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Apolipoprotein M: Research Progress and Clinical Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:85-103. [PMID: 32705596 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) was first identified and characterized to the apolipoprotein family in 1999. Human apoM gene is located in a highly conserved segment in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III locus on chromosome 6 and codes for an about 23 kDa protein that structurally belongs to the lipocalin superfamily. ApoM is selectively expressed in hepatocytes and in the tubular epithelium of kidney. In human plasma, apoM is mainly confined to the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, but it may also occur in other lipoprotein classes, such as in the triglyceride-rich particles after fat intake. It has been demonstrated that apoM is critical for the formation of HDL, notably pre-beta HDL1. The antiatherogenic function of HDL is well established, and its ability to promote cholesterol efflux from foam cells in the atherosclerotic lesions is generally regarded as one of the key mechanisms behind this protective function. However, HDL could also display a variety of properties that may affect the complex atherosclerotic processes by other mechanisms, thus being involved in processes related to antioxidant defense, immune system, and systemic effects in septicemia, which may be partly contributed via its apolipoproteins and/or phospholipids. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that apoM functions as a natural carrier of sphingosin-1-phosphate (S1P) in vivo which may be related to its antiatherosclerotic and protective effects on endothelial cell barrier and anti-inflammatory properties. These may also provide a link between the diverse effects of HDL.
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Ghallab A, Myllys M, H. Holland C, Zaza A, Murad W, Hassan R, A. Ahmed Y, Abbas T, A. Abdelrahim E, Schneider KM, Matz-Soja M, Reinders J, Gebhardt R, Berres ML, Hatting M, Drasdo D, Saez-Rodriguez J, Trautwein C, G. Hengstler J. Influence of Liver Fibrosis on Lobular Zonation. Cells 2019; 8:E1556. [PMID: 31810365 PMCID: PMC6953125 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how liver fibrosis influences lobular zonation. To address this question, we used three mouse models of liver fibrosis, repeated CCl4 administration for 2, 6 and 12 months to induce pericentral damage, as well as bile duct ligation (21 days) and mdr2-/- mice to study periportal fibrosis. Analyses were performed by RNA-sequencing, immunostaining of zonated proteins and image analysis. RNA-sequencing demonstrated a significant enrichment of pericentral genes among genes downregulated by CCl4; vice versa, periportal genes were enriched among the upregulated genes. Immunostaining showed an almost complete loss of pericentral proteins, such as cytochrome P450 enzymes and glutamine synthetase, while periportal proteins, such as arginase 1 and CPS1 became expressed also in pericentral hepatocytes. This pattern of fibrosis-associated 'periportalization' was consistently observed in all three mouse models and led to complete resistance to hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen (200 mg/kg). Characterization of the expression response identified the inflammatory pathways TGFβ, NFκB, TNFα, and transcription factors NFKb1, Stat1, Hif1a, Trp53, and Atf1 among those activated, while estrogen-associated pathways, Hnf4a and Hnf1a, were decreased. In conclusion, liver fibrosis leads to strong alterations of lobular zonation, where the pericentral region adopts periportal features. Beside adverse consequences, periportalization supports adaptation to repeated doses of hepatotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Maiju Myllys
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Christian H. Holland
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Bioquant—Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.H.H.); (J.S.-R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 19, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ayham Zaza
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Walaa Murad
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (W.M.); (T.A.); (E.A.A.)
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Yasser A. Ahmed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
| | - Tahany Abbas
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (W.M.); (T.A.); (E.A.A.)
| | - Eman A. Abdelrahim
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (W.M.); (T.A.); (E.A.A.)
| | - Kai Markus Schneider
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.M.S.); (M.-L.B.); (M.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Faculty of Medicine, Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.M.-S.); (R.G.)
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.M.-S.); (R.G.)
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.M.S.); (M.-L.B.); (M.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Maximilian Hatting
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.M.S.); (M.-L.B.); (M.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
- Modelling and Analysis for Medical and Biological Applications (MAMBA), Inria Paris & Sorbonne Université LJLL, 2 Rue Simone IFF, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Bioquant—Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.H.H.); (J.S.-R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 19, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.M.S.); (M.-L.B.); (M.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
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Rhyner C, Brüggen MC. What makes an allergen an allergen? Formyl-peptidyl receptor 3 and lipocalins: At the crossroads of T H2 induction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:494-495. [PMID: 31775015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Rhyner
- Swiss Institute of Asthma and Allergy Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland; Davos BioSciences, Davos, Switzerland.
| | - Marie-Charlotte Brüggen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Hochgebirgsklinik Davos, Zurich, Switzerland
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Li D, Yan Sun W, Fu B, Xu A, Wang Y. Lipocalin-2-The myth of its expression and function. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 127:142-151. [PMID: 31597008 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 is a functional biomarker for acute and chronic kidney diseases, heart failure and obesity-related medical complications. It is rapidly induced in epithelial cells under stress conditions, but constitutively produced from pre-adipocytes and mature adipocytes. Measuring the lipocalin-2 levels represents an effective approach for risk prediction, patient stratification and disease management. Nevertheless, due to ligand-binding, post-translational modification and protein-protein interaction, lipocalin-2 exists as multiple variants that elicit different pathophysiological functions. To characterize the specific structure-functional relationships of lipocalin-2 variants is critical for the development of biomarker assays with sufficient precision and reliability. Moreover, identifying the pathological forms of lipocalin-2 will provide new therapeutic targets and treatment approaches for obesity-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahui Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Yan Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bowen Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Liu Q, Zhou Z, Liu P, Zhang S. Comparative proteomic study of liver lipid droplets and mitochondria in mice housed at different temperatures. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2118-2138. [PMID: 31234227 PMCID: PMC6771624 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory mice are standardly housed at around 23 °C, setting them under chronic cold stress. Metabolic changes in the liver in mice housed at thermoneutral, standard and cold temperatures remain unknown. In the present study, we isolated lipid droplets and mitochondria from their livers in a comparative proteomic study aiming to investigate the changes. According to proteomic analysis, mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and retinol metabolism are enhanced, whereas oxidative phosphorylation is not affected obviously under cold conditions, suggesting that liver mitochondria may increase TCA cycle capacity in biosynthetic pathways, as well as retinol metabolism, to help the liver to adapt. Based on proteomic and immunoblotting results, perilipin 5 and major urinary proteins are increased significantly, whereas mitochondrial pyruvate carrier is decreased dramatically under cold conditions, indicating their involvement in liver adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ziyun Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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