 0.01). As cIAP2 expression increased, the expression of PCNA increased (P < 0.05) and expression of cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9 decreased (P < 0.01). cIAP2 and PCNA overexpression were found to be related to ligament and bone erosion in PVNS and to disease recurrence (P < 0.05). This study suggested that cIAP2 overexpression plays an important role in the anti-apoptotic, proliferative and invasive growth of PVNS, which may account for the recurrence and poor prognosis of DPVNS.
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Castelli V, Giordano A, Benedetti E, Giansanti F, Quintiliani M, Cimini A, d’Angelo M. The Great Escape: The Power of Cancer Stem Cells to Evade Programmed Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:328. [PMID: 33477367 PMCID: PMC7830655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the primary causes of death worldwide. Tumour malignancy is related to tumor heterogeneity, which has been suggested to be due to a small subpopulation of tumor cells named cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs exert a key role in metastasis development, tumor recurrence, and also epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptotic resistance, self-renewal, tumorigenesis, differentiation, and drug resistance. Several current therapies fail to eradicate tumors due to the ability of CSCs to escape different programmed cell deaths. Thus, developing CSC-selective and programmed death-inducing therapeutic approaches appears to be of primary importance. In this review, we discuss the main programmed cell death occurring in cancer and the promising CSC-targeting agents developed in recent years. Even if the reported studies are encouraging, further investigations are necessary to establish a combination of agents able to eradicate CSCs or inhibit their growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (E.B.); (F.G.); (M.Q.)
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (E.B.); (F.G.); (M.Q.)
| | - Francesco Giansanti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (E.B.); (F.G.); (M.Q.)
| | - Massimiliano Quintiliani
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (E.B.); (F.G.); (M.Q.)
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (E.B.); (F.G.); (M.Q.)
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Michele d’Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (E.B.); (F.G.); (M.Q.)
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Wang J, Jin W, Zhou X, Li J, Xu C, Ma Z, Wang J, Qin L, Zhou B, Ding W, Gao T, Yao H, Chen Z. Identification, Structure-Activity Relationships of Marine-Derived Indolocarbazoles, and a Dual PKCθ/δ Inhibitor with Potent Antipancreatic Cancer Efficacy. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12978-12991. [PMID: 33100009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases C (PKCs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases involved in various cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Here, we report the identification, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and 3D-QSAR studies of 69 natural indolocarbazoles, including 15 new compounds, from marine streptomyces strains. Interestingly, we found that the chair conformational isomer of 7-oxo-staurosporine (compound 15) inhibited PKCθ more potently than the corresponding boat isomer. An evaluation of kinase selectivity and antitumor efficacy revealed that 15 was a potent dual PKCθ/δ inhibitor and that it could efficiently inhibit tumor growth in pancreatic cancer (PC) by inducing cellular apoptosis and suppressing the NF-κB/p-P65 pathway. In addition, we demonstrated that overexpression of p-PKCδ and p-P65 was associated with poor survival rates in patients with PC, and p-PKCθ expression also showed significant positive correlations with p-PKCδ and p-P65 levels. Finally, the PC patient-derived xenograft model further confirmed the potential anti-PC efficacy of 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Weiyang Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Chengdong Xu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Zhongjun Ma
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Lele Qin
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Biao Zhou
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Wanjing Ding
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Fang Z, Jung KH, Lee JE, Cho J, Lim JH, Hong SS. MEK blockade overcomes the limited activity of palbociclib in head and neck cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100833. [PMID: 32712554 PMCID: PMC7385517 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is characterized with multiple aberrations in cell cycle pathways, including amplification of cyclin D1. Palbociclib (PAL), a cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor, has been reported to regulate cell cycle progression in HNC. However, recent studies have revealed the acquired resistance of certain cells to PAL through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether the inhibition of MEK/ERK pathway by trametinib (TRA) may overcome the limited efficacy of PAL in HNC. We evaluated the effect of PAL alone and in combination with TRA on the viability of HNC cells, and found that the combination treatment synergistically inhibited the proliferation of HNC cells. The combination treatment induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. In particular, apoptosis mediated by the combination treatment was accompanied with an increase in caspase-3 activity and the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. These results were consistent with the decrease in cell cycle progression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation. In a xenograft mouse model of HNC, PAL and TRA synergistically inhibited tumor growth and enhanced tumor cell apoptosis, consistent with the increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells. The anti-proliferative effects were evident in tumor tissues subjected to the combination treatment as compared with those treated with single drug. Taken together, our study demonstrates that the combination of PAL and TRA exerts synergistic anticancer effects and inhibits cell cycle check points and MEK/ERK pathway in HNC, suggestive of their potential application for HNC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghuan Fang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Han Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea.
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Chang YC, Cheung CHA, Kuo YL. Tamoxifen Rechallenge Decreases Metastatic Potential but Increases Cell Viability and Clonogenicity in a Tamoxifen-Mediated Cytotoxicity-Resistant Subline of Human Breast MCF7 Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:485. [PMID: 32695778 PMCID: PMC7338790 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug resistance is frequently found in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer patients during and after prolonged tamoxifen treatment. Although tamoxifen rechallenge has been proposed for treating recurrent breast tumors, the clinical benefit of this treatment is still controversial. The aims of this study are to identify the possible tamoxifen cytotoxicity-resistant subpopulation of MCF7 cells and to determine the effects of tamoxifen rechallenge on these cells. Methods Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression levels of various epithelial-mesenchymal transition- and cell survival/proliferation-related proteins in MCF7 and MCF7-derived, tamoxifen-mediated cytotoxicity-resistant MCF7-TAM12.5 breast cancer cells. Wound healing, Transwell migration, and invasion assays were used to examine the metastatic potential of cells. Clonogenic assays, trypan blue exclusion assays, and bromodeoxyuridine assays were used to examine clonogenicity and to determine the proliferation rate of cells. Results We found that MCF7-TAM12.5 cells exhibited higher tolerance to tamoxifen-mediated cytotoxicity, higher metastatic potential, higher expression levels of XIAP, and lower expression levels of ERα/ERβ/HER2/Smac than MCF7 cells. In addition, MCF7 cells endogenously expressed Bcl-2α, whereas MCF7-TAM12.5 cells only expressed Bcl-2β. Interestingly, tamoxifen rechallenge decreased the metastatic potential but increased the proliferation and clonogenicity of MCF7-TAM12.5 cells. At the molecular level, tamoxifen rechallenge upregulated the expression of phosphorylated Aurora A and Aurora B kinase in MCF7-TAM12.5 cells. Conclusion Our findings further support the existence of highly heterogenetic cancer cell populations in ER+ breast tumors. It will be of clinical importance to determine the protein expression and the genetic profiles of tamoxifen-resistant/recurrent ER+ breast tumors to predict the potential effects of tamoxifen readministration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chieh Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun Hei Antonio Cheung
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Lung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan and Douliu, Taiwan
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