51
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Breast Cancer Detection Using Infrared Thermal Imaging and a Deep Learning Model. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18092799. [PMID: 30149621 PMCID: PMC6164870 DOI: 10.3390/s18092799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Women’s breasts are susceptible to developing cancer; this is supported by a recent study from 2016 showing that 2.8 million women worldwide had already been diagnosed with breast cancer that year. The medical care of a patient with breast cancer is costly and, given the cost and value of the preservation of the health of the citizen, the prevention of breast cancer has become a priority in public health. Over the past 20 years several techniques have been proposed for this purpose, such as mammography, which is frequently used for breast cancer diagnosis. However, false positives of mammography can occur in which the patient is diagnosed positive by another technique. Additionally, the potential side effects of using mammography may encourage patients and physicians to look for other diagnostic techniques. Our review of the literature first explored infrared digital imaging, which assumes that a basic thermal comparison between a healthy breast and a breast with cancer always shows an increase in thermal activity in the precancerous tissues and the areas surrounding developing breast cancer. Furthermore, through our research, we realized that a Computer-Aided Diagnostic (CAD) undertaken through infrared image processing could not be achieved without a model such as the well-known hemispheric model. The novel contribution of this paper is the production of a comparative study of several breast cancer detection techniques using powerful computer vision techniques and deep learning models.
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De Los Reyes-Berbel E, Salto-Gonzalez R, Ortega-Muñoz M, Reche-Perez FJ, Jodar-Reyes AB, Hernandez-Mateo F, Giron-Gonzalez MD, Santoyo-Gonzalez F. PEI-NIR Heptamethine Cyanine Nanotheranostics for Tumor Targeted Gene Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2561-2575. [PMID: 29953208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based nanotheranostics are appealing tools for cancer treatment and diagnosis in the fast-growing field of nanomedicine. A straightforward preparation of novel engineered PEI-based nanotheranostics incorporating NIR fluorescence heptamethine cyanine dyes (NIRF-HC) to enable them with tumor targeted gene delivery capabilities is reported. Branched PEI-2 kDa (b2kPEI) is conjugated with IR-780 and IR-783 dyes by both covalent and noncovalent simple preparative methodologies varying their stoichiometry ratio. The as-prepared set of PEI-NIR-HC nanocarriers are assayed in vitro and in vivo to evaluate their gene transfection efficiency, cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, internalization and trafficking mechanisms, subcellular distribution, and tumor specific gene delivery. The results show the validity of the approach particularly for one of the covalent IR783-b2kPEI conjugates that exhibit an enhanced tumor uptake, probably mediated by organic anion transporting peptides, and favorable intracellular transport to the nucleus. The compound behaves as an efficient nanotheranostic transfection agent in NSG mice bearing melanoma G361 xenographs with concomitant imaging signal and gene concentration in the targeted tumor. By this way, advanced nanotheranostics with multifunctional capabilities (gene delivery, tumor-specific targeting, and NIR fluorescence imaging) are generated in which the NIRF-HC dye component accounts for simultaneous targeting and diagnostics, avoiding additional incorporation of additional tumor-specific targeting bioligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo De Los Reyes-Berbel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Rafael Salto-Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy , University of Granada , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Mariano Ortega-Muñoz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Francisco Jose Reche-Perez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy , University of Granada , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Ana Belen Jodar-Reyes
- Biocolloid and Fluid Physics Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Fernando Hernandez-Mateo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Giron-Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy , University of Granada , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Francisco Santoyo-Gonzalez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada , 18071 Granada , Spain
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53
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Tang Q, Liu W, Zhang Q, Huang J, Hu C, Liu Y, Wang Q, Zhou M, Lai W, Sheng F, Li G, Zhang R. Dynamin-related protein 1-mediated mitochondrial fission contributes to IR-783-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4474-4485. [PMID: 29993201 PMCID: PMC6111821 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IR‐783 is a kind of heptamethine cyanine dye that exhibits imaging, cancer targeting and anticancer properties. A previous study reported that its imaging and targeting properties were related to mitochondria. However, the molecular mechanism behind the anticancer activity of IR‐783 has not been well demonstrated. In this study, we showed that IR‐783 inhibits cell viability and induces mitochondrial apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Exposure of MDA‐MB‐231 cells to IR‐783 resulted in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and cytochrome c (Cyto C) release. Furthermore, we found that IR‐783 induced dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria, increased the expression of mitochondrial fission proteins mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) and fission‐1 (Fis1), and decreased the expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins mitofusin1 (Mfn1) and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1). Moreover, knockdown of Drp1 markedly blocked IR‐783‐mediated mitochondrial fission, loss of MMP, ATP depletion, mPTP opening and apoptosis. Our in vivo study confirmed that IR‐783 markedly inhibited tumour growth and induced apoptosis in an MDA‐MB‐231 xenograft model in association with the mitochondrial translocation of Drp1. Taken together, these findings suggest that IR‐783 induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by increasing Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial fission. Our study uncovered the molecular mechanism of the anti‐breast cancer effects of IR‐783 and provided novel perspectives for the application of IR‐783 in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wuyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingbin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changpeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangfang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guobing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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54
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Zheng L, Wang L, Liu Y, Guo C, Hou Y, Liu X, Zhang X. The pH response of near infrared 5,5’-bisulfonic heptamethine indocyanines in water, CTAB solution and metal oxide-based sol under extremely acidic and basic conditions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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55
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Li H, Chen Y, Li Z, Li X, Jin Q, Ji J. Hemoglobin as a Smart pH-Sensitive Nanocarrier To Achieve Aggregation Enhanced Tumor Retention. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2007-2013. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yangjun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zuhong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiao Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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56
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Lin SY, Huang RY, Liao WC, Chuang CC, Chang CW. Multifunctional PEGylated Albumin/IR780/Iron Oxide Nanocomplexes for Cancer Photothermal Therapy and MR Imaging. Nanotheranostics 2018; 2:106-116. [PMID: 29577015 PMCID: PMC5865265 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.19379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A multifunctional albumin/superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIO) nanocomplex system to deliver IR780, a photothermal agent, for cancer theranostic applications was proposed in this study. Single emulsion method was utilized to fabricate the human albumin/IR780/SPIO (HISP) nanocomplexes with a hydrophobic core (SPIO and IR780) and a hydrophilic shell (human serum albumin (HSA) and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)). Effects of PEGylation on the size and surface potential of nanocomplexes were analyzed. Nanospheres containing uniformly dispersed SPIO was observed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging. As a potential magnetic resonance (MR) imaging agent, the HISP displayed dose-dependent T2-weighted imaging contrast (R2 = 81.6 mM-1s-1). Good colloidal stability was verified from the nanocomplexes under difference circumstances. The nanocomplexes were taken up by cancer cells efficiently and led to significant photothermal-mediated cancer cell death upon short-term near infrared (NIR) irradiation in vitro. Via intravenous injection, PEG-HISP can efficiently deliver IR780 to tumor sites and showed strong photothermal effect compared to free drug on the mice model. Significant tumor suppression by the photothermal treatments using PEG-HISP was demonstrated from the mice CT26 xenograft model. Good safety profile of the PEG-HISP was confirmed from histological examination and liver functional analysis. Taken together, the results suggest that PEG-HISP is a safe and robust nano-theranostic platform for advanced anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Yu Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Rih-Yang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Wei-Chen Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chun-Chiao Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chien-Wen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan R.O.C
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57
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SUN ZH, ZHOU LH, DENG GJ, ZHEGN MB, YAN WQ, LI WJ, CAI LT, GONG P. Tumor Targeting of Fluorescent Magnetic IR780-Fe 3 O 4 Nanoparticles with for Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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58
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Abstract
Intraoperative fluorescence imaging allows real-time identification of diseased tissue during surgery without being influenced by brain shift and surgery interruption. 5-Aminolevulinic acid, useful for malignant gliomas and other tumors, is the most broadly explored compound approved for fluorescence-guided resection. Intravenous fluorescein sodium has recently received attention, highlighting tumor tissue based on extravasation at the blood-brain barrier (defective in many brain tumors). Fluorescein in perfused brain, unselective extravasation in brain perturbed by surgery, and propagation with edema are concerns. Fluorescein is not approved but targeted fluorochromes with affinity to brain tumor cells, in development, may offer future advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Univerity Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Eric Suero Molina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Univerity Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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59
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Bhattarai P, Dai Z. Cyanine based Nanoprobes for Cancer Theranostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28558146 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanine dyes are greatly accredited in the development of non-invasive therapy that can "see" and "treat" tumor cells via imaging, photothermal and photodynamic treatment. However, these dyes suffer from poor pharmacokinetics inducing severe toxicity to normal cells, insufficient accumulation in tumor regions and rapid photobleaching when delivered in free forms. Nanoparticles engineered to encapsulate these compounds and delivering them into tumor regions have increased rapidly, however, so far, these nanoparticles (NPs) have not proved to be so effective to circumvent existing challenges. Newly designed multifunctional smart nanocarriers that can improve phototherapeutic properties of these dyes, co-encapsulate multiple potent therapeutic compounds, and simultaneously overcome limitations related to tumor recurrence, metastases, limited intracellular uptake, and tumor hypoxia have potential to revolutionize modern paradigm of cancer therapy. Such cyanine based multifunctional nanocarriers integrating imaging and therapy in a single platform can effectively produce better clinical outcomes in cancer treatment. This review briefly summarizes recent advancements of cyanine nanoprobes that are currently used as imaging/phototherapeutic agents in unimodal/bimodal/trimodal cancer theranostics. Finally, we conclude this review by addressing challenges of pre-existing therapeutic systems and designs adopted to overcome them with a brief insight assimilating future perspective of emerging cyanine-based NPs in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Bhattarai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
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60
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Zhang Y, Lv T, Zhang H, Xie X, Li Z, Chen H, Gao Y. Folate and Heptamethine Cyanine Modified Chitosan-Based Nanotheranostics for Tumor Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical
Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and
Environment and ‡Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention
and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Tingting Lv
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical
Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and
Environment and ‡Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention
and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical
Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and
Environment and ‡Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention
and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical
Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and
Environment and ‡Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention
and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ziying Li
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical
Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and
Environment and ‡Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention
and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical
Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and
Environment and ‡Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention
and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical
Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and
Environment and ‡Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention
and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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61
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Thomas RG, Jeong YY. NIRF Heptamethine Cyanine Dye Nanocomplexes for Multi Modal Theranosis of Tumors. Chonnam Med J 2017; 53:83-94. [PMID: 28584786 PMCID: PMC5457956 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2017.53.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heptamethine cyanine dyes are categorized as a class of near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dyes which have been discovered to have tumor targeting and accumulation capability. This unique feature of NIRF dye makes it a promising candidate for imaging, targeted therapy and also as a drug delivery vehicle for various types of cancers. The favored uptake of dyes only in cancer cells is facilitated by several factors which include organic anion-transporting polypeptides, high mitochondrial membrane potential and tumor hypoxia in cancer cells. Currently nanotechnology has opened possibilities for multimodal or multifunctional strategies for cancer treatment. Including heptamethine cyanine dyes in nanoparticle based delivery systems have generally improved its theranostic ability by several fold owing to the multiple functionalities and structural features of heptamethine dyes. For this reason, nanocomplexes with NIRF heptamethine cyanine dye probe are preferred over non-targeting dyes such as indo cyanine green (ICG). This review sums up current trends and progress in NIRF heptamethine cyanine dye, including dye properties, multifunctional imaging and therapeutic applications in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reju George Thomas
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Molecular Theranostics Laboratory, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Yong Yeon Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Molecular Theranostics Laboratory, Hwasun, Korea
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62
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Lee S, Lim W, Ryu HW, Jo D, Min JJ, Kim HS, Hyun H. ZW800-1 for Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Photothrombotic Stroke Model. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:1430-1435. [PMID: 29200957 PMCID: PMC5707760 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.22294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since it is known that serum albumin-bound dyes can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after ischemia, Evans Blue dye is commonly used to assess BBB disruption because of its rapid binding to serum albumin. In addition, indocyanine green (ICG), a clinically available dye, binds to serum proteins that could also be used for assessment of BBB impairment. Unlike these near-infrared (NIR) dyes, zwitterionic NIR fluorophore (ZW800-1) shows no serum binding, ultralow non-specific tissue uptake, and rapid elimination from the body via renal filtration. In this study, we report the use of ZW800-1 as a NIR fluorescence imaging agent for detecting BBB disruption in rat stroke models. Methods: Three types of NIR fluorophores, Evans Blue, ICG, and ZW800-1, were administered intraperitoneally into rat photothrombotic stroke models by using 4% concentration of each NIR dye. The NIR fluorescence signals in the infarcted brain tissue and biodistribution were observed in real-time using the Mini-FLARE® imaging system up to 24 h post-injection. Results: ZW800-1 provided successful visualization of the ischemic injury site in the brain tissue, while the remaining injected dye was clearly excreted from the body within a certain period of time. Although Evans Blue and ICG provided mapping of the infarcted brain lesions, they exhibited high non-specific uptake in most of the tissues and organs and persisted in the body over 24 h post-injection. Conclusion: Our results suggest the promising application of ZW800-1 as a new strategy in BBB experiments and future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- Department of Premedical Program, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea
| | - Hye-Won Ryu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Danbi Jo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Hoon Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
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