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Streck AF, Canal CW, Truyen U. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of porcine parvoviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:300-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schirtzinger EE, Suddith AW, Hause BM, Hesse RA. First identification of porcine parvovirus 6 in North America by viral metagenomic sequencing of serum from pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virol J 2015; 12:170. [PMID: 26475593 PMCID: PMC4609089 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, eight species in four genera of parvovirus have been described that infect swine. These include ungulate protoparvovirus 1 (classical porcine parvovirus, PPV), ungulate tetraparvovirus 2 (PPV3), ungulate tetraparvovirus 3 (which includes PPV2, porcine hokovirus, porcine partetravirus and porcine PARV4), ungulate copiparvovirus 2 (which includes PPV4 and PPV5), ungulate bocaparvovirus 2 (which includes porcine bocavirus 1, 2 and 6), ungulate bocaparvovirus 3 (porcine bocavirus 5), ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 (porcine bocavirus 7) and ungulate bocaparvovirus 5 (porcine bocavirus 3, 4–1 and 4–2). PPV6, the most recently described porcine parvovirus, was first identified in China in late 2014 in aborted pig fetuses. Prevalence of PPV6 in China was found to be similar in finishing age pigs from farms with and without evidence of swine reproductive failure. Methods Porcine parvovirus 6 (PPV6) was detected by sequence-independent single primer amplification (SISPA) and confirmed by overlapping and real-time PCR in the serum of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSv) positive samples. Results Seven nearly complete genomes of PPV6 were identified in PRRSv genotype 2 positive serum samples submitted to state veterinary diagnostic laboratories in 2014. Further testing using overlapping and real-time PCR determined PPV6 to be present in 13.2 % of the serums tested. Additionally, PPV6 was present in samples from all of the geographic locations sampled encompassing nine states in the United States and one state in Mexico. The presence of PPV6 in serum indicates that the PPV6 infection is disseminated and not localized to a specific tissue type. Alignments of the near full length genomes, NS1, and capsid genes identified one of the five PPV6 isolates from China (98.6–99.5 % identity with the North American strains) to be the North American strains nearest relative. Conclusions These results are the first to report the presence of PPV6 in North America and demonstrate that the virus is found in multiple geographic areas in the United States and in Mexico. The overall prevalence of PPV6 in PRRSv viremic animals is relatively low. Further, all of the PPV6 genomes found in North America are most closely related to a PPV6 strain first identified in 2014 in healthy pigs from the Tianjin province of China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0401-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Schirtzinger
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Andrew W Suddith
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Benjamin M Hause
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Richard A Hesse
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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Sun J, Huang L, Wei Y, Wang Y, Chen D, Du W, Wu H, Feng L, Liu C. Identification of three PPV1 VP2 protein-specific B cell linear epitopes using monoclonal antibodies against baculovirus-expressed recombinant VP2 protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9025-36. [PMID: 26153140 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus type 1 (PPV1) is a major causative agent of embryonic and fetal death in swine. The PPV1 VP2 protein is closely associated with viral immunogenicity for eliciting neutralizing antibodies, but its antigenic structures have been largely unknown. We generated three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against baculovirus-expressed recombinant PPV1 VP2 protein. A PEPSCAN analysis identified the minimal B cell linear epitopes of PPV1 VP2 based on these MAbs. Three core epitopes, (228)QQITDA(233), (284)RSLGLPPK(291), and (344)FEYSNGGPFLTPI(356), were defined and mapped onto three-dimensional models of the PPV1 virion and VP2 monomer. The epitope (228)QQITDA(233) is exposed on the virion surface, and the other two are located inside the protein. An alignment of the PPV1 VP2 amino acid sequences showed that (284)RSLGLPPK(291) and (344)FEYSNGGPFLTPI(356) are absolutely conserved, whereas (228)QQITDA(233) has a single substitution at residue 233 in some (S → A or T). We developed a VP2 epitope-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) to test for anti-PPV1 antibodies. In a comparative analysis with an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay using 135 guinea pig sera, the VP2-epitope-based iELISA had a concordance rate of 85.19 %, sensitivity of 83.33 %, and specificity of 85.47 %. MAb 8H6 was used to monitor VP2 during the PPV1 replication cycle in vitro with an indirect immunofluorescence assay, which indicated that newly encapsulated virions are released from the nucleus at 24 h postinfection and the PPV1 replication cycle takes less than 24 h. This study provides valuable information clarifying the antigenic structure of PPV1 VP2 and lays the foundations for PPV1 serodiagnosis and antigen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Sun
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanwu Wei
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiping Wang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongli Wu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changming Liu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Li L, Giannitti F, Low J, Keyes C, Ullmann LS, Deng X, Aleman M, Pesavento PA, Pusterla N, Delwart E. Exploring the virome of diseased horses. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2721-2733. [PMID: 26044792 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics was used to characterize viral genomes in clinical specimens of horses with various organ-specific diseases of unknown aetiology. A novel parvovirus as well as a previously described hepacivirus closely related to human hepatitis C virus and equid herpesvirus 2 were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid of horses with neurological signs. Four co-infecting picobirnaviruses, including an unusual genome with fused RNA segments, and a divergent anellovirus were found in the plasma of two febrile horses. A novel cyclovirus genome was characterized from the nasal secretion of another febrile animal. Lastly, a small circular DNA genome with a Rep gene, from a virus we called kirkovirus, was identified in the liver and spleen of a horse with fatal idiopathic hepatopathy. This study expands the number of viruses found in horses, and characterizes their genomes to assist future epidemiological studies of their transmission and potential association with various equine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Federico Giannitti
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Jason Low
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Casey Keyes
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leila S Ullmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNESP Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monica Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Moutelíková R, Prodělalová J, Dufková L. Diversity of VP7, VP4, VP6, NSP2, NSP4, and NSP5 genes of porcine rotavirus C: phylogenetic analysis and description of potential new VP7, VP4, VP6, and NSP4 genotypes. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1715-27. [PMID: 25951969 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus C (RVC) is a cause of gastroenteritis in swine and has a worldwide distribution. A total of 448 intestinal or faecal samples from pigs of all ages were tested for viruses causing gastroenteritis. RVC was detected in 118 samples (26.3%). To gain information on virus diversity, the complete coding nucleotide sequences of the VP7, VP4, VP6, NSP2, NSP4, and NSP5 genes of seven RVC strains were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7 nucleotide sequence divided studied Czech strains into six G genotypes (G1, G3, G5-G7, and a newly described G10 genotype) based on an 85% identity cutoff value at the nucleotide level. Analysis of the VP4 gene revealed low nucleotide sequence identities between two Czech strains and other porcine (72.2-75.3%), bovine (74.1-74.6%), and human (69.1-69.3%) RVC strains. Thus, we propose that those two Czech porcine strains comprise a new RVC VP4 genotype, P8. Analysis of the VP6 gene showed 79.9-86.8% similarity at the nucleotide level between the Czech strains and other porcine RVC strains. According to the 87% identity cutoff value, we propose the existence of three new RVC VP6 genotypes, I8-I10. Analysis of the NSP4 gene divided porcine RVC strains into two clusters (the E1 genotype and the new E4 genotype, based on an 85% nucleotide sequence identity cutoff value). Our results indicate a degree of high genetic heterogeneity, not only in the variable VP7 and VP4 genes encoding the outer capsid proteins, but also in more-conserved genes encoding the inner capsid protein VP6 and the non-structural proteins NSP2, NSP4, and NSP5. This emphasizes the need for a whole-genome-sequence-based classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Moutelíková
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic,
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