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Huang T, Xiao Y, Yi L, Li L, Wang M, Tian C, Ma H, He K, Wang Y, Han B, Ye X, Li X. Coptisine from Rhizoma Coptidis Suppresses HCT-116 Cells-related Tumor Growth in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:38524. [PMID: 28165459 PMCID: PMC5292956 DOI: 10.1038/srep38524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in humans. Coptisine (COP) is a natural alkaloid from Coptidis Rhizoma with unclear antitumor mechanism. Human colon cancer cells (HCT-116) and xenograft mice were used to systematically explore the anti-tumor activity of COP in this study. The results indicated that COP exhibited remarkably cytotoxic activities against the HCT-116 cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest and increasing apoptosis, and preferentially inhibited the survival pathway and induced the activation of caspase proteases family of HCT-116 cells. Experimental results on male BALB/c nude mice confirmed that orally administration of COP at high-dose (150 mg/kg) could suppress tumor growth, and may reduce cancer metastasis risk by inhibiting the RAS-ERK pathway in vivo. Taken together, the results suggested that COP may be potential as a novel anti-tumor candidate in the HCT-116 cells-related colon cancer, further studies are still needed to suggest COP for the further use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yubo Xiao
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan University of Medicine, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Lin Yi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing Cancer Institute & Hospital & Cancer Center, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Meimei Wang
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Cheng Tian
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hang Ma
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Kai He
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan University of Medicine, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaoli Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xuegang Li
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400716, China
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Mocellin S, Baretta Z, Roqué i Figuls M, Solà I, Martin‐Richard M, Hallum S, Bonfill Cosp X. Second-line systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 1:CD006875. [PMID: 28128439 PMCID: PMC6464923 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006875.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic management of people with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) who did not respond to first-line treatment represents a formidable challenge. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy and toxicity of second-line systemic therapy in people with metastatic CRC. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library 2016, Issue 4), Ovid MEDLINE (1950 to May 2016), Ovid MEDLINE In-process & Other Non-Indexed Citations (1946 to May 2016) and Ovid Embase (1974 to May 2016). There were no language or date of publication restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy (survival, tumour response) and toxicity (incidence of severe adverse effects (SAEs)) of second-line systemic therapy (single or combined treatment with any anticancer drug, at any dose and number of cycles) in people with metastatic CRC that progressed, recurred or did not respond to first-line systemic therapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Authors performed a descriptive analysis of each included RCT in terms of primary (survival) and secondary (tumour response, toxicity) endpoints. In the light of the variety of drug regimens tested in the included trials, we could carry out meta-analysis considering classes of (rather than single) anticancer regimens; to this aim, we applied the random-effects model to pool the data. We used hazard ratios (HRs) and risk ratios (RRs) to describe the strength of the association for survival (overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS)) and dichotomous (overall response rate (ORR) and SAE rate) data, respectively, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS Thirty-four RCTs (enrolling 13,787 participants) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Available evidence enabled us to address multiple clinical issues regarding the survival effects of second-line systemic therapy of people with metastatic CRC.1. Chemotherapy (irinotecan) was more effective than best supportive care (HR for OS: 0.58, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.80; 1 RCT; moderate-quality evidence); 2. modern chemotherapy (FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin plus oxaliplatin), irinotecan) is more effective than outdated chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil) (HR for PFS: 0.59, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.73; 2 RCTs; high-quality evidence) (HR for OS: 0.69, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.94; 1 RCT; moderate-quality evidence); 3. irinotecan-based combinations were more effective than irinotecan alone (HR for PFS: 0.68, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.76; 6 RCTs; moderate-quality evidence); 4. targeted agents improved the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy both when considered together (HR for OS: 0.84, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.91; 6 RCTs; high-quality evidence) and when bevacizumab was used alone (HR for PFS: 0.67, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.75; 4 RCTs; high-quality evidence).With regard to secondary endpoints, tumour response rates generally paralleled the survival results; moreover, higher anticancer efficacy was generally associated with worse treatment-related toxicity, with the important exception of bevacizumab-containing regimens, where the addition of the targeted agent to chemotherapy did not result in a significant increase in the rate of SAE. Finally, we found that oral (instead of intravenous) fluoropyrimidines significantly reduced the incidence of adverse effects (without compromising efficacy) in people treated with oxaliplatin-based regimens.We could not draw any conclusions on other debated aspects in this field of oncology, such as ranking of treatments (not all possible comparisons have been tested and many comparisons were based on single trials enrolling a small number of participants) and quality of life (virtually no data available). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Systemic therapy offers a survival benefit to people with metastatic CRC who did not respond to first-line treatment, especially when targeted agents are combined with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Further research is needed to define the optimal regimen and to identify people who most benefit from each treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mocellin
- University of PadovaDepartment of Surgery, Oncology and GastroenterologyVia Giustiniani 2PadovaVenetoItaly35128
- IOV‐IRCCSIstituto Oncologico VenetoPadovaItaly35100
| | - Zora Baretta
- Ospedale di MontecchioU.O.C. di Oncologia ULSS5 Ovest VicentinoMontecchio MaggioreVicenzaItaly
| | - Marta Roqué i Figuls
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre ‐ Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)Sant Antoni Maria Claret 171Edifici Casa de ConvalescènciaBarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08041
| | - Ivan Solà
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) ‐ Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaIberoamerican Cochrane Centre ‐ Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavilion 18BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08025
| | - Marta Martin‐Richard
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant PauClinical OncologySant Antoni Maria Claret 167BarcelonaSpain08025
| | - Sara Hallum
- CochraneCochrane Colorectal Cancer Group23 Bispebjerg BakkeCopenhagenDenmarkDK 2400 NV
| | - Xavier Bonfill Cosp
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre ‐ Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)Sant Antoni Maria Claret 171Edifici Casa de ConvalescènciaBarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08041
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Pd(II)-catalyzed cascade Heck/intramolecular C(sp2)–H amidation reaction: An efficient route to 4-aryl-2-quinolinones. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Le Rolle AF, Chiu TK, Zeng Z, Shia J, Weiser MR, Paty PB, Chiu VK. Oncogenic KRAS activates an embryonic stem cell-like program in human colon cancer initiation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2159-74. [PMID: 26744320 PMCID: PMC4823026 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. Prevention of colorectal cancer initiation represents the most effective overall strategy to reduce its associated morbidity and mortality. Activating KRAS mutation (KRASmut) is the most prevalent oncogenic driver in colorectal cancer development, and KRASmut inhibition represents an unmet clinical need. We apply a systems-level approach to study the impact of KRASmut on stem cell signaling during human colon cancer initiation by performing gene set enrichment analysis on gene expression from human colon tissues. We find that KRASmut imposes the embryonic stem cell-like program during human colon cancer initiation from colon adenoma to stage I carcinoma. Expression of miR145, an embryonic SC program inhibitor, promotes cell lineage differentiation marker expression in KRASmut colon cancer cells and significantly suppresses their tumorigenicity. Our data support an in vivo plasticity model of human colon cancer initiation that merges the intrinsic stem cell properties of aberrant colon stem cells with the embryonic stem cell-like program induced by KRASmut to optimize malignant transformation. Inhibition of the embryonic SC-like program in KRASmut colon cancer cells reveals a novel therapeutic strategy to programmatically inhibit KRASmut tumors and prevent colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-France Le Rolle
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Thang K Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhaoshi Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin R Weiser
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip B Paty
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vi K Chiu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Adamowicz K, Saad ED, Jassem J. Health-related quality of life assessment in contemporary phase III trials in advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 50:194-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brock EJ, Ji K, Reiners JJ, Mattingly RR. How to Target Activated Ras Proteins: Direct Inhibition vs. Induced Mislocalization. Mini Rev Med Chem 2016; 16:358-69. [PMID: 26423696 DOI: 10.2174/1389557515666151001154002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras proteins are a driving force in a significant set of human cancers and wildtype, unmutated Ras proteins likely contribute to the malignant phenotype of many more. The overall challenge of targeting activated Ras proteins has great promise to treat cancer, but this goal has yet to be achieved. Significant efforts and resources have been committed to inhibiting Ras, but these energies have so far made little impact in the clinic. Direct attempts to target activated Ras proteins have faced many obstacles, including the fundamental nature of the gain-of-function oncogenic activity being produced by a loss-of-function at the biochemical level. Nevertheless, there has been very promising recent pre-clinical progress. The major strategy that has so far reached the clinic aimed to inhibit activated Ras indirectly through blocking its post-translational modification and inducing its mislocalization. While these efforts to indirectly target Ras through inhibition of farnesyl transferase (FTase) were rationally designed, this strategy suffered from insufficient attention to the distinctions between the isoforms of Ras. This led to subsequent failures in large-scale clinical trials targeting K-Ras driven lung, colon, and pancreatic cancers. Despite these setbacks, efforts to indirectly target activated Ras through inducing its mislocalization have persisted. It is plausible that FTase inhibitors may still have some utility in the clinic, perhaps in combination with statins or other agents. Alternative approaches for inducing mislocalization of Ras through disruption of its palmitoylation cycle or interaction with chaperone proteins are in early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raymond R Mattingly
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Ave, Detroit MI, USA.
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Sarrabayrouse G, Pich C, Teiti I, Tilkin-Mariame AF. Regulatory properties of statins and rho gtpases prenylation inhibitiors to stimulate melanoma immunogenicity and promote anti-melanoma immune response. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:747-755. [PMID: 27616679 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly lethal cutaneous tumor, killing affected patients through development of multiple poorly immunogenic metastases. Suboptimal activation of immune system by melanoma cells is often due to molecular modifications occurring during tumor progression that prevent efficient recognition of melanoma cells by immune effectors. Statins are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, which block the mevalonate synthesis pathway, used by millions of people as hypocholesterolemic agents in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. They are also known to inhibit Rho GTPase activation and Rho dependent signaling pathways. Rho GTPases are regarded as molecular switches that regulate a wide spectrum of cellular functions and their dysfunction has been characterized in various oncogenic process notably in melanoma progression. Moreover, these molecules can modulate the immune response. Since 10 years we have demonstrated that Statins and other Rho GTPases inhibitors are critical regulators of molecules involved in adaptive and innate anti-melanoma immune response. In this review we summarize our major observations demonstrating that these pharmacological agents stimulate melanoma immunogenicity and suggest a potential use of these molecules to promote anti-melanoma immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sarrabayrouse
- Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine Pich
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iotefa Teiti
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
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McNair AGK, Macefield RC, Blencowe NS, Brookes ST, Blazeby JM. 'Trial Exegesis': Methods for Synthesizing Clinical and Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) Data in Trials to Inform Clinical Practice. A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160998. [PMID: 27571514 PMCID: PMC5003376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The CONSORT extension for patient reported outcomes (PROs) aims to improve reporting, but guidance on the optimal integration with clinical data is lacking. This study examines in detail the reporting of PROs and clinical data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in gastro-intestinal cancer to inform design and reporting of combined PRO and clinical data from trials to improve the ‘take home’ message for clinicians to use in practice. Materials and Methods The case study was undertaken in gastro-intestinal cancer trials. Well-conducted RCTs reporting PROs with validated instruments were identified and categorized into those combining PRO and clinical data in a single paper, or those separating data into linked primary and supplemental papers. Qualitative methods were developed to examine reporting of the critical interpretation of the trial results (trial exegesis) in the papers in relation of the PRO and clinical outcomes and applied to each publication category. Results were used to inform recommendations for practice. Results From 1917 screened abstracts, 49 high quality RCTs were identified reported in 36 combined and 15 linked primary and supplemental papers. In-depth analysis of manuscript text identified three categories for understanding trial exegesis: where authors reported a “detailed”, “general”, or absent PRO rationale and integrated interpretation of clinical and PRO results. A total of 11 (30%) and 6 (16%) combined papers reported “detailed” PRO rationale and integrated interpretation of results although only 2 (14%) and 1 (7%) primary papers achieved the same standard respectively. Supplemental papers provide better information with 11 (73%) and 3 (20%) achieving “detailed” rationale and integrated interpretation of results. Supplemental papers, however, were published a median of 20 months after the primary RCT data in lower impact factor journals (median 16.8 versus 5.2). Conclusion It is recommended that single papers, with detailed PRO rationale and integrated PRO and clinical data are published to optimize trial exegesis. Further work to examine whether this improves the use of PRO data to inform practice is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus G. K. McNair
- Centre for Surgical Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery, Head and Neck, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rhiannon C. Macefield
- Centre for Surgical Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie S. Blencowe
- Centre for Surgical Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery, Head and Neck, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sara T. Brookes
- Centre for Surgical Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jane M. Blazeby
- Centre for Surgical Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery, Head and Neck, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Nanomedicine strategies to overcome the pathophysiological barriers of pancreatic cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 13:750-765. [PMID: 27531700 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the leading causes of cancer- related deaths. PDAC remains one of the most difficult-to-treat cancers, owing to its unique pathobiological features: a nearly impenetrable desmoplastic stroma, and hypovascular and hypoperfused tumour vessels render most treatment options largely ineffective. Progress in understanding the pathobiology and signalling pathways involved in disease progression is helping researchers to develop novel ways to fight PDAC, including improved nanotechnology-based drug-delivery platforms that have the potential to overcome the biological barriers of the disease that underlie persistent drug resistance. So-called 'nanomedicine' strategies have the potential to enable targeting of the Hedgehog-signalling pathway, the autophagy pathway, and specific RAS-mutant phenotypes, among other pathological processes of the disease. These novel therapies, alone or in combination with agents designed to disrupt the pathobiological barriers of the disease, could result in superior treatments, with increased efficacy and reduced off-target toxicities compared with the current standard-of-care regimens. By overcoming drug-delivery challenges, advances can be made in the treatment of PDAC, a disease for which limited improvement in overall survival has been achieved over the past several decades. We discuss the approaches to nanomedicine that have been pursued to date and those that are the focus of ongoing research, and outline their potential, as well as the key challenges that must be overcome.
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Polireddy K, Chen Q. Cancer of the Pancreas: Molecular Pathways and Current Advancement in Treatment. J Cancer 2016; 7:1497-514. [PMID: 27471566 PMCID: PMC4964134 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers among all malignances, with a median overall survival of <1 year and a 5-year survival of ~5%. The dismal survival rate and prognosis are likely due to lack of early diagnosis, fulminant disease course, high metastasis rate, and disappointing treatment outcome. Pancreatic cancers harbor a variety of genetic alternations that render it difficult to treat even with targeted therapy. Recent studies revealed that pancreatic cancers are highly enriched with a cancer stem cell (CSC) population, which is resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs, and therefore escapes chemotherapy and promotes tumor recurrence. Cancer cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is highly associated with metastasis, generation of CSCs, and treatment resistance in pancreatic cancer. Reviewed here are the molecular biology of pancreatic cancer, the major signaling pathways regulating pancreatic cancer EMT and CSCs, and the advancement in current clinical and experimental treatments for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Polireddy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, USA 66160
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, USA 66160
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Bible KC, Ryder M. Evolving molecularly targeted therapies for advanced-stage thyroid cancers. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 13:403-16. [PMID: 26925962 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased understanding of disease-specific molecular targets of therapy has led to the regulatory approval of two drugs (vandetanib and cabozantinib) for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and two agents (sorafenib and lenvatinib) for the treatment of radioactive- iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in both the USA and in the EU. The effects of these and other therapies on overall survival and quality of life among patients with thyroid cancer, however, remain to be more-clearly defined. When applied early in the disease course, intensive multimodality therapy seems to improve the survival outcomes of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), but salvage therapies for ATC are of uncertain benefit. Additional innovative, rationally designed therapeutic strategies are under active development both for patients with DTC and for patients with ATC, with multiple phase II and phase III randomized clinical trials currently ongoing. Continued effort is being made to identify further signalling pathways with potential therapeutic relevance in thyroid cancers, as well as to elaborate on the complex interactions between signalling pathways, with the intention of translating these discoveries into effective and personalized therapies. Herein, we summarize the progress made in molecular medicine for advanced-stage thyroid cancers of different histotypes, analyse how these developments have altered - and might further refine - patient care, and identify open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Bible
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, and Endocrine Malignancies Disease Oriented Group, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Mabel Ryder
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, and Endocrine Malignancies Disease Oriented Group, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Fang B. RAS signaling and anti-RAS therapy: lessons learned from genetically engineered mouse models, human cancer cells, and patient-related studies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:27-38. [PMID: 26350096 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of oncogenic RAS genes are frequently detected in human cancers. The studies in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) reveal that Kras-activating mutations predispose mice to early onset tumors in the lung, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, most of these tumors do not have metastatic phenotypes. Metastasis occurs when tumors acquire additional genetic changes in other cancer driver genes. Studies on clinical specimens also demonstrated that KRAS mutations are present in premalignant tissues and that most of KRAS mutant human cancers have co-mutations in other cancer driver genes, including TP53, STK11, CDKN2A, and KMT2C in lung cancer; APC, TP53, and PIK3CA in colon cancer; and TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, and MED12 in pancreatic cancer. Extensive efforts have been devoted to develop therapeutic agents that target enzymes involved in RAS posttranslational modifications, that inhibit downstream effectors of RAS signaling pathways, and that kill RAS mutant cancer cells through synthetic lethality. Recent clinical studies have revealed that sorafenib, a pan-RAF and VEGFR inhibitor, has impressive benefits for KRAS mutant lung cancer patients. Combination therapy of MEK inhibitors with either docetaxel, AKT inhibitors, or PI3K inhibitors also led to improved clinical responses in some KRAS mutant cancer patients. This review discusses knowledge gained from GEMMs, human cancer cells, and patient-related studies on RAS-mediated tumorigenesis and anti-RAS therapy. Emerging evidence demonstrates that RAS mutant cancers are heterogeneous because of the presence of different mutant alleles and/or co-mutations in other cancer driver genes. Effective subclassifications of RAS mutant cancers may be necessary to improve patients' outcomes through personalized precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ghatalia P, Morgan CJ, Sonpavde G. Meta-analysis of regression of advanced solid tumors in patients receiving placebo or no anti-cancer therapy in prospective trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 98:122-36. [PMID: 26597016 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A meta-analysis of prospective trials systematically investigated regression of advanced solid tumors in patients receiving placebo or no anticancer therapy to inform on spontaneous regressions. PATIENT AND METHODS Arms of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of metastatic solid tumors receiving placebo or no anti-cancer therapy were used. Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the overall response rate (ORR) and to detect differentials based on histology, progression at baseline and prior therapies. RESULTS A total of 7676 patients were evaluable from 61 RCTs evaluating 18 solid tumors. The ORR was 1.95% (95% CI: 1.52-2.48%). There was no significant effect of histology (p=0.110), baseline progressive disease (p>0.20) or the line of therapy (p>0.20) on ORR. CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous regressions are seen across all advanced solid tumors. Some malignancies demonstrated higher rates of spontaneous regressions and may be relatively immunotherapy responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ghatalia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), AL, United States
| | - Charity J Morgan
- Department of Biostatistics, UAB School of Medicine, United States
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, UAB Medical Center, United States.
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Lee R, Ramchandran K, Sanft T, Von Roenn J. Implementation of supportive care and best supportive care interventions in clinical trials enrolling patients with cancer. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1838-1845. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
NRAS mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61 arise in 15-20 % of all melanomas. These alterations have been associated with aggressive clinical behavior and a poor prognosis. Until recently, there has been a paucity of promising genetically targeted therapy approaches for NRAS-mutant melanoma (and RAS-mutant malignancies in general). MEK inhibitors, particularly binimetinib, have shown activity in this cohort. Based on pre-clinical and early clinical studies, combining MEK inhibitors with agents inhibiting the cell cycling and the PI3K-AKT pathway appears to provide additional benefit. In particular, a strategy of MEK inhibition and CDK4/6 inhibition is likely to be a viable treatment option in the future, and is the most promising genetically targeted treatment strategy for NRAS-mutant melanoma developed to date. In addition, immune-based therapies have shown increasing activity in advanced melanoma and may be particularly effective in those with NRAS mutations. Combination strategies of immune and targeted therapies may also play a role in the future although clinical trials testing these approaches are in early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 777 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA,
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MANO H. The EML4-ALK oncogene: targeting an essential growth driver in human cancer. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2015; 91:193-201. [PMID: 25971657 PMCID: PMC4561238 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.91.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of essential growth drivers represents an ideal approach to cancer treatment. To identify such molecules in clinical specimens, we developed a highly sensitive functional screening system based on the preparation of retroviral cDNA expression libraries. By screening such a library of lung adenocarcinoma with a focus formation assay, we discovered the EML4-ALK fusion-type oncogene. A small chromosomal inversion thus leads to fusion of the amino-terminal portion of the microtubule-associated protein EML4 to the intracellular kinase domain of ALK, a receptor-type protein tyrosine kinase. Constitutive dimerization of EML4-ALK mediated by a dimerization motif of EML4 results in kinase activation. Specific inhibitors of the kinase activity of ALK have been developed as therapeutic drugs for EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer, three of which (crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib) have already been approved for clinical use. An overall clinical response rate of 93.5% for alectinib has shown that agents that target essential growth drivers can become magic bullets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki MANO
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Azoulay-Alfaguter I, Strazza M, Mor A. Chaperone-mediated specificity in Ras and Rap signaling. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 50:194-202. [PMID: 25488471 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.989308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ras and Rap proteins are closely related small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPases) that share similar effector-binding domains but operate in a very different signaling networks; Ras has a dominant role in cell proliferation, while Rap mediates cell adhesion. Ras and Rap proteins are regulated by several shared processes such as post-translational modification, phosphorylation, activation by guanine exchange factors and inhibition by GTPase-activating proteins. Sub-cellular localization and trafficking of these proteins to and from the plasma membrane are additional important regulatory features that impact small GTPases function. Despite its importance, the trafficking mechanisms of Ras and Rap proteins are not completely understood. Chaperone proteins play a critical role in trafficking of GTPases and will be the focus of the discussion in this work. We will review several aspects of chaperone biology focusing on specificity toward particular members of the small GTPase family. Understanding this specificity should provide key insights into drug development targeting individual small GTPases.
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KRAS protein stability is regulated through SMURF2: UBCH5 complex-mediated β-TrCP1 degradation. Neoplasia 2014; 16:115-28. [PMID: 24709419 DOI: 10.1593/neo.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to target mutant KRAS have been unsuccessful. Here, we report the identification of Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (SMURF2) and UBCH5 as a critical E3:E2 complex maintaining KRAS protein stability. Loss of SMURF2 either by small interfering RNA/short hairpin RNA (siRNA/shRNA) or by overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant causes KRAS degradation, whereas overexpression of wild-type SMURF2 enhances KRAS stability. Importantly, mutant KRAS is more susceptible to SMURF2 loss where protein half-life decreases from >12 hours in control siRNA-treated cells to <3 hours on Smurf2 silencing, whereas only marginal differences were noted for wild-type protein. This loss of mutant KRAS could be rescued by overexpressing a siRNA-resistant wild-type SMURF2. Our data further show that SMURF2 monoubiquitinates UBCH5 at lysine 144 to form an active complex required for efficient degradation of a RAS-family E3, β-transducing repeat containing protein 1 (β-TrCP1). Conversely, β-TrCP1 is accumulated on SMURF2 loss, leading to increased KRAS degradation. Therefore, as expected, β-TrCP1 knockdown following Smurf2 siRNA treatment rescues mutant KRAS loss. Further, we identify two conserved proline (P) residues in UBCH5 critical for SMURF2 interaction; mutation of either of these P to alanine also destabilizes KRAS. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that Smurf2 silencing reduces the clonogenic survival in vitro and prolongs tumor latency in vivo in cancer cells including mutant KRAS-driven tumors. Taken together, we show that SMURF2:UBCH5 complex is critical in maintaining KRAS protein stability and propose that targeting such complex may be a unique strategy to degrade mutant KRAS to kill cancer cells.
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Jiménez-Fonseca P, Solis MP, Garrido M, Faez L, Rodriguez D, Ruiz AL, Sanchez Lorenzo ML, Uriol E, Menendez MD, Viéitez JM. Gemcitabine plus capecitabine (Gem-Cape) biweekly in chemorefractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 17:384-92. [PMID: 25428757 PMCID: PMC4544491 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose A proportion of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are still able to continue with active therapy after their progression to fluoropyrimidines, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan regimens. Studies suggest that gemcitabine and fluoropyrimidines are synergic antimetabolites. The purpose was to evaluate gemcitabine–capecitabine (Gem–Cape) in heavily pretreated mCRC and to thus assess possible predictive factors for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).
Patients and methods This analysis was performed on 119 evaluable patients pretreated with fluoropyrimidines, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and biological agents between June 2001 and July 2011. Patients received gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 day 1 and capecitabine 1,000 mg/m2bid for 7 days every 2 weeks. Results The general characteristics were ECOG 0–1, 89 %; male, 68 %, and median age 63 years. In total, 61 % had received two chemotherapy lines, while 39 % had received three or more. Objective response rates and stable disease rates at 3 months were 6.72 and 37.81 %, equalling a clinical benefit of 44.53 %. The median PFS and OS were 2.87 months [95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.53–3.17 months] and 6.53 months (95 % CI 5.33–8.77), respectively. The most frequent toxicities were grades 1–2, anemia (22 %), thrombocytopenia (10 %), and hand–foot syndrome (9 %); grade ≥3, diarrhea (2 %), with no treatment-related discontinuations. No treatment-related deaths were reported. Statistical significance was obtained by subgroups, assessing clinical benefits and objective responses for PFS and OS. Moreover, patients under 65 tended to have a better PFS. Conclusion These data suggest that Gem–Cape is a tolerable and feasible regimen, associated with clinical benefit in non-selected, heavily pretreated, mCRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jiménez-Fonseca
- Medical Oncology Department, Asturias Central University Hospital, Carretera de Rubín s/n Finca "La Cadellada", 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain,
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Abstract
To provide therapeutic alternatives to intravenous colon chemotherapy major recent research is focusing on the development of oral chemotherapeutic agents with the intention to improve the quality of life of patients. Initially 5-fluorouracil was most commonly used for the treatment of colorectal cancer but currently oxaliplatin and irinotecan are also available. The majority of these new drugs are pyrimidines and their analogs. The rationale for using oral anticancer agents is discussed and new drugs, such as farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor S-1, rubitecan, ZD9331, MMI-166, eflornithine, sulindac, and oral camptothecin analogs, among others, are presented with the results of their preclinical and clinical developments. This article focuses on the advancement of clinical development and also discusses the relative merits and demerits of these agents. The accelerated approval of these agents by regulatory authorities is supported by survival benefit, response rate and time to progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Shukla
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, (Rajiv Gandhi Technological University), The State Technical University of Madhya Pradesh, Airport Bypass Road Gandhi Nagar-462036, Bhopal, India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW 'Supportive care' is a commonly used term in oncology; however, no consensus definition exists. This represents a barrier to communication in both the clinical and research settings. In this review, we propose a unifying conceptual framework for supportive care and discuss the proper use of this term in the clinical and research settings. RECENT FINDINGS A recent systematic review revealed several themes for supportive care: a focus on symptom management and improvement of quality of life, and care for patients on treatments and those with advanced stage disease. These findings are consistent with a broad definition for supportive care: 'the provision of the necessary services for those living with or affected by cancer to meet their informational, emotional, spiritual, social, or physical needs during their diagnostic, treatment, or follow-up phases encompassing issues of health promotion and prevention, survivorship, palliation, and bereavement.' Supportive care can be classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary based on the level of specialization. For example, palliative care teams provide secondary supportive care for patients with advanced cancer. SUMMARY Until a consensus definition is available for supportive care, this term should be clearly defined or cited whenever it is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hui
- Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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73
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Peptide chemistry applied to a new family of phenothiazine-containing inhibitors of human farnesyltransferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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75
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Okumura S, Jänne PA. Molecular pathways: the basis for rational combination using MEK inhibitors in KRAS-mutant cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4193-9. [PMID: 24907112 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in RAS oncogenes are frequently observed in human cancers, and the mutations result in activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, leading to cell proliferation and survival. The pathway is, therefore, a potent therapeutic target in the RAS-mutant cancers. MEK inhibitors can specifically block the pathway and are one of the key types of drugs for the treatment of the RAS-mutant cancers. As RAS proteins activate other downstream signaling proteins in addition to the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, combination therapeutic approaches with MEK inhibitors are also being evaluated. Moreover, MEK inhibitors can arrest cancer cells in G1 phase and repress prosurvival Bcl2 family proteins such as MCL1 and BCL2/BCLXL, and increase expression of Bim, a proapoptotic BH3-only family protein. This mechanism may explain the efficacy of the combination of MEK inhibitors with cytotoxic agents or other targeted inhibitors. A better understanding of the pathway will help us with development of rational combinations for the treatment of the RAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology; Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology; and Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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76
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Johnson DB, Smalley KSM, Sosman JA. Molecular pathways: targeting NRAS in melanoma and acute myelogenous leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4186-92. [PMID: 24895460 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Successful targeting of specific oncogenic "driver" mutations with small-molecule inhibitors has represented a major advance in cancer therapeutics over the past 10 to 15 years. The most common activating oncogene in human malignancy, RAS (rat sarcoma), has proved to be an elusive target. Activating mutations in RAS induce mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT pathway signaling and drive malignant progression in up to 30% of cancers. Oncogenic NRAS mutations occur in several cancer types, notably melanoma, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and less commonly, colon adenocarcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, and other hematologic malignancies. Although NRAS-mutant tumors have been recalcitrant to targeted therapeutic strategies historically, newer agents targeting MAP/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1)/2 have recently shown signs of clinical efficacy as monotherapy. Combination strategies of MEK inhibitors with other targeted agents have strong preclinical support and are being evaluated in clinical trials. This review discusses the recent preclinical and clinical studies about the role of NRAS in cancer, with a focus on melanoma and AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Johnson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- Departments of Molecular Oncology and Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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77
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Huang B, Thomas N. Optimal Designs With Interim Analyses for Randomized Studies With Long-Term Time-Specific Endpoints. Stat Biopharm Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2014.900251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schuld NJ, Vervacke JS, Lorimer EL, Simon NC, Hauser AD, Barbieri JT, Distefano MD, Williams CL. The chaperone protein SmgGDS interacts with small GTPases entering the prenylation pathway by recognizing the last amino acid in the CAAX motif. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6862-6876. [PMID: 24415755 PMCID: PMC3945348 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras family small GTPases localize at the plasma membrane, where they can activate oncogenic signaling pathways. Understanding the mechanisms that promote membrane localization of GTPases will aid development of new therapies to inhibit oncogenic signaling. We previously reported that SmgGDS splice variants promote prenylation and trafficking of GTPases containing a C-terminal polybasic region and demonstrated that SmgGDS-607 interacts with nonprenylated GTPases, whereas SmgGDS-558 interacts with prenylated GTPases in cells. The mechanism that SmgGDS-607 and SmgGDS-558 use to differentiate between prenylated and nonprenylated GTPases has not been characterized. Here, we provide evidence that SmgGDS-607 associates with GTPases through recognition of the last amino acid in the CAAX motif. We show that SmgGDS-607 forms more stable complexes in cells with nonprenylated GTPases that will become geranylgeranylated than with nonprenylated GTPases that will become farnesylated. These binding relationships similarly occur with nonprenylated SAAX mutants. Intriguingly, farnesyltransferase inhibitors increase the binding of WT K-Ras to SmgGDS-607, indicating that the pharmacological shunting of K-Ras into the geranylgeranylation pathway promotes K-Ras association with SmgGDS-607. Using recombinant proteins and prenylated peptides corresponding to the C-terminal sequences of K-Ras and Rap1B, we found that both SmgGDS-607 and SmgGDS-558 directly bind the GTPase C-terminal region, but the specificity of the SmgGDS splice variants for prenylated versus nonprenylated GTPases is diminished in vitro. Finally, we present structural homology models and data from functional prediction software to define both similar and unique features of SmgGDS-607 when compared with SmgGDS-558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Schuld
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Jeffrey S Vervacke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414
| | - Ellen L Lorimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Nathan C Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Andrew D Hauser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Joseph T Barbieri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414
| | - Carol L Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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Becerra CR, Salazar R, Garcia-Carbonero R, Thomas AL, Vázquez-Mazón FJ, Cassidy J, Maughan T, Castillo MG, Iveson T, Yin D, Green S, Bergsland EK. Figitumumab in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with standard therapies: a nonrandomized, open-label, phase II trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:695-702. [PMID: 24488322 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Figitumumab (CP-751,871) is a human IgG2 monoclonal antibody that binds and down-regulates insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-1R) and inhibits activation of this receptor by IGF-1 and IGF-2. This nonrandomized, open-label, single-arm, phase II trial evaluated the antitumor activity and safety of figitumumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer that was refractory to ≥2 systemic therapies. METHODS Cohorts A and B received intravenous figitumumab 20 and 30 mg/kg in 3-week cycles, respectively. Both received loading doses (20 or 30 mg/kg) on days 1 and 2 of cycle 1. The primary endpoint was 6-month survival (null hypothesis for each cohort, H0: p6 mo surv = 0.45). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response, safety, and pharmacokinetics. RESULTS A total of 168 patients (Cohort A, n = 85; Cohort B, n = 83) received figitumumab. Estimated 6-month survival was 49.4 % (95 % CI 38.8-60.0) in Cohort A and 44.1 % (95 % CI 33.4-54.9) in Cohort B. Median OS was 5.8 and 5.6 months, respectively; median PFS was 1.4 months in both cohorts. No objective partial or complete responses occurred. The respective rates of treatment discontinuation due to treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were 5 and 7 %. The most common grade 3/4 nonhematologic AEs in both cohorts were hyperglycemia and asthenia. No grade 4 hematologic laboratory abnormalities occurred. Most deaths were reported as due to progressive disease; none were due to figitumumab. CONCLUSION Six-month survival data do not support further study of figitumumab 20 or 30 mg/kg in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Becerra
- Texas Oncology-Sammons Cancer Center at Baylor, 3410 Worth Street, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA,
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Le Tourneau C, Paoletti X, Coquan E, Sablin MP, Zoubir M, Tannock IF. Critical Evaluation of Disease Stabilization As a Measure of Activity of Systemic Therapy: Lessons From Trials With Arms in Which Patients Do Not Receive Active Treatment. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:260-3. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.53.5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Le Tourneau
- Institut Curie and Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U900, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Paoletti
- Institut Curie and Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U900, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Ian F. Tannock
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kieran MW, Gordon LB, Kleinman ME. The role of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib in the treatment of Progeria. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.872028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chen X, Makarewicz JM, Knauf JA, Johnson LK, Fagin JA. Transformation by Hras(G12V) is consistently associated with mutant allele copy gains and is reversed by farnesyl transferase inhibition. Oncogene 2013; 33:5442-9. [PMID: 24240680 PMCID: PMC4025988 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RAS-driven malignancies remain a major therapeutic challenge. The two-stage 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) model of mouse skin carcinogenesis has been used to study mechanisms of epithelial tumor development by oncogenic Hras. We used mice with a HrasG12V knock-in allele to elucidate the early events after Hras activation, and to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of farnesyltransferase (FTI) inhibition. Treatment of Caggs-Cre/FR-HrasG12V mice with TPA alone was sufficient to trigger papilloma development with shorter latency and a ~10-fold greater tumor burden than DMBA/TPA-treated WT controls. HrasG12V allele copy number was increased in all papillomas induced by TPA. DMBA/TPA treatment of HrasG12V knock-in mice induced an even greater incidence of papillomas, which either harbored HrasG12V amplification, or developed a HrasQ61L mutation in the second allele. Laser-capture microdissection of normal skin, hyperplastic skin and papillomas showed that amplification occurred only at the papilloma stage. HRAS mutant allelic imbalance was also observed in human cancer cell lines, consistent with a requirement for augmented oncogenic HRAS signaling for tumor development. The FTI SCH66336 blocks HRAS farnesylation and delocalizes it from the plasma membrane. NRAS and KRAS are not affected as they are alternatively prenylated. When tested in lines harboring HRAS, NRAS or KRAS mutations, SCH66336 delocalized, inhibited signaling and preferentially inhibited growth only of HRAS-mutant lines. Treatment with SCH66336 also induced near-complete regression of papillomas of TPA-treated HrasG12V knock-in mice. These data suggest that farnesyl transferase inhibitors should be reevaluated as targeted agents for human HRAS-driven cancers, such as those of bladder, thyroid and other epithelial lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J M Makarewicz
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Knauf
- 1] Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - L K Johnson
- Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Fagin
- 1] Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA [3] Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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83
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Abuhaie CM, Ghinet A, Farce A, Dubois J, Rigo B, Bîcu E. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of N-ylides as protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5887-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractRas genes are pre-eminent genes that are frequently linked with cancer biology. The functional loss of ras protein caused by various point mutations within the gene, is established as a prognostic factor for the genesis of a constitutively active Ras-MAPK pathway leading to cancer. Ras signaling circuit follows a complex pathway, which connects many signaling molecules and cells. Several strategies have come up for targeting mutant ras proteins for cancer therapy, however, the clinical benefits remain insignificant. Targeting the Ras-MAPK pathway is extremely complicated due its intricate networks involving several upstream and downstream regulators. Blocking oncogenic Ras is still in latent stage and requires alternative approaches to screen the genes involved in Ras transformation. Understanding the mechanism of Ras induced tumorigenesis in diverse cancers and signaling networks will open a path for drug development and other therapeutic approaches.
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85
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Fool's gold, lost treasures, and the randomized clinical trial. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:193. [PMID: 23587187 PMCID: PMC3639810 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Randomized controlled trials with a survival endpoint are the gold standard for clinical research, but have failed to achieve cures for most advanced malignancies. The high costs of randomized clinical trials slow progress (thereby causing avoidable loss of life) and increase health care costs. Discussion A malignancy may be caused by several different mutations. Therapies effective vs one mutation may be discarded due to lack of statistical significance across the entire population. Conversely, expensive large randomized trials may have sufficient statistical power to demonstrate benefit despite the therapy only working in subgroups. Non-cost-effective therapy is then applied to all patients (including subgroups it cannot help). Randomized trials comparing therapies with different mechanisms of action are misleading since they may conclude the therapies are “equivalent” despite benefitting different subpopulations, or may erroneously conclude that one therapy is superior simply because it targets a larger subpopulation. Furthermore, minor variances in patient selection may determine study outcome, a therapy may be discarded as ineffective despite substantial benefit in one subpopulation if harmful in another, randomized trials may more effectively detect therapies with minor benefit in most patients vs marked benefit in subpopulations, and randomized trials in unselected patients may erroneously conclude that “shot-gun” combinations are superior to single agents when sequential administration of personalized single agents might work better and spare patients treatment with drugs that cannot help them. We must identify predictive biomarkers early by comparing responding to progressing patients in phase I-II trials. Enriching randomized trials for biomarker-positive patients can markedly reduce required patient numbers and costs despite expensive screening for biomarker-positive patients. Available data support approval of new drugs without randomized trials if they yield single-agent sustained responses in patients refractory to standard therapies. Conversely, new approaches are needed to guide development of drug combinations since both standard phase II approaches and phase II-III randomized trials have a high risk of misleading. Summary Traditional randomized clinical trials approaches are often inefficient, wasteful, and unreliable. New clinical research paradigms are needed. The primary outcome of clinical research should be “Who (if anyone) benefits?” rather than “Does the overall group benefit?”
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Ras proteins (K-Ras, N-Ras, and H-Ras) are GTPases that function as molecular switches for a variety of critical cellular activities and their function is tightly and temporally regulated in normal cells. Oncogenic mutations in the RAS genes, which create constitutively-active Ras proteins, can result in uncontrolled proliferation or survival in tumor cells. AREAS COVERED The paper discusses three therapeutic approaches targeting the Ras pathway in cancer: i) Ras itself, ii) Ras downstream pathways, and iii) synthetic lethality. The most adopted approach is targeting Ras downstream signaling, and specifically the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Raf-MEK pathways, as they are frequently major oncogenic drivers in cancers with high Ras signaling. Although direct targeting of Ras has not been successful clinically, newer approaches being investigated in preclinical studies, such as RNA interference-based and synthetic lethal approaches, promise great potential for clinical application. EXPERT OPINION The challenges of current and emerging therapeutics include the lack of "tumor specificity" and their limitation to those cancers which are "dependent" on aberrant Ras signaling for survival. While the newer approaches have the potential to overcome these limitations, they also highlight the importance of robust preclinical studies and bidirectional translational research for successful clinical development of Ras-related targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Takashima
- Boston University School of Medicine, Cancer Research Center , 72 E. Concord St. Boston MA, 02118 , USA
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87
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Abuhaie CM, Ghinet A, Farce A, Dubois J, Gautret P, Rigo B, Belei D, Bîcu E. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of phenothiazine-containing protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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88
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of new phenothiazine derivatives bearing a pyrazole unit as protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6896-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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89
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Molecular dynamics analysis of a series of 22 potential farnesyltransferase substrates containing a CaaX-motif. J Mol Model 2012; 19:673-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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90
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Abstract
Recent studies of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes have revealed overlapping metabolic rewiring in activated T cells and Myc-transformed lymphocytes. Myc expression is attenuated in normal lymphocytes that return to the basal state, but Notch-activated or Myc-transformed lymphocytes persistently express Myc, which activates genes involved in glucose and glutamine metabolism. Although this difference could provide a therapeutic window for the treatment of cancers, the overlapping metabolic profiles suggest a potential for immunosuppression by metabolic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Altman
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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91
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Belei D, Dumea C, Samson A, Farce A, Dubois J, Bîcu E, Ghinet A. New farnesyltransferase inhibitors in the phenothiazine series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4517-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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92
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Tu JH, Yu YH. New progress in understanding implications of gene mutations for targeted therapies in colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1447-1452. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i16.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mutant KRAS as a predictor of resistance to epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies has brought a major change to the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. However, changes in multiple oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and signal transduction pathways occur in colorectal cancer, and there are inextricable relationships among different signal transduction pathways. In order to avoid unnecessary toxicity and invalid expense, how to select patients appropriate for this therapy has become a hot spot of current research. The purpose of this review is to discuss some biomarkers which may predict efficacy of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody therapy and corresponding strategies.
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93
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Burnett AK, Russell NH, Culligan D, Cavanagh J, Kell J, Wheatley K, Virchis A, Hills RK, Milligan D. The addition of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor, tipifarnib, to low dose cytarabine does not improve outcome for older patients with AML. Br J Haematol 2012; 158:519-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan K. Burnett
- Department of Haematology; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff; UK
| | - Nigel H. Russell
- Department of Haematology; Nottingham City Hospital; Nottingham; UK
| | - Dominic Culligan
- Department of Haematology; Aberdeen Royal Infirmary; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Jamie Cavanagh
- Department of Haematology; Bart's and the London NHS Trust; London; UK
| | - Jonathan Kell
- Department of Haematology; University Hospital of Wales; Cardiff; UK
| | - Keith Wheatley
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit; School of Cancer Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
| | - Andra Virchis
- Department of Haematology; Barnet Hospital; Hertfordshire; UK
| | - Robert K. Hills
- Department of Haematology; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff; UK
| | - Donald Milligan
- Department of Haematology; Birmingham Heartlands Hospital; Birmingham; UK
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Wong NS, Meadows KL, Rosen LS, Adjei AA, Kaufmann SH, Morse MA, Petros WP, Zhu Y, Statkevich P, Cutler DL, Meyers ML, Hurwitz HI. A phase I multicenter study of continuous oral administration of lonafarnib (SCH 66336) and intravenous gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Invest 2012; 29:617-25. [PMID: 22011284 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.621912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a phase I study to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and activity of lonafarnib plus gemcitabine. Subjects received oral lonafarnib twice daily and gemcitabine on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days; multiple dose levels were explored. Lonafarnib had no apparent effect on gemcitabine PK. Mean lonafarnib half-life ranged from 4 to 7 hr; median T(max) values ranged from 4 to 8 hr. Two patients had partial response; seven patients had stable disease at least 6 months. Oral lonafarnib at 150 mg a.m./100 mg p.m. plus gemcitabine at 1,000 mg/m(2) is the maximum tolerated dose with acceptable safety and tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Soon Wong
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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95
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Targeting the Cellular Signaling: BRAF Inhibition and Beyond for the Treatment of Metastatic Malignant Melanoma. Dermatol Res Pract 2011; 2012:259170. [PMID: 22216021 PMCID: PMC3246694 DOI: 10.1155/2012/259170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although advances in cytotoxic treatments have been obtained in several neoplasias, in metastatic melanoma there was no drug able to significantly change the natural history of the disease in the last 30 years. In the last decade, translational research identified important mechanisms in malignant transformation, invasion, and progression. Signaling pathways can be abnormally activated by oncogenes. The identification of oncogenic mutated kinases implicated in this process provides an opportunity for new target therapies. The melanoma dependence on BRAF-mutated kinase allowed the development of inhibitors that produced major responses in clinical trials. This is the beginning of a novel class of drugs in metastatic melanoma; the identification of the transduction signaling networking and other “druggable” kinases is in active research. In this paper, we discuss the ongoing research on cellular signaling inhibition, resistance mechanisms, and strategies to overcome treatment failure.
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96
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Perez MAS, Sousa SF, Oliveira EFT, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Detection of Farnesyltransferase Interface Hot Spots through Computational Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:15339-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205481y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta A. S. Perez
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo F. T. Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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97
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Berge E, Thompson C, Messersmith W. Development of Novel Targeted Agents in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2011; 10:266-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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98
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Measurement of protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation in vitro, in cultured cells and in biopsies, and the effects of prenyl transferase inhibitors. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1775-91. [PMID: 22036881 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the post-translational lipid modifications farnesylation and geranylgeranylation in protein localization and function coupled with the critical role of prenylated proteins in malignant transformation has prompted interest in their biology and the development of farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs and GGTIs) as chemical probes and anticancer agents. The ability to measure protein prenylation before and after FTI and GGTI treatment is important to understanding and interpreting the effects of these agents on signal transduction pathways and cellular phenotypes, as well as to the use of prenylation as a biomarker. Here we describe protocols to measure the degree of protein prenylation by farnesyl transferase or geranylgeranyl transferase in vitro, in cultured cells and in tumors from animals and humans. The assays use [(3)H]farnesyl diphosphate and [(3)H]geranylgeranyl diphosphate, electrophoretic mobility shift, membrane association using subcellular fractionation or immunofluorescence of intact cells, [(3)H]mevalonic acid labeling, followed by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE, and in vitro transcription, translation and prenylation in reticulocyte lysates. These protocols require from 1 d (enzyme assays) to up to 3 months (autoradiography of [(3)H]-labeled proteins).
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99
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Abstract
Protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, together referred to as prenylation, are lipid post-translational modifications that are required for the transforming activity of many oncogenic proteins, including some RAS family members. This observation prompted the development of inhibitors of farnesyltransferase (FT) and geranylgeranyl-transferase 1 (GGT1) as potential anticancer drugs. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which FT and GGT1 inhibitors (FTIs and GGTIs, respectively) affect signal transduction pathways, cell cycle progression, proliferation and cell survival. In contrast to their preclinical efficacy, only a small subset of patients responds to FTIs. Identifying tumours that depend on farnesylation for survival remains a challenge, and strategies to overcome this are discussed. One GGTI has recently entered the clinic, and the safety and efficacy of GGTIs await results from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Berndt
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Andrew D. Hamilton
- University of Oxford, Vice-Chancellor’s Office, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Saïd M. Sebti
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
- Departments of Oncologic Sciences and Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Balasis ME, Forinash KD, Chen YA, Fulp WJ, Coppola D, Hamilton AD, Cheng JQ, Sebti SM. Combination of farnesyltransferase and Akt inhibitors is synergistic in breast cancer cells and causes significant breast tumor regression in ErbB2 transgenic mice. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2852-62. [PMID: 21536547 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Akt activation inhibitor triciribine and the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib have modest to little activity in clinical trials when used as single agents. In this article, preclinical data show that the combination is more effective than single agents both in cultured cells and in vivo. Combination index data analysis shows that this combination is highly synergistic at inhibiting anchorage-dependent growth of breast cancer cells. This synergistic interaction is also observed with structurally unrelated inhibitors of Akt (MK-2206) and farnesyltransferase (FTI-2153). The triciribine/tipifarnib synergistic effects are seen with several cancer cell lines including those from breast, leukemia, multiple myeloma and lung tumors with different genetic alterations such as K-Ras, B-Raf, PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), p53 and pRb mutations, PTEN, pRB and Ink4a deletions, and ErbB receptor overexpression. Furthermore, the combination is synergistic at inhibiting anchorage-independent growth and at inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells. The combination is also more effective at inhibiting the Akt/mTOR/S6 kinase pathway. In an ErbB2-driven breast tumor transgenic mouse model, the combination, but not single agent, treatment with triciribine and tipifarnib induces significant breast tumor regression. Our findings warrant further investigation of the combination of farnesyltransferase and Akt inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Balasis
- Drug Discovery Department, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institut, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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