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Lee S, Kang M, Bae JH, Sohn JH, Sung BH. Bacterial Valorization of Lignin: Strains, Enzymes, Conversion Pathways, Biosensors, and Perspectives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:209. [PMID: 31552235 PMCID: PMC6733911 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin, an aromatic polymer found in plants, has been studied for years in many biological fields. Initially, when biofuel was produced from lignocellulosic biomass, lignin was regarded as waste generated by the biorefinery and had to be removed, because of its inhibitory effects on fermentative bacteria. Although it has since proven to be a natural resource for bio-products with considerable potential, its utilization is confined by its complex structure. Hence, the microbial degradation of lignin has attracted researchers' interest to overcome this problem. From this perspective, the studies have primarily focused on fungal systems, such as extracellular peroxidase and laccase from white- and brown-rot fungi. However, recent reports have suggested that bacteria play an increasing role in breaking down lignin. This paper, therefore, reviews the role of bacteria in lignin and lignin-related research. Several reports on bacterial species in soil that can degrade lignin and their enzymes are included. In addition, a cellulolytic anaerobic bacterium capable of solubilizing lignin and carbohydrate simultaneously has recently been identified, even though the enzyme involved has not been discovered yet. The assimilation of lignin-derived small molecules and their conversion to renewable chemicals by bacteria, such as muconic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates, including genetic modification to enhance their capability was discussed. This review also covers the indirect use of bacteria for lignin degradation, which is concerned with whole-cell biosensors designed to detect the aromatic chemicals released from lignin transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siseon Lee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minsik Kang
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Bae
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Sohn
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Sung
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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52
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Oxidative coupling of coumarins catalyzed by laccase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:1028-1033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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53
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Comparative study of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of natural fibres treated with chemical, physical and biological methods. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02824-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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54
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Asano T, Seto Y, Hashimoto K, Kurushima H. Mini-review an insect-specific system for terrestrialization: Laccase-mediated cuticle formation. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 108:61-70. [PMID: 30904465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insects are often regarded as the most successful group of animals in the terrestrial environment. Their success can be represented by their huge biomass and large impact on ecosystems. Among the factors suggested to be responsible for their success, we focus on the possibility that the cuticle might have affected the process of insects' evolution. The cuticle of insects, like that of other arthropods, is composed mainly of chitin and structural cuticle proteins. However, insects seem to have evolved a specific system for cuticle formation. Oxidation reaction of catecholamines catalyzed by a copper enzyme, laccase, is the key step in the metabolic pathway for hardening of the insect cuticle. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that laccase functioning in cuticle sclerotization has evolved only in insects. In this review, we discuss a theory on how the insect-specific "laccase" function has been advantageous for establishing their current ecological position as terrestrial animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunaki Asano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Seto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kosei Hashimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kurushima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
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55
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Li Q, Feng J, Chen L, Xu Z, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Chen J, Zhou Y, Tan H, Zhang L, Chen W. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Salvia miltiorrhiza Laccases Reveal Potential Targets for Salvianolic Acid B Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:435. [PMID: 31024599 PMCID: PMC6463009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Laccases are widely distributed in plant kingdom catalyzing the polymerization of lignin monolignols. Rosmarinic acid (RA) has a lignin monolignol-like structure and is converted into salvianolic acid B (SAB), which is a representatively effective hydrophilic compound of a well-known medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza and also the final compound of phenolic acids metabolism pathway in the plant. But the roles of laccases in the biosynthesis of SAB are poorly understood. This work systematically characterizes S. miltiorrhiza laccase (SmLAC) gene family and identifies the SAB-specific candidates. Totally, 29 laccase candidates (SmLAC1-SmLAC29) are found to contain three signature Cu-oxidase domains. They present relatively low sequence identity and diverse intron-exon patterns. The phylogenetic clustering of laccases from S. miltiorrhiza and other ten plants indicates that the 29 SmLACs can be divided into seven groups, revealing potential distinct functions. Existence of diverse cis regulatory elements in the SmLACs promoters suggests putative interactions with transcription factors. Seven SmLACs are found to be potential targets of miR397. Putative glycosylation sites and phosphorylation sites are identified in SmLAC amino acid sequences. Moreover, the expression profile of SmLACs in different organs and tissues deciphers that 5 SmLACs (SmLAC7/8/20/27/28) are expressed preferentially in roots, adding the evidence that they may be involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway. Besides, silencing of SmLAC7, SmLAC20 and SmLAC28, and overexpression of SmLAC7 and SmLAC20 in the hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza result in diversification of SAB, signifying that SmLAC7 and SmLAC20 take roles in SAB biosynthesis. The results of this study lay a foundation for further elucidation of laccase functions in S. miltiorrhiza, and add to the knowledge for SAB biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxian Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexin Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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56
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Xu X, Zhou Y, Wang B, Ding L, Wang Y, Luo L, Zhang Y, Kong W. Genome-wide identification and characterization of laccase gene family in Citrus sinensis. Gene 2019; 689:114-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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57
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Lignin polymerization: how do plants manage the chemistry so well? Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 56:75-81. [PMID: 30359808 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The final step of lignin biosynthesis is the polymerization of monolignols in apoplastic cell wall domains. In this process, monolignols secreted by lignifying cells, or occasionally neighboring non-lignifying and/or other lignifying cells, are activated by cell-wall-localized oxidation systems, such as laccase/O2 and/or peroxidase/H2O2, for combinatorial radical coupling to make the final lignin polymers. Plants can precisely control when, where, and which types of lignin polymers are assembled at tissue and cellular levels, but do not control the polymers' exact chemical structures per se. Recent studies have begun to identify specific laccase and peroxidase proteins responsible for lignin polymerization in specific cell types and during different developmental stages. The coordination of polymerization machinery localization and monolignol supply is likely critical for the spatio-temporal patterning of lignin polymerization. Further advancement in this research area will continue to increase our capacity to manipulate lignin content/structure in biomass to meet our own biotechnological purposes.
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58
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Kwiatos N, Jędrzejczak-Krzepkowska M, Strzelecki B, Bielecki S. Improvement of efficiency of brown coal biosolubilization by novel recombinant Fusarium oxysporum laccase. AMB Express 2018; 8:133. [PMID: 30136100 PMCID: PMC6104410 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Clean coal technologies (e.g. coal biosolubilization) are of essential value, especially in Europe, where coal is the national wealth and other energy sources like crude oil are not available. Fusarium oxysporum LOCK 1134, the strain isolated from brown coal, efficiently biosolubilizes lignite. The obtained liquefied products contain 50% less sulfur and over 99% less mercury than the crude coal. Moreover, the liquefied coal can be modified further by laccase. In this study F. oxysporum laccase was expressed in Pichia pastoris for the first time and was assessed as an additional agent for coal degradation. The novel laccase contributes to humic and fulvic acids release from liquefied coal due to introduction of oxygen into coal structure. The effect is increased when a natural redox mediator, sinapic acid, is present in the reaction mixture-up to 30% and 80% respectively. Humic acids obtained by biological process are environmentally friendly fertilizers that may have stimulating effects on crop growth.
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59
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Islam W, Noman A, Qasim M, Wang L. Plant Responses to Pathogen Attack: Small RNAs in Focus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E515. [PMID: 29419801 PMCID: PMC5855737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNA) are a significant group of gene expression regulators for multiple biological processes in eukaryotes. In plants, many sRNA silencing pathways produce extensive array of sRNAs with specialized roles. The evidence on record advocates for the functions of sRNAs during plant microbe interactions. Host sRNAs are reckoned as mandatory elements of plant defense. sRNAs involved in plant defense processes via different pathways include both short interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) that actively regulate immunity in response to pathogenic attack via tackling pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and other effectors. In response to pathogen attack, plants protect themselves with the help of sRNA-dependent immune systems. That sRNA-mediated plant defense responses play a role during infections is an established fact. However, the regulations of several sRNAs still need extensive research. In this review, we discussed the topical advancements and findings relevant to pathogen attack and plant defense mediated by sRNAs. We attempted to point out diverse sRNAs as key defenders in plant systems. It is hoped that sRNAs would be exploited as a mainstream player to achieve food security by tackling different plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Liande Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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60
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Zaini PA, Nascimento R, Gouran H, Cantu D, Chakraborty S, Phu M, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Molecular Profiling of Pierce's Disease Outlines the Response Circuitry of Vitis vinifera to Xylella fastidiosa Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:771. [PMID: 29937771 PMCID: PMC6002507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pierce's disease is a major threat to grapevines caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Although devoid of a type 3 secretion system commonly employed by bacterial pathogens to deliver effectors inside host cells, this pathogen is able to influence host parenchymal cells from the xylem lumen by secreting a battery of hydrolytic enzymes. Defining the cellular and biochemical changes induced during disease can foster the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the pathogen fitness and increasing plant health. To this end, we investigated the transcriptional, proteomic, and metabolomic responses of diseased Vitis vinifera compared to healthy plants. We found that several antioxidant strategies were induced, including the accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and polyamine metabolism, as well as iron and copper chelation, but these were insufficient to protect the plant from chronic oxidative stress and disease symptom development. Notable upregulation of phytoalexins, pathogenesis-related proteins, and various aromatic acid metabolites was part of the host responses observed. Moreover, upregulation of various cell wall modification enzymes followed the proliferation of the pathogen within xylem vessels, consistent with the intensive thickening of vessels' secondary walls observed by magnetic resonance imaging. By interpreting the molecular profile changes taking place in symptomatic tissues, we report a set of molecular markers that can be further explored to aid in disease detection, breeding for resistance, and developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - My Phu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Luiz R. Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Abhaya M. Dandekar,
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61
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Fowler NJ, Blanford CF, Warwicker J, de Visser SP. Prediction of Reduction Potentials of Copper Proteins with Continuum Electrostatics and Density Functional Theory. Chemistry 2017; 23:15436-15445. [PMID: 28815759 PMCID: PMC5698706 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blue copper proteins, such as azurin, show dramatic changes in Cu2+/Cu+ reduction potential upon mutation over the full physiological range. Hence, they have important functions in electron transfer and oxidation chemistry and have applications in industrial biotechnology. The details of what determines these reduction potential changes upon mutation are still unclear. Moreover, it has been difficult to model and predict the reduction potential of azurin mutants and currently no unique procedure or workflow pattern exists. Furthermore, high‐level computational methods can be accurate but are too time consuming for practical use. In this work, a novel approach for calculating reduction potentials of azurin mutants is shown, based on a combination of continuum electrostatics, density functional theory and empirical hydrophobicity factors. Our method accurately reproduces experimental reduction potential changes of 30 mutants with respect to wildtype within experimental error and highlights the factors contributing to the reduction potential change. Finally, reduction potentials are predicted for a series of 124 new mutants that have not yet been investigated experimentally. Several mutants are identified that are located well over 10 Å from the copper center that change the reduction potential by more than 85 mV. The work shows that secondary coordination sphere mutations mostly lead to long‐range electrostatic changes and hence can be modeled accurately with continuum electrostatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Fowler
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher F Blanford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Materials, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Warwicker
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sam P de Visser
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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62
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Yang J, Li W, Ng TB, Deng X, Lin J, Ye X. Laccases: Production, Expression Regulation, and Applications in Pharmaceutical Biodegradation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:832. [PMID: 28559880 PMCID: PMC5432550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases are a family of copper-containing oxidases with important applications in bioremediation and other various industrial and biotechnological areas. There have been over two dozen reviews on laccases since 2010 covering various aspects of this group of versatile enzymes, from their occurrence, biochemical properties, and expression to immobilization and applications. This review is not intended to be all-encompassing; instead, we highlighted some of the latest developments in basic and applied laccase research with an emphasis on laccase-mediated bioremediation of pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics. Pharmaceuticals are a broad class of emerging organic contaminants that are recalcitrant and prevalent. The recent surge in the relevant literature justifies a short review on the topic. Since low laccase yields in natural and genetically modified hosts constitute a bottleneck to industrial-scale applications, we also accentuated a genus of laccase-producing white-rot fungi, Cerrena, and included a discussion with regards to regulation of laccase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFujian, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFujian, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xiangzhen Deng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFujian, China
| | - Juan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFujian, China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFujian, China
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63
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Al-Kahem Al-Balawi TH, Wood AL, Solis A, Cooper T, Barabote RD. Anoxybacillus sp. Strain UARK-01, a New Thermophilic Soil Bacterium with Hyperthermostable Alkaline Laccase Activity. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:762-771. [PMID: 28389772 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation and characteristics of a novel thermophilic bacterium from soil. The organism is a member of the Anoxybacillus genus based on phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The 16S rRNA of the organism shares >99% sequence identity with those of two species, Anoxybacillus rupiensis and A. geothermalis. We named this isolate as Anoxybacillus sp. strain UARK-01. UARK-01 grows optimally in the presence of oxygen at 55 °C and pH 8. It grew excellently in the presence of lignin as the sole carbon source. Culture supernatant from UARK-01 grown on lignin was rich in laccase activity. The laccase activity was optimal at 90 °C and pH 9, and there was comparable activity at 80 and 100 °C. The crude laccase decolorized approximately 75% of Congo Red in 7 h under optimal conditions. A single laccase gene was identified from the draft genome sequence of Anoxybacillus sp. UARK-01. The UARK-01 laccase (Anox_Lacc) was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli and was partially purified. The partially purified Anox_Lacc decolorized approximately 1.64+/0.21 nanomoles of Congo Red per microgram protein in 30 min at 90 °C and pH 9. Anox_Lacc is a member of the multicopper polyphenol oxidoreductase laccase family (pfam02578 Cu-oxidase_4) and has novel characteristics. Multiple sequence analysis of Anox_Lacc with six homologs from the family revealed four conserved copper ligands and several new residues that are fully conserved. Anox_Lacc is enriched in leucine, glutamine, and lysine, and it contains fewer alanine, arginine, glycine, and serine residues. Skewed amino acid composition of Anox_Lacc likely contributes to the exceptional thermochemical properties of the laccase activity from UARK-01. Both lignin utilization and production of hyperthermostable alkaline laccase are new findings in the Anoxybacillus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamir H Al-Kahem Al-Balawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 850 W Dickson Street, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Adam L Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 850 W Dickson Street, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Alexis Solis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 850 W Dickson Street, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Ted Cooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 850 W Dickson Street, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Ravi D Barabote
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 850 W Dickson Street, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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64
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Zhang F, Wu Y, Li W, Xing W, Wang Y. Depositing lignin on membrane surfaces for simultaneously upgraded reverse osmosis performances: An upscalable route. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Specialized Separation Membranes, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing210009 China
| | - Yaping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Specialized Separation Membranes, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing210009 China
| | - Weixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Specialized Separation Membranes, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing210009 China
| | - Weihong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Specialized Separation Membranes, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing210009 China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Specialized Separation Membranes, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing210009 China
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65
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Wang J, Feng J, Jia W, Fan P, Bao H, Li S, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification of Sorghum bicolor Laccases Reveals Potential Targets for Lignin Modification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:714. [PMID: 28529519 PMCID: PMC5418363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Laccase is a key enzyme in plant lignin biosynthesis as it catalyzes the final step of monolignols polymerization. Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is considered as an ideal feedstock for ethanol production, but lignin greatly limits the production efficiency. No comprehensive analysis on laccase has ever been conducted in S. bicolor, although it appears as the most promising target for engineering lignocellulosic feedstock. The aim of our work is to systematically characterize S. bicolor laccase gene family and to identify the lignin-specific candidates. A total of twenty-seven laccase candidates (SbLAC1-SbLAC27) were identified in S. bicolor. All SbLACs comprised the equivalent L1-L4 signature sequences and three typical Cu-oxidase domains, but exhibited diverse intron-exon patterns and relatively low sequence identity. They were divided into six groups by phylogenetic clustering, revealing potential distinct functions, while SbLAC5 was considered as the closest lignin-specific candidate. qRT-PCR analysis deciphered that SbLAC genes were expressed preferentially in roots and young internodes of sweet sorghum, and SbLAC5 showed high expression, adding the evidence that SbLAC5 was bona fide involved in lignin biosynthesis. Besides, high abundance of SbLAC6 transcripts was detected, correlating it a potential role in lignin biosynthesis. Diverse cis regulatory elements were recognized in SbLACs promoters, indicating putative interaction with transcription factors. Seven SbLACs were found to be potential targets of sbi-miRNAs. Moreover, putative phosphorylation sites in SbLAC sequences were identified. Our research adds to the knowledge for lignin profile modification in sweet sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Juanjuan Feng
| | - Weitao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Pengxiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hexigeduleng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
- Shizhong Li
| | - Yinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Yinxin Li
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66
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PİNAR O, TAMERLER C, YAZGAN KARATAŞ A. Heterologous expression and characterization of a high redox potential laccase from Coriolopsis polyzona MUCL 38443. Turk J Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1605-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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67
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Tu T, Li Y, Su X, Meng K, Ma R, Wang Y, Yao B, Lin Z, Luo H. Probing the role of cation-π interaction in the thermotolerance and catalytic performance of endo-polygalacturonases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38413. [PMID: 27929074 PMCID: PMC5143973 DOI: 10.1038/srep38413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of the key pectinase, polygalacturonase, and improving its thermotolerance and catalytic efficiency are of importance for the cost-competitive bioconversion of pectic materials. By combining structure analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, eight mutagenesis sites having the potential to form cation-π interactions were identified in the widely used fungal endo-polygalacturonase PG63. In comparison to the wild-type, three single mutants H58Y, T71Y and T304Y showed improved thermostability (the apparent Tms increased by 0.6-3.9 °C) and catalytic efficiency (by up to 32-fold). Chromatogram analysis of the hydrolysis products indicated that a larger amount of shorter sugars were released from the polygalacturonic acid by these three mutants than by the wild-type. MD analysis of the enzyme-substrate complexes illustrated that the mutants with introduced cation-π interaction have modified conformations of catalytic crevice, which provide an enviable environment for the catalytic process. Moreover, the lower plasticity of T3 loop 2 at the edge of the subsite tunnel appears to recruit the reducing ends of oligogalacturonide into the active site tunnel and initiates new hydrolysis reactions. This study demonstrates the importance of cation-π interaction in protein conformation and provides a realistic strategy to enhance the thermotolerance and catalytic performance of endo-polygalacturonases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yeqing Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Kun Meng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhemin Lin
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, P. R. China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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68
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Zenoni S, Fasoli M, Guzzo F, Dal Santo S, Amato A, Anesi A, Commisso M, Herderich M, Ceoldo S, Avesani L, Pezzotti M, Tornielli GB. Disclosing the Molecular Basis of the Postharvest Life of Berry in Different Grapevine Genotypes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1821-1843. [PMID: 27670818 PMCID: PMC5100763 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular events that characterize postripening grapevine berries have rarely been investigated and are poorly defined. In particular, a detailed definition of changes occurring during the postharvest dehydration, a process undertaken to make some particularly special wine styles, would be of great interest for both winemakers and plant biologists. We report an exhaustive survey of transcriptomic and metabolomic responses in berries representing six grapevine genotypes subjected to postharvest dehydration under identical controlled conditions. The modulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism clearly distinguished the behavior of genotypes, with stilbene accumulation as the major metabolic event, although the transient accumulation/depletion of anthocyanins and flavonols was the prevalent variation in genotypes that do not accumulate stilbenes. The modulation of genes related to phenylpropanoid/stilbene metabolism highlighted the distinct metabolomic plasticity of genotypes, allowing for the identification of candidate structural and regulatory genes. In addition to genotype-specific responses, a core set of genes was consistently modulated in all genotypes, representing the common features of berries undergoing dehydration and/or commencing senescence. This included genes controlling ethylene and auxin metabolism as well as genes involved in oxidative and osmotic stress, defense responses, anaerobic respiration, and cell wall and carbohydrate metabolism. Several transcription factors were identified that may control these shared processes in the postharvest berry. Changes representing both common and genotype-specific responses to postharvest conditions shed light on the cellular processes taking place in harvested berries stored under dehydrating conditions for several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zenoni
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Marianna Fasoli
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Flavia Guzzo
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Silvia Dal Santo
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Andrea Anesi
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Mauro Commisso
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Markus Herderich
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Stefania Ceoldo
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Linda Avesani
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Giovanni Battista Tornielli
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (S.Z., M.F., F.G., S.D.S., A.Am., A.An., M.C., S.C., L.A., M.P., G.B.T.); and
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.)
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69
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Davidi L, Moraïs S, Artzi L, Knop D, Hadar Y, Arfi Y, Bayer EA. Toward combined delignification and saccharification of wheat straw by a laccase-containing designer cellulosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10854-9. [PMID: 27621442 PMCID: PMC5047212 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608012113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient breakdown of lignocellulose polymers into simple molecules is a key technological bottleneck limiting the production of plant-derived biofuels and chemicals. In nature, plant biomass degradation is achieved by the action of a wide range of microbial enzymes. In aerobic microorganisms, these enzymes are secreted as discrete elements in contrast to certain anaerobic bacteria, where they are assembled into large multienzyme complexes termed cellulosomes. These complexes allow for very efficient hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose due to the spatial proximity of synergistically acting enzymes and to the limited diffusion of the enzymes and their products. Recently, designer cellulosomes have been developed to incorporate foreign enzymatic activities in cellulosomes so as to enhance lignocellulose hydrolysis further. In this study, we complemented a cellulosome active on cellulose and hemicellulose by addition of an enzyme active on lignin. To do so, we designed a dockerin-fused variant of a recently characterized laccase from the aerobic bacterium Thermobifida fusca The resultant chimera exhibited activity levels similar to the wild-type enzyme and properly integrated into the designer cellulosome. The resulting complex yielded a twofold increase in the amount of reducing sugars released from wheat straw compared with the same system lacking the laccase. The unorthodox use of aerobic enzymes in designer cellulosome machinery effects simultaneous degradation of the three major components of the plant cell wall (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), paving the way for more efficient lignocellulose conversion into soluble sugars en route to alternative fuels production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Davidi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lior Artzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Doriv Knop
- Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yonathan Arfi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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70
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Götze JP, Bühl M. Laccase Redox Potentials: pH Dependence and Mutants, a QM/MM Study. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:9265-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Götze
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North
Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Michael Bühl
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North
Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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71
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Xing Y, Zhang J, Lu L, Li D, Wang Y, Huang S, Li C, Zhang Z, Li J, Meng A. Identification of hub genes of pneumocyte senescence induced by thoracic irradiation using weighted gene co‑expression network analysis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:107-16. [PMID: 26572216 PMCID: PMC4686054 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Irradiation commonly causes pneumocyte senescence, which may lead to severe fatal lung injury characterized by pulmonary dysfunction and respiratory failure. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of pneumocyte senescence by irradiation remains to be elucidated. In the present study, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to screen for differentially expressed genes, and to identify the hub genes and gene modules, which may be critical for senescence. A total of 2,916 differentially expressed genes were identified between the senescence and non-senescence groups following thoracic irradiation. In total, 10 gene modules associated with cell senescence were detected, and six hub genes were identified, including B-cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1, translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70 homolog A, actin filament-associated protein 1, Cd84, Nuf2 and nuclear factor erythroid 2. These genes were markedly associated with cell proliferation, cell division and cell cycle arrest. The results of the present study demonstrated that WGCNA of microarray data may provide further insight into the molecular mechanism underlying pneumocyte senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Deguan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Song Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Zhubo Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Aimin Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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