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Gaál A, Orgován G, Mihucz VG, Pape I, Ingerle D, Streli C, Szoboszlai N. Metal transport capabilities of anticancer copper chelators. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 47:79-88. [PMID: 29544811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, several Cu chelators [2,2'-biquinoline, 8-hydroxiquinoline (oxine), ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDTC), Dp44mT, dithizone, neocuproine] were used to study Cu uptake, depletion and localization in different cancer cell lines. To better understand the concentration dependent fluctuations in the Cu intracellular metal content and Cu-dependent in vitro antiproliferative data, the conditional stability constants of the Cu complex species of the investigated ligands were calculated. Each investigated chelator increased the intracellular Cu content on HT-29 cells causing Cu accumulation depending on the amount of the free Cu(II). Copper accumulation was 159 times higher for Dp44mT compared to the control. Investigating a number of other transition metals, intracellular accumulation of Cd was observed only for two chelators. Intracellular Zn content slightly decreased (cca. 10%) for MCF-7 cells, while a dramatic decrease was observed on MDA-MB-231 ones (cca. 50%). A similar decrease was observed for HCT-116, while Zn depletion for HT-29 corresponded to cca. 20%. The IC50 values were registered for the investigated four cell lines at increasing external Cu(II) concentration, namely, MDA-MB-231 cells had the lowest IC50 values for Dp44mT ranging between 7 and 35 nM. Thus, Zn depletion could be associated with lower IC50 values. Copper depletion was observed for all ligands being less pronounced for Dp44mT and neocuproine. Copper localization and its colocalization with Zn were determined by μ-XRF imaging. Loose correlation (0.57) was observed for the MCF-7 cells independently of the applied chelator. Similarly, a weak correlation (0.47) was observed for HT-29 cells treated with Cu(II) and oxine. Colocalization of Cu and Zn in the nucleus of HT-29 cells was observed for Dp44mT (correlation coefficient of 0.85).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Gaál
- Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, Hungary
| | - Gábor Orgován
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hőgyes Endre u. 9, Hungary; Research Group of Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1092 Budapest, Hőgyes Endre u. 9, Hungary
| | - Victor G Mihucz
- Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, Hungary; Hungarian Satellite Trace Elements Institute to UNESCO, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, Hungary
| | - Ian Pape
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Ingerle
- Atominstitut, Technische Universitaet Wien, A-1020 Vienna, Stadionallee 2, Austria
| | - Christina Streli
- Atominstitut, Technische Universitaet Wien, A-1020 Vienna, Stadionallee 2, Austria
| | - Norbert Szoboszlai
- Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, Hungary.
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52
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Golan Y, Kambe T, Assaraf YG. The role of the zinc transporter SLC30A2/ZnT2 in transient neonatal zinc deficiency. Metallomics 2018; 9:1352-1366. [PMID: 28665435 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00162b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is the optimal nutrient mix for infants until the age of 6 months. However, in some cases, due to genetic alterations as well as nutrient deficiencies in nursing mothers, infants may suffer from inadequate levels of micronutrients upon exclusive breastfeeding. In this respect, transient neonatal zinc deficiency (TNZD) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the zinc transporter SLC30A2/ZnT2 gene, resulting in poor secretion of zinc into the breast milk. Consequently, infants exclusively breastfed with zinc-deficient breast milk develop severe zinc deficiency. The main initial symptoms of zinc deficiency are dermatitis, diarrhea, alopecia, and loss of appetite. Importantly, zinc supplementation of these zinc-deficient infants effectively and rapidly resolves these TNZD symptoms. In the current review, we present the major steps towards the identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying TNZD and propose novel approaches that could be implemented in order to achieve an early diagnosis of TNZD towards the prevention of TNZD morbidity. We also discuss the importance of assessing the prevalence of TNZD in the general population, while taking into consideration its autosomal dominant inheritance that was recently established, also supported by a large number of SLC30A2/ZnT2 variants recently identified in American lactating mothers. These findings indicating that TNZD is more frequent than initially thought, along with the increasing number of TNZD cases that were recently reported worldwide, prompted us here to highlight the importance of early diagnosis of SLC30A2/ZnT2 variants in order to supplement zinc-deficient infants in real-time, thus preventing TNZD morbidity and enhancing newborn health. This early genetic diagnosis of zinc deficiency could possibly prove to be a useful platform for the identification of other micronutrient deficiencies, which could be readily resolved by proper real-time supplementation of the infant's diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Golan
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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Xie J, Zhu XY, Liu LM, Meng ZQ. Solute carrier transporters: potential targets for digestive system neoplasms. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:153-166. [PMID: 29416375 PMCID: PMC5788932 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestive system neoplasms are the leading causes of cancer-related death all over the world. Solute carrier (SLC) superfamily is composed of a series of transporters that are ubiquitously expressed in organs and tissues of digestive systems and mediate specific uptake of small molecule substrates in facilitative manner. Given the important role of SLC proteins in maintaining normal functions of digestive system, dysregulation of these protein in digestive system neoplasms may deliver biological and clinical significance that deserves systemic studies. In this review, we critically summarized the recent advances in understanding the role of SLC proteins in digestive system neoplasms. We highlighted that several SLC subfamilies, including metal ion transporters, transporters of glucose and other sugars, transporters of urea, neurotransmitters and biogenic amines, ammonium and choline, inorganic cation/anion transporters, transporters of nucleotide, amino acid and oligopeptide organic anion transporters, transporters of vitamins and cofactors and mitochondrial carrier, may play important roles in mediating the initiation, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance of digestive system neoplasms. Proteins in these SLC subfamilies may also have diagnostic and prognostic values to particular cancer types. Differential expression of SLC proteins in tumors of digestive system was analyzed by extracting data from human cancer database, which revealed that the roles of SLC proteins may either be dependent on the substrates they transport or be tissue specific. In addition, small molecule modulators that pharmacologically regulate the functions of SLC proteins were discussed for their possible application in the treatment of digestive system neoplasms. This review highlighted the potential of SLC family proteins as drug target for the treatment of digestive system neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yan Zhu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Ming Liu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Qiang Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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54
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Serum Levels of Selenium and Zinc in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.11463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lee S, Rivera OC, Kelleher SL. Zinc transporter 2 interacts with vacuolar ATPase and is required for polarization, vesicle acidification, and secretion in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21598-21613. [PMID: 29114036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.794461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An important feature of the mammary gland is its ability to undergo profound morphological, physiological, and intracellular changes to establish and maintain secretory function. During this process, key polarity proteins and receptors are recruited to the surface of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and the vesicle transport system develops and matures. However, the intracellular mechanisms responsible for the development of secretory function in these cells are unclear. The vesicular zinc (Zn2+) transporter ZnT2 is critical for appropriate mammary gland architecture, and ZnT2 deletion is associated with cytoplasmic Zn2+ accumulation, loss of secretory function and lactation failure. The underlying mechanisms are important to understand as numerous mutations and non-synonymous genetic variation in ZnT2 have been detected in women that result in severe Zn2+ deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Here we found that ZnT2 deletion in lactating mice and cultured MECs resulted in Zn2+-mediated degradation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), which impaired intercellular junction formation, prolactin receptor trafficking, and alveolar lumen development. Moreover, ZnT2 directly interacted with vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), and ZnT2 deletion impaired vesicle biogenesis, acidification, trafficking, and secretion. In summary, our findings indicate that ZnT2 and V-ATPase interact and that this interaction critically mediates polarity establishment, alveolar development, and secretory function in the lactating mammary gland. Our observations implicate disruption in ZnT2 function as a modifier of secretory capacity and lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- From the Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | | | - Shannon L Kelleher
- From the Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, .,Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 and.,Pharmacology, and.,the Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Krizkova S, Kepinska M, Emri G, Eckschlager T, Stiborova M, Pokorna P, Heger Z, Adam V. An insight into the complex roles of metallothioneins in malignant diseases with emphasis on (sub)isoforms/isoforms and epigenetics phenomena. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 183:90-117. [PMID: 28987322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) belong to a group of small cysteine-rich proteins that are ubiquitous throughout all kingdoms. The main function of MTs is scavenging of free radicals and detoxification and homeostating of heavy metals. In humans, 16 genes localized on chromosome 16 have been identified to encode four MT isoforms labelled by numbers (MT-1-MT-4). MT-2, MT-3 and MT-4 proteins are encoded by a single gene. MT-1 comprises many (sub)isoforms. The known active MT-1 genes are MT-1A, -1B, -1E, -1F, -1G, -1H, -1M and -1X. The rest of the MT-1 genes (MT-1C, -1D, -1I, -1J and -1L) are pseudogenes. The expression and localization of individual MT (sub)isoforms and pseudogenes vary at intra-cellular level and in individual tissues. Changes in MT expression are associated with the process of carcinogenesis of various types of human malignancies, or with a more aggressive phenotype and therapeutic resistance. Hence, MT (sub)isoform profiling status could be utilized for diagnostics and therapy of tumour diseases. This review aims on a comprehensive summary of methods for analysis of MTs at (sub)isoforms levels, their expression in single tumour diseases and strategies how this knowledge can be utilized in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pokorna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Bafaro E, Liu Y, Xu Y, Dempski RE. The emerging role of zinc transporters in cellular homeostasis and cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17029. [PMID: 29218234 PMCID: PMC5661630 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that plays a role in the structural or enzymatic functions of many cellular proteins. Cellular zinc homeostasis involves the opposing action of two families of metal transporters: the ZnT (SLC30) family that functions to reduce cytoplasmic zinc concentrations and the ZIP (SLC39) family that functions to increase cytoplasmic zinc concentrations. Fluctuations in intracellular zinc levels mediated by these transporter families affect signaling pathways involved in normal cell development, growth, differentiation and death. Consequently, changes in zinc transporter localization and function resulting in zinc dyshomeostasis have pathophysiological effects. Zinc dyshomeostasis has been implicated in the progression of cancer. Here we review recent progress toward understanding the structural basis for zinc transport by ZnT and ZIP family proteins, as well as highlight the roles of zinc as a signaling molecule in physiological conditions and in various cancers. As zinc is emerging as an important signaling molecule in the development and progression of cancer, the ZnT and ZIP transporters that regulate cellular zinc homeostasis are promising candidates for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bafaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert E Dempski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Hara H, Sueyoshi S, Taniguchi M, Kamiya T, Adachi T. Differences in intracellular mobile zinc levels affect susceptibility to plasma-activated medium-induced cytotoxicity. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:306-315. [PMID: 28325093 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1309527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that plasma-activated medium (PAM), which is prepared by non-thermal plasma (NTP) irradiation of cell-free medium, is a beneficial tool for cancer therapy. PAM has been reported to preferentially kill cancer cells; however, its mechanism is not fully understood. Since PAM contains reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species, the anti-cancer effects of PAM are thought to be attributed to oxidative stress induced by these reactive molecules. Oxidative stress has been shown to release zinc (Zn2+) from intracellular Zn2+ stores and provoke Zn2+-dependent cell death. We have previously demonstrated that intracellular free Zn2+ plays a critical role in PAM-induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. In this study, we found that normal human fibroblasts were less susceptible to PAM cytotoxicity compared with SH-SY5Y cells. PAM decreased intracellular NAD+ levels in both cells, whereas the depletion of ATP and mitochondrial ROS generation was hardly observed in fibroblasts. Intracellular mobile Zn2+ contents of fibroblasts were lower than those of SH-SY5Y cells. PAM suppressed the activity of aconitase, which is a tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme, only in SH-SY5Y cells, and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), a Zn2+ chelator, counteracted the suppression. The combination treatment with PAM and Zn2+ augmented PAM-induced ATP depletion, mitochondrial ROS generation, and cytotoxicity in fibroblasts. These findings suggest the possibility that cells with high intracellular mobile Zn2+ are susceptible to PAM cytotoxicity. Therefore, we concluded that the differences in mobile Zn2+ levels affect PAM-induced cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Hara
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Sayako Sueyoshi
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Miko Taniguchi
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kamiya
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Adachi
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
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59
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Pan Z, Choi S, Ouadid-Ahidouch H, Yang JM, Beattie JH, Korichneva I. Zinc transporters and dysregulated channels in cancers. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:623-643. [PMID: 27814637 DOI: 10.2741/4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As a nutritionally essential metal ion, zinc (Zn) not only constitutes a structural element for more than 3000 proteins but also plays important regulatory functions in cellular signal transduction. Zn homeostasis is tightly controlled by regulating the flux of Zn across cell membranes through specific transporters, i.e. ZnT and ZIP family proteins. Zn deficiency and malfunction of Zn transporters have been associated with many chronic diseases including cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying Zn regulatory functions in cellular signaling and their impact on the pathogenesis and progression of cancers remain largely unknown. In addition to these acknowledged multifunctions, Zn modulates a wide range of ion channels that in turn may also play an important role in cancer biology. The goal of this review is to propose how zinc deficiency, through modified Zn homeostasis, transporter activity and the putative regulatory function of Zn can influence ion channel activity, and thereby contribute to carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis. This review intends to stimulate interest in, and support for research into the understanding of Zn-modulated channels in cancers, and to search for novel biomarkers facilitating effective clinical stratification of high risk cancer patients as well as improved prevention and therapy in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui Pan
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Sangyong Choi
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Halima Ouadid-Ahidouch
- University of Picardie Jules Verne, UFR Sciences, EA 4667, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Physiology, SFR CAP-SANTE (FED 4231), Amiens, France
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, 500 University Drive Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - John H Beattie
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Irina Korichneva
- University of Picardie Jules Verne, UFR Sciences, EA 4667, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Physiology, SFR CAP-SANTE (FED 4231), Amiens, France
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60
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Lee S, Kelleher SL. Molecular regulation of lactation: The complex and requisite roles for zinc. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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61
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Pisano A, Santolla MF, De Francesco EM, De Marco P, Rigiracciolo DC, Perri MG, Vivacqua A, Abonante S, Cappello AR, Dolce V, Belfiore A, Maggiolini M, Lappano R. GPER, IGF-IR, and EGFR transduction signaling are involved in stimulatory effects of zinc in breast cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:580-593. [PMID: 27341075 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace mineral that contributes to the regulation of several cellular functions; however, it may be also implicated in the progression of breast cancer through different mechanisms. It has been largely reported that the classical estrogen receptor (ER), as well as the G protein estrogen receptor (GPER, previously known as GPR30) can exert a main role in the development of breast tumors. In the present study, we demonstrate that zinc chloride (ZnCl2 ) involves GPER in the activation of insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated signaling, which in turn triggers downstream pathways like ERK and AKT in breast cancer cells, and main components of the tumor microenvironment namely cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Further corroborating these findings, ZnCl2 stimulates a functional crosstalk of GPER with IGF-IR and EGFR toward the transcription of diverse GPER target genes. Then, we show that GPER contributes to the stimulatory effects induced by ZnCl2 on cell-cycle progression, proliferation, and migration of breast cancer cells as well as migration of CAFs. Together, our data provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms through which zinc may exert stimulatory effects in breast cancer cells and CAFs toward tumor progression. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Pisano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola De Marco
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Perri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Adele Vivacqua
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Anna Rita Cappello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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