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Pentyala S, Whyard T, Pentyala S, Muller J, Pfail J, Parmar S, Helguero CG, Khan S. Prostate cancer markers: An update. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:263-268. [PMID: 26998261 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most common noncutaneous malignancy in American men, prostate cancer currently accounts for 29% of all diagnosed cancers, and ranks second as the cause of cancer fatality in American men. Prostatic cancer is rarely symptomatic early in its course and therefore disease presentation often implies local extension or even metastatic disease. Thus, it is extremely critical to detect and diagnose prostate cancer in its earliest stages, often prior to the presentation of symptoms. Three of the most common techniques used to detect prostate cancer are the digital rectal exam, the transrectal ultrasound, and the use of biomarkers. This review presents an update regarding the field of prostate cancer biomarkers and comments on future biomarkers. Although there is not a lack of research in the field of prostate cancer biomarkers, the discovery of a novel biomarker that may have the advantage of being more specific and effective warrants future scientific inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Pentyala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Urology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Health Sciences, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Physiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Terry Whyard
- Department of Urology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sahana Pentyala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - John Muller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - John Pfail
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sunjit Parmar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Carlos G Helguero
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Urology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Physiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Geybels MS, Alumkal JJ, Luedeke M, Rinckleb A, Zhao S, Shui IM, Bibikova M, Klotzle B, van den Brandt PA, Ostrander EA, Fan JB, Feng Z, Maier C, Stanford JL. Epigenomic profiling of prostate cancer identifies differentially methylated genes in TMPRSS2:ERG fusion-positive versus fusion-negative tumors. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:128. [PMID: 26692910 PMCID: PMC4676897 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background About half of all prostate cancers harbor the TMPRSS2:ERG (T2E) gene fusion. While T2E-positive and T2E-negative tumors represent specific molecular subtypes of prostate cancer (PCa), previous studies have not yet comprehensively investigated how these tumor subtypes differ at the epigenetic level. We therefore investigated epigenome-wide DNA methylation profiles of PCa stratified by T2E status. Results The study included 496 patients with clinically localized PCa who had a radical prostatectomy as primary treatment for PCa. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) “break-apart” assays were used to determine tumor T2E-fusion status, which showed that 266 patients (53.6 %) had T2E-positive PCa. The study showed global DNA methylation differences between tumor subtypes. A large number of differentially methylated CpG sites were identified (false-discovery rate [FDR] Q-value <0.00001; n = 27,876) and DNA methylation profiles accurately distinguished between tumor T2E subgroups. A number of top-ranked differentially methylated CpGs in genes (FDR Q-values ≤1.53E−29) were identified: C3orf14, CACNA1D, GREM1, KLK10, NT5C, PDE4D, RAB40C, SEPT9, and TRIB2, several of which had a corresponding alteration in mRNA expression. These genes may have various roles in the pathogenesis of PCa, and the calcium-channel gene CACNA1D is a known ERG-target. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data provided confirmatory evidence for our findings. Conclusions This study identified substantial differences in DNA methylation profiles of T2E-positive and T2E-negative tumors, thereby providing further evidence that different underlying oncogenic pathways characterize these molecular subtypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0161-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan S Geybels
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA ; Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joshi J Alumkal
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Manuel Luedeke
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Antje Rinckleb
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA ; Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC Research Triangle Park, USA
| | - Irene M Shui
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Piet A van den Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jian-Bing Fan
- Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA USA ; Present Address: AnchorDx Corp., Guangzhou, 510300 People's Republic of China
| | | | - Christiane Maier
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA ; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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NES1/KLK10 gene represses proliferation, enhances apoptosis and down-regulates glucose metabolism of PC3 prostate cancer cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17426. [PMID: 26616394 PMCID: PMC4663538 DOI: 10.1038/srep17426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal epithelial cell-specific-1 (NES1) gene, also named as KLK10, is recognised as a novel putative tumour suppressor in breast cancer, but few studies have focused on the function of KLK10 in human prostate cancer. Our study confirms that the expression of KLK10 in prostate cancer tissue and cell lines (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP clone FGC) is low. Given that the androgen-independent growth characteristic of the PC3 cell line is more similar to clinical castration-resistant prostate cancer, we studied the role of KLK10 in PC3. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that over-expressing KLK10 in PC3 could decelerate tumour proliferation, which was accompanied with an increase in apoptosis and suppression of glucose metabolism. The related proteins, such as Bcl-2 and HK-2, were down-regulated subsequently. Furthermore, by up-regulating Bcl-2 or HK-2 respectively in the PC3-KLK10 cell line, we observed a subsequent increase of cell proliferation and a synchronous up-regulation of HK-2 and Bcl-2. Besides, KLK10 expression was also increased by Bcl-2 and HK-2, which suggests that there is a negative feedback loop between KLK10 and Bcl-2/HK-2. Thus, our results demonstrated that KLK10 may function as a tumour suppressor by repressing proliferation, enhancing apoptosis and decreasing glucose metabolism in PC3 cells.
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Guo S, Skala W, Magdolen V, Briza P, Biniossek ML, Schilling O, Kellermann J, Brandstetter H, Goettig P. A Single Glycan at the 99-Loop of Human Kallikrein-related Peptidase 2 Regulates Activation and Enzymatic Activity. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:593-604. [PMID: 26582203 PMCID: PMC4705380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2) is a key serine protease in semen liquefaction and prostate cancer together with KLK3/prostate-specific antigen. In order to decipher the function of its potential N-glycosylation site, we produced pro-KLK2 in Leishmania tarentolae cells and compared it with its non-glycosylated counterpart from Escherichia coli expression. Mass spectrometry revealed that Asn-95 carries a core glycan, consisting of two GlcNAc and three hexoses. Autocatalytic activation was retarded in glyco-pro-KLK2, whereas the activated glyco-form exhibited an increased proteolytic resistance. The specificity patterns obtained by the PICS (proteomic identification of protease cleavage sites) method are similar for both KLK2 variants, with a major preference for P1-Arg. However, glycosylation changes the enzymatic activity of KLK2 in a drastically substrate-dependent manner. Although glyco-KLK2 has a considerably lower catalytic efficiency than glycan-free KLK2 toward peptidic substrates with P2-Phe, the situation was reverted toward protein substrates, such as glyco-pro-KLK2 itself. These findings can be rationalized by the glycan-carrying 99-loop that prefers to cover the active site like a lid. By contrast, the non-glycosylated 99-loop seems to favor a wide open conformation, which mostly increases the apparent affinity for the substrates (i.e. by a reduction of Km). Also, the cleavage pattern and kinetics in autolytic inactivation of both KLK2 variants can be explained by a shift of the target sites due to the presence of the glycan. These striking effects of glycosylation pave the way to a deeper understanding of kallikrein-related peptidase biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Guo
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Skala
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- the Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der TU München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Briza
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Oliver Schilling
- the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Josef Kellermann
- the Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Goettig
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria,
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Kallikreins - The melting pot of activity and function. Biochimie 2015; 122:270-82. [PMID: 26408415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome, are secreted serine proteases with diverse expression patterns and physiological roles. Because of the broad spectrum of processes that are modulated by kallikreins, these proteases are the subject of extensive investigations. This review brings together basic information about the biochemical properties affecting enzymatic activity, with highlights on post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation. Additionally, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the physiological functions of KLKs in major human organs and outline recent discoveries pertinent to the involvement of kallikreins in cell signaling and in viral infections. Despite the current depth of knowledge of these enzymes, many questions regarding the roles of kallikreins in health and disease remain unanswered.
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Figueiredo EL, Magalhães CA, Belli KC, Mandil A, Garcia JCF, Araújo RA, Figueiredo AFDS, Pellanda LC. Human Tissue Kallikrein Activity in Angiographically Documented Chronic Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 105:457-565. [PMID: 26351984 PMCID: PMC4651403 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human tissue kallikrein (hK1) is a key enzyme in the kallikrein–kinin system
(KKS). hK1-specific amidase activity is reduced in urine samples from hypertensive
and heart failure (HF) patients. The pathophysiologic role of hK1 in coronary
artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. Objective To evaluate hK1-specific amidase activity in the urine of CAD patients Methods Sixty-five individuals (18–75 years) who underwent cardiac catheterism (CATH) were
included. Random midstream urine samples were collected immediately before CATH.
Patients were classified in two groups according to the presence of coronary
lesions: CAD (43 patients) and non-CAD (22 patients). hK1 amidase activity was
estimated using the chromogenic substrate D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan. Creatinine was
determined using Jaffé’s method. Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity was
expressed as µM/(min · mg creatinine) to correct for differences
in urine flow rates. Results Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity levels were similar between CAD [0.146
µM/(min ·mg creatinine)] and non-CAD [0.189
µM/(min . mg creatinine)] patients (p = 0.803) and remained
similar to values previously reported for hypertensive patients [0.210
µM/(min . mg creatinine)] and HF patients [0.104
µM/(min . mg creatinine)]. CAD severity and hypertension were
not observed to significantly affect urinary hK1-specific amidase activity. Conclusion CAD patients had low levels of urinary hK1-specific amidase activity, suggesting
that renal KKS activity may be reduced in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Antunes Magalhães
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Karlyse Claudino Belli
- Divisão de Cardiologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa de Patofisiologia do Exercício, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ari Mandil
- Departamento de Hemodinâmica, Hospital Lifecenter, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lucia Campos Pellanda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Kolin DL, Sy K, Rotondo F, Bassily MN, Kovacs K, Brezden-Masley C, Streutker CJ, Yousef GM. Prognostic significance of human tissue kallikrein-related peptidases 11 and 15 in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2015. [PMID: 26224476 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) are a group of 15 serine proteases which have been investigated as potential cancer biomarkers. This study determined the prognostic significance of KLK 11 and 15 expression levels in gastric carcinoma specimens. Expression of KLK11 and KLK15 was assessed by immunohistochemistry staining on a tissue microarray constructed from 113 gastrectomy specimens from patients with gastric carcinoma. To minimize inter-observer variability, expression levels were quantified using an automated algorithm. Epithelial and stromal staining were assessed separately. Both KLK11 and KLK15 were expressed in gastric carcinoma. There was no significant correlation between either KLK11 or KLK15 expression and the presence of lymph node metastases or Lauren classification (intestinal vs. diffuse). Higher levels of KLK11 expression in gastric carcinoma were associated with significantly worse overall survival (p = 0.008), and a multivariate analysis showed that it had prognostic value independent of tumor stage and differentiation (p = 0.004). Variations in KLK15 expression were not significantly associated with prognosis. KLK11 shows promise as a potential independent prognostic marker for gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Kolin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Keiyan Sy
- Department of Pathology, Credit Valley Hospital, Mississauga, ON, L5M 2N1, Canada
| | - Fabio Rotondo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Mena N Bassily
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Menoufiya University, Shebeen el kom, Egypt
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Christine Brezden-Masley
- Department of Medicine and Hematology-Oncology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Catherine J Streutker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - George M Yousef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
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Aztatzi-Aguilar OG, Uribe-Ramírez M, Arias-Montaño JA, Barbier O, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A. Acute and subchronic exposure to air particulate matter induces expression of angiotensin and bradykinin-related genes in the lungs and heart: Angiotensin-II type-I receptor as a molecular target of particulate matter exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:17. [PMID: 26113123 PMCID: PMC4482198 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Particulate matter (PM) adverse effects on health include lung and heart damage. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) and kallikrein-kinin (KKS) endocrine systems are involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and have been found to impact lung diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether PM exposure regulates elements of RAAS and KKS. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were acutely (3 days) and subchronically (8 weeks) exposed to coarse (CP), fine (FP) or ultrafine (UFP) particulates using a particulate concentrator, and a control group exposed to filtered air (FA). We evaluated the mRNA of the RAAS components At1, At2r and Ace, and of the KKS components B1r, B2r and Klk-1 by RT-PCR in the lungs and heart. The ACE and AT1R protein were evaluated by Western blot, as were HO-1 and γGCSc as indicators of the antioxidant response and IL-6 levels as an inflammation marker. We performed a binding assay to determinate AT1R density in the lung, also the subcellular AT1R distribution in the lungs was evaluated. Finally, we performed a histological analysis of intramyocardial coronary arteries and the expression of markers of heart gene reprogramming (Acta1 and Col3a1). Results The PM fractions induced the expression of RAAS and KKS elements in the lungs and heart in a time-dependent manner. CP exposure induced Ace mRNA expression and regulated its protein in the lungs. Acute and subchronic exposure to FP and UFP induced the expression of At1r in the lungs and heart. All PM fractions increased the AT1R protein in a size-dependent manner in the lungs and heart after subchronic exposure. The AT1R lung protein showed a time-dependent change in subcellular distribution. In addition, the presence of AT1R in the heart was accompanied by a decrease in HO-1, which was concomitant with the induction of Acta1 and Col3a1 and the increment of IL-6. Moreover, exposure to all PM fractions increased coronary artery wall thickness. Conclusion We demonstrate that exposure to PM induces the expression of RAAS and KKS elements, including AT1R, which was the main target in the lungs and the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Gamaliel Aztatzi-Aguilar
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 2508, México D. F, CP. 07360, Mexico.
| | - Marisela Uribe-Ramírez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 2508, México D. F, CP. 07360, Mexico.
| | - José Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Neurociencias y Biofísica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 2508, México D. F, C.P. 07360, Mexico.
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 2508, México D. F, CP. 07360, Mexico.
| | - Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 2508, México D. F, CP. 07360, Mexico.
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Song E, Hu Y, Hussein A, Yu CY, Tang H, Mechref Y. Characterization of the Glycosylation Site of Human PSA Prompted by Missense Mutation using LC-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2872-83. [PMID: 26022737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is currently used as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer. It is a glycoprotein possessing a single glycosylation site at N69. During our previous study of PSA N69 glycosylation, additional glycopeptides were observed in the PSA sample that were not previously reported and did not match glycopeptides of impure glycoproteins existing in the sample. This extra glycosylation site of PSA is associated with a mutation in KLK3 genes. Among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of KLKs families, the rs61752561 in KLK3 genes is an unusual missense mutation resulting in the conversion of D102 to N in PSA amino acid sequence. Accordingly, a new N-linked glycosylation site is created with an N102MS motif. Here we report the first qualitative and quantitative glycoproteomic study of PSA N102 glycosylation site by LC-MS/MS. We successfully applied tandem MS to verify the amino acid sequence possessing N102 glycosylation site and associated glycoforms of PSA samples acquired from different suppliers. Among the three PSA samples, HexNAc2Hex5 was the predominant glycoform at N102, while HexNAc4Hex5Fuc1NeuAc1 or HexNAc4Hex5Fuc1NeuAc2 was the primary glycoforms at N69. D102 is the first amino acid of "kallikrein loop", which is close to a zinc-binding site and catalytic triad. The different glycosylation of N102 relative to N69 might be influenced by the close vicinity of N102 to these functional sites and steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Hussein
- ∥Department of Biotechnology, Alexandria University, 163-Horreya Avenue, El-Shatby 21526, Alexandria, Egypt
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Yu Y, Prassas I, Dimitromanolakis A, Diamandis EP. Novel Biological Substrates of Human Kallikrein 7 Identified through Degradomics. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17762-17775. [PMID: 26032414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a group of serine proteases widely expressed in various tissues and involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Although our understanding of the pathophysiological roles of most KLKs has blossomed in recent years, identification of the direct endogenous substrates of human KLKs remains an unmet objective. In this study we employed a degradomics approach to systemically investigate the endogenous substrates of KLK7 in an effort to understand the molecular pathways underlying KLK7 action in skin. We identified several previously known as well as novel protein substrates. Our most promising candidates were further validated with the use of targeted quantitative proteomics (selected reaction monitoring methods) and in vitro recombinant protein digestion assays. Our study revealed midkine, CYR61, and tenascin-C as endogenous substrates for KLK7. Interestingly, some of these substrates (e.g. midkine) were prone to proteolytic cleavage only by KLK7 (and not by other skin-associated KLKs), whereas others (e.g. CYR61 and tenascin-C) could be digested by several KLKs. Furthermore, using melanoma cell line, we show that KLK7-mediated cleavage of midkine results in an overall reduction in the pro-proliferative and pro-migratory effect of midkine. An inverse relation between KLK7 and midkine is also observed in human melanoma tissues. In summary, our degradomics approach revealed three novel endogenous substrates for KLK7, which may shed more light on the pathobiological roles of KLK7 in human skin. Similar substrate screening approaches could be applied for the discovery of biological substrates of other protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | | | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
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61
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Unal D, Eroglu C, Tasdemir A, Karaman H, Kurtul N, Oguz A, Goksu SS, Kaplan B. Is Human Kallikrein 11 in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated Chemoradiotherapy Associated with Survival? Cancer Res Treat 2015; 48:98-105. [PMID: 25779361 PMCID: PMC4720107 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2014.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Involvement of human kallikreins (hKs) in human cancers has been reported and several hKs are promising biomarkers of various cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of hK11 expression in patients with non-metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods The study included 44 patients with NSCLC. hK11 expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Results The estimation of disease-free and overall survival by Kaplan-Meier was 11 months and 17 months, respectively. The estimation of overall survival by Kaplan-Meier was significantly higher in patients with hK11 strongly positive (2+) than in those with hK11 weakly positive (1+) (20 months vs. 11 months, p=0.032). Although not statistically different, the estimation of disease-free survival by Kaplan-Meier was higher in patients with hK11 strongly positive (2+) than in those with hK11 weakly positive (1+) (12 months vs. 9 months, p=0.113). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the overall survival rates were significantly associated with response to chemoradiotherapy and the degree of staining with hK11. Conclusion The stronger hK11 expression in NSCLC appears to be associated with better survival rates. hK11 may be a prognostic biomarker of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Unal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Celalettin Eroglu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arzu Tasdemir
- Department of Pathology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hatice Karaman
- Department of Pathology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Kurtul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Arzu Oguz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sema Sezgin Goksu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Bunyamin Kaplan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
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Yoon H, Blaber SI, Li W, Scarisbrick IA, Blaber M. Activation profiles of human kallikrein-related peptidases by matrix metalloproteinases. Biol Chem 2014; 394:137-47. [PMID: 23241590 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 15 human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are clinically important biomarkers and therapeutic targets of interest in inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. KLKs are secreted as inactive pro-forms (pro-KLKs) that are activated extracellularly by specific proteolytic release of their amino-terminal pro-peptide, and this is a key step in their functional regulation. Physiologically relevant KLK regulatory cascades of activation have been described in skin desquamation and semen liquefaction, and work by a large number of investigators has elucidated pairwise and autolytic activation relationships among the KLKs with the potential for more extensive activation cascades. More recent work has asked whether functional intersection of KLKs with other types of regulatory proteases exists. Such studies show a capacity for members of the thrombostasis axis to act as broad activators of pro-KLKs. In the present report, we ask whether such functional intersection is possible between the KLKs and the members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family by evaluating the ability of the MMPs to activate pro-KLKs. The results identify MMP-20 as a broad activator of pro-KLKs, suggesting the potential for intersection of the KLK and MMP axes under pathological dysregulation of MMP-20 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
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Timmermand OV, Ulmert D, Evans-Axelsson S, Pettersson K, Bjartell A, Lilja H, Strand SE, Tran TA. Preclinical imaging of kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (hK2) in prostate cancer with a (111)In-radiolabelled monoclonal antibody, 11B6. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:51. [PMID: 26116115 PMCID: PMC4452661 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death in the male population of the western world. Human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (hK2) is abundantly expressed in malignant prostatic tissue, and its gene, KLK2, is regulated by the androgen receptor. 11B6 is a murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against free human hK2. In this study, we performed a preclinical evaluation of 111In-labelled 11B6 in mouse xenografts to investigate its potential in the clinical staging and assessment of metastatic prostate cancer. Methods 11B6 was radiolabelled with 111In through CHX-A″-DTPA chelation. In vivo biodistribution and uptake of 111In-DTPA-11B6 were measured until 168 h post-injection in NMRI nude mice bearing subcutaneous LNCaP xenografts. The binding specificity to hK2 was evaluated by both in vivo competitive binding assays with excess non-labelled 11B6 and hK2-negative DU145 xenografts. SPECT/CT imaging of subcutaneous and intra-tibial LNCaP xenografts was used to visualize the tumours. Results Tumour uptake of 111In-DTPA-11B6 in LNCaP xenografts was 19% ± 0.78%IA/g at 48 h, giving a tumour-to-blood ratio of 1.6, which increases to 2.4 at 1 week post-injection. Accumulation was low in other organs except for the salivary glands, which is probably the result of cross-reactivity with mouse kallikreins. Significantly lower tumour accumulation was observed in competitive assays and DU145 xenografts. SPECT/CT imaging could clearly visualize the subcutaneous and intra-tibial LNCaP xenografts. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the potential of 111In-DTPA-11B6 for the detection of metastatic prostate cancer and monitoring anti-androgen therapy, as it exhibits an increased uptake and accumulation in viable tumour when compared to normal tissue. A humanised version of the 11B6 monoclonal antibody is currently under evaluation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0051-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Le NA, Katsuyama M, Demura M, Tanii H, Katsuyama H, Saijoh K. Regulation of serine protease inhibitor Kazal type-5 (SPINK5) gene expression in the keratinocytes. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 19:307-13. [PMID: 24894987 PMCID: PMC4085257 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-014-0393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type-5 (SPINK5)
plays a crucial role in deciding the timing of desquamation of the skin. Its gene expression is limited at the very surface of the stratum granulosum (SG), whereas expression of kallikreins (KLKs) encoding proteases is usually found throughout the stratum spinosum and SG. Methods To explore the difference in expression regulation of these proteases/inhibitors, the function of SPINK5 promoter was examined using luciferase assay. Results Luciferase assay targeting the SPINK5 promoters (nucleotide −676/−532 and −318/−146 from the major transcription start site) showed high intensity in NHEK human keratinocyte. These two sites had neither common cis-elements nor GATA3 element but electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed similar retardation bands. Moreover, DNA footprinting did not display specific protected bands. Thus, we could not identify cis-element(s) that controlled these elements. Differentiation induced by high Ca2+ medium failed to alter their luciferase activities. Transfection of GATA3 expressing vector significantly but slightly increased them and that of vector expressing its dominant negative form decreased. Conclusions Although GATA3 is reportedly important for inhibition of proliferation and induction of differentiation of keratinocytes, its effect on SPINK5 expression was indirect and GATA3 alone was insufficient for final differentiation of keratinocytes where full SPINK5 expression was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Anh Le
- Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 9208640, Japan
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65
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Barve A, Jin W, Cheng K. Prostate cancer relevant antigens and enzymes for targeted drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 187:118-32. [PMID: 24878184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the most widely used approaches in combating advanced prostate cancer, but its therapeutic efficacy is usually insufficient due to poor specificity and associated toxicity. Lack of targeted delivery to prostate cancer cells is also the primary obstacles in achieving feasible therapeutic effect of other promising agents including peptide, protein, and nucleic acid. Consequently, there remains a critical need for strategies to increase the selectivity of anti-prostate cancer agents. This review will focus on various prostate cancer-relevant antigens and enzymes that could be exploited for prostate cancer targeted drug delivery. Among various targeting strategies, active targeting is the most advanced approach to specifically deliver drugs to their designated cancer cells. In this approach, drug carriers are modified with targeting ligands that can specifically bind to prostate cancer-specific antigens. Moreover, there are several specific enzymes in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer that can be exploited for stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems. These systems can specifically release the active drug in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer, leading to enhanced tumor penetration efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Barve
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64108, USA
| | - Wei Jin
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64108, USA
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64108, USA.
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66
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Eissa A, Cretu D, Soosaipillai A, Thavaneswaran A, Pellett F, Diamandis A, Cevikbas F, Steinhoff M, Diamandis EP, Gladman D, Chandran V. Serum kallikrein-8 correlates with skin activity, but not psoriatic arthritis, in patients with psoriatic disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014; 51:317-25. [PMID: 23096109 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 30% of cutaneous psoriasis (PsC) patients develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in the joint, which is under-recognized by dermatologists. Biomarkers for PsA are needed so that early referral to a rheumatologist is made. Kallikreins (KLKs) are secreted serine proteases implicated in skin desquamation and inflammation. This study examined KLK potential as serum biomarkers of PsA in cutaneous psoriasis patients. METHODS KLKs were measured by ELISAs in synovial fluids of three PsA patients and three control early osteoarthritis (OA) patients, as well as in a cohort of 152 serum samples collected from age- and sex-matched PsC patients, with (n=76) or without PsA (n=76). KLK expression in psoriatic plaques was examined by immunohistochemistry. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to analyze the association between serum KLK levels and disease class (PsC, PsA). Serum KLKs that associated with PsA were correlated with clinical parameters of skin and joint activity. RESULTS Among the seven KLKs tested, KLK6 and KLK8 were elevated in both PsA synovial fluids and psoriatic plaques, but only serum KLK8 levels were associated with psoriatic disease (odds ratio=2.56, p=0.03). Although significantly elevated in PsC and PsA sera compared to healthy controls, KLK8 did not discriminate PsA from PsC patients. KLK8 correlated positively with the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) (r=0.43, p=0.001) independent of age, sex and psoriasis duration ( β=1.153, p=0.0003) and exhibited no correlations with tender or swollen joint counts. CONCLUSIONS Increased KLK8 serum level in PsA patients reflects disease activity in the skin but not in the joints. Serum KLK levels are not useful for screening psoriasis patients for PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Eissa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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67
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Kallikreins as biomarkers for prostate cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:526341. [PMID: 24809052 PMCID: PMC3997884 DOI: 10.1155/2014/526341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of testing for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a member of the fifteen-gene family of kallikrein-related peptidases and also known as kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), in blood has revolutionized both the detection and management of prostate cancer. Given the similarities between PSA and other KLK gene family members along with limitations of PSA as a biomarker for prostate cancer mainly in reference to diagnostic specificity, the potential roles of other members of this gene family as well as PSA derivatives and isoforms in the management of prostate cancer have been studied extensively. Of these, approaches to measure distinct molecular forms of PSA (free, intact, complexed PSA, and pro-PSA) combined with kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2), also known as hK2, have been considered holding particular promise in enhancing the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Recently, an integrated approach of applying a panel of four kallikrein markers has been demonstrated to enhance accuracy in predicting the risk of prostate cancer at biopsy. This review presents an overview of kallikreins, starting with the past and current status of PSA, summarizing published data on the evaluations of various KLKs as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognostication, and monitoring of prostate cancer.
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Emerging clinical importance of the cancer biomarkers kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) in female and male reproductive organ malignancies. Radiol Oncol 2013; 47:319-29. [PMID: 24294176 PMCID: PMC3814276 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2013-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor tissue-associated KLKs (kallikrein-related peptidases) are clinically important biomarkers that may allow prognosis of the cancer disease and/or prediction of response/failure of cancer patients to cancer-directed drugs. Regarding the female/male reproductive tract, remarkably, all of the fifteen KLKs are expressed in the normal prostate, breast, cervix uteri, and the testis, whereas the uterus/endometrium and the ovary are expressing a limited number of KLKs only. Conclusions Most of the information regarding elevated expression of KLKs in tumor-affected organs is available for ovarian cancer; depicting them as valuable biomarkers in the cancerous phenotype. In contrast, for breast cancer, a series of KLKs was found to be downregulated. However, in breast cancer, KLK4 is elevated which is also true for ovarian and prostate cancer. In such cases, selective synthetic KLK inhibitors that aim at blocking the proteolytic activities of certain KLKs may serve as future candidate therapeutic drugs to interfere with tumor progression and metastasis.
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Hansen J, Rink M, Graefen M, Shariat S, Chun FKH. Assays for prostate cancer : changing the screening paradigm? Mol Diagn Ther 2013; 17:1-8. [PMID: 23355098 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) screening and detection have changed dramatically since the introduction of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Despite the resulting improvement in early PCa detection and stage migration, in clinical practice the use of PSA testing may cause overdetection and ultimately overtreatment. As a consequence, novel biomarkers are needed to increase the specificity of PCa detection. The aim of this article is to present an overview of novel blood- and urine-based biomarkers that may optimize PCa detection, with improved identification of patients with significant PCa and avoidance of unnecessary prostate biopsies. A systematic and comprehensive PubMed search was performed using the MeSH search terms 'prostate cancer', 'biomarker', 'marker', and 'detection'. Results were restricted to the English language. Several blood- and urine-based biomarkers have the potential to improve prediction of the presence and/or significance of PCa. Ideally, biomarkers should be used in combination within multivariate models, leading to superior accuracy for prediction of any PCa or clinically significant PCa, compared with the use of a single marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hansen
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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70
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Identification of kininogen-1 as a serum biomarker for the early detection of advanced colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70519. [PMID: 23894665 PMCID: PMC3720899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum markers represent potential tools for the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to obtain proteomic expression profiles and identify serum markers for the early detection of CRC. Methods Proteomic profiles of serum samples collected from 35 healthy volunteers, 35 patients with advanced colorectal adenoma (ACA), and 40 patients with CRC were compared using Clinprot technology. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), 366 sera samples were additionally analyzed, and immunohistochemistry studies of 400 tissues were used to verify the expression of kininogen-1 and its value in the early detection of CRC. Results Predicting models were established among the three groups, and kininogen-1 was identified as a potential marker for CRC using Clinprot technology. ELISAs also detected significantly higher serum kininogen-1 levels in ACA and CRC patients compared to controls (P<0.05). Furthermore, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for serum kininogen-1 in the diagnosis of ACA was 0.635 (P = 0.003), and for serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was 0.453 (P = 0.358). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of serum kininogen-1 for diagnosing Duke’s stage A and B CRC was 70.13%, 65.88%, and 67.90%, respectively, whereas serum CEA was 38.96%, 85.88%, and 63.58%, respectively. Moreover, immunohistochemistry showed that expression of kininogen-1 was significantly higher in CRC and ACA tissues than in normal mucosa (48.39% vs. 15.58% vs. 0%, P<0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that Clinprot technology provides a useful tool for the diagnosis of CRC, and kininogen-1 is a potential serum biomarker for the early detection of advanced colorectal adenoma and CRC.
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71
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Koumandou VL, Scorilas A. Evolution of the plasma and tissue kallikreins, and their alternative splicing isoforms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68074. [PMID: 23874499 PMCID: PMC3707919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikreins are secreted serine proteases with important roles in human physiology. Human plasma kallikrein, encoded by the KLKB1 gene on locus 4q34-35, functions in the blood coagulation pathway, and in regulating blood pressure. The human tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) have diverse expression patterns and physiological roles, including cancer-related processes such as cell growth regulation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the product of the KLK3 gene, is the most widely used biomarker in clinical practice today. A total of 15 KLKs are encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome (19q13.3-13.4), which makes them ideal for evolutionary analysis of gene duplication events. Previous studies on the evolution of KLKs have traced mammalian homologs as well as a probable early origin of the family in aves, amphibia and reptilia. The aim of this study was to address the evolutionary and functional relationships between tissue KLKs and plasma kallikrein, and to examine the evolution of alternative splicing isoforms. Sequences of plasma and tissue kallikreins and their alternative transcripts were collected from the NCBI and Ensembl databases, and comprehensive phylogenetic analysis was performed by Bayesian as well as maximum likelihood methods. Plasma and tissue kallikreins exhibit high sequence similarity in the trypsin domain (>50%). Phylogenetic analysis indicates an early divergence of KLKB1, which groups closely with plasminogen, chymotrypsin, and complement factor D (CFD), in a monophyletic group distinct from trypsin and the tissue KLKs. Reconstruction of the earliest events leading to the diversification of the tissue KLKs is not well resolved, indicating rapid expansion in mammals. Alternative transcripts of each KLK gene show species-specific divergence, while examination of sequence conservation indicates that many annotated human KLK isoforms are missing the catalytic triad that is crucial for protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Burda JE, Radulovic M, Yoon H, Scarisbrick IA. Critical role for PAR1 in kallikrein 6-mediated oligodendrogliopathy. Glia 2013; 61:1456-70. [PMID: 23832758 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein 6 (KLK6) is a secreted serine protease preferentially expressed by oligodendroglia in CNS white matter. Elevated levels of KLK6 occur in actively demyelinating multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and in cases of spinal cord injury (SCI), stroke, and glioblastoma. Taken with recent evidence establishing KLK6 as a CNS-endogenous activator of protease-activated receptors (PARs), we hypothesized that KLK6 activates a subset of PARs to regulate oligodendrocyte physiology and potentially pathophysiology. Here, primary oligodendrocyte cultures derived from wild type or PAR1-deficient mice and the murine oligodendrocyte cell line, Oli-neu, were used to demonstrate that Klk6 (rodent form) mediates loss of oligodendrocyte processes and impedes morphological differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in a PAR1-dependent fashion. Comparable gliopathy was also elicited by the canonical PAR1 agonist, thrombin, as well as PAR1-activating peptides (PAR1-APs). Klk6 also exacerbated ATP-mediated oligodendrogliopathy in vitro, pointing to a potential role in augmenting excitotoxicity. In addition, Klk6 suppressed the expression of proteolipid protein (PLP) RNA in cultured oligodendrocytes by a mechanism involving PAR1-mediated Erk1/2 signaling. Microinjection of PAR1 agonists, including Klk6 or PAR1-APs, into the dorsal column white matter of PAR1(+/+) but not PAR1(-/-) mice promoted vacuolating myelopathy and a loss of immunoreactivity for myelin basic protein (MBP) and CC-1(+) oligodendrocytes. These results demonstrate a functional role for Klk6-PAR1 signaling in oligodendroglial pathophysiology and suggest that antagonists of PAR1 or its protease agonists may represent new modalities to moderate demyelination and to promote myelin regeneration in cases of CNS white matter injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Burda
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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73
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Wang L. Association of Polymorphism rs198977 in Human Kallikrein-2 Gene (KLK2) with Susceptibility of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65651. [PMID: 23824286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the association of polymorphism rs198977 in the human kallikrein-2 gene (KLK2) and risk of prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS Two investigators independently searched the PubMed, Elsevier, EMBASE, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for rs198977 and PCa were calculated in a fixed-effects model (the Mantel-Haenszel method) and a random-effects model (the DerSimonian and Laird method) when appropriate. RESULTS Six studies met the inclusion criteria in this meta-analysis, which included 5859 PCa cases and 4867 controls. Overall, rs198977 was associated with the PCa risk (TT+CT vs. CC, pooled OR = 1.163, 95% CI = 1.076-1.258, P-value <0.0001). When stratified by ethnicity, significant association was observed in Caucasian samples under both allele comparison (T vs. C, pooled OR = 1.152, 95% CI = 1.079-1.229, P-value <0.0001) and dominant model (TT+CT vs. CC, pooled OR = 1.197, 95% CI = 1.104-1.297, P-value <0.0001). In the overall analysis, a comparably significant increase in the frequency of allele T for rs198977 was detected between cases and controls in Caucasian. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that rs198977 of KLK2 was associated with susceptibility of PCa in Caucasian and the allele T might increase the risk of PCa in Caucasian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China ; FengHe (ShangHai) Information Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Marques PI, Bernardino R, Fernandes T, Green ED, Hurle B, Quesada V, Seixas S. Birth-and-death of KLK3 and KLK2 in primates: evolution driven by reproductive biology. Genome Biol Evol 2013. [PMID: 23204305 PMCID: PMC3542562 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evs111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein (KLK) gene family comprises the largest uninterrupted locus of serine proteases in the human genome and represents a notable case for studying the evolutionary fate of duplicated genes. In primates, a recent duplication event gave rise to KLK2 and KLK3, both encoding essential proteins for the cascade of seminal plasma liquefaction. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of KLK2 and KLK3 by comparative analysis of the orthologous sequences from 22 primate species, calculated d(N)/d(S) ratios, and addressed the hypothesis of coevolution with their substrates, the semenogelins (SEMG1 and SEMG2). Our findings support the placement of the KLK2-KLK3 duplication in the Catarrhini ancestor and unveil the frequent loss of KLK2 throughout primate evolution by different genomic mechanisms, including unequal crossing-over, deletions, and pseudogenization. We provide evidences for an adaptive evolution of KLK3 toward an expanded enzymatic spectrum, with an effect on the hydrolysis of semen coagulum. Furthermore, we found associations between mating system, the number of SEMG repeat units, and the number of functional KLK2 and KLK3, suggesting complex evolutionary dynamics shaped by reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Isabel Marques
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-IUOPA, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - NISC Comparative Sequencing Program
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center (NISC), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Eric D. Green
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Belen Hurle
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Victor Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-IUOPA, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- *Corresponding author: E-mail: ;
| | - Susana Seixas
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- *Corresponding author: E-mail: ;
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Kashuba E, Bailey J, Allsup D, Cawkwell L. The kinin-kallikrein system: physiological roles, pathophysiology and its relationship to cancer biomarkers. Biomarkers 2013; 18:279-96. [PMID: 23672534 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.787544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinin-kallikrein system (KKS) is an endogenous multiprotein cascade, the activation of which leads to triggering of the intrinsic coagulation pathway and enzymatic hydrolysis of kininogens with the consequent release of bradykinin-related peptides. This system plays a crucial role in inflammation, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, cardioprotection, vascular permeability, blood pressure control, coagulation and pain. In this review, we will outline the physiology and pathophysiology of the KKS and also highlight the association of this system with carcinogenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kashuba
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Susantitaphong P, Perianayagam MC, Kang SW, Zhang W, Rao F, O'Connor DT, Jaber BL. Association of functional kallikrein-1 promoter polymorphisms and acute kidney injury: a case-control and longitudinal cohort study. Nephron Clin Pract 2013; 122:107-13. [PMID: 23635481 DOI: 10.1159/000350733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallikrein-1 (KLK1) is a highly conserved serine protease that is expressed in the kidney and involved in blood pressure regulation. The activity of this enzyme is diminished in acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS We first evaluated the potential role of functional multiallelic KLK1 promoter gene polymorphisms in a case-control study of 481 subjects (214 hospitalized patients with AKI of mixed causes and 267 healthy subjects). The complex, multiallelic G/C-rich repeat region of the proximal KLK1 promoter was determined by direct Sanger/capillary resequencing. RESULTS 16 alleles were identified in a complex, polymorphic G/C-rich region of the KLK1 proximal promoter; 5 of these alleles (F, G, H, I, and K) were associated with development of AKI. Alleles I and G were classified as risk-alleles (unadjusted OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.23, 2.81; p = 0.003), whereas alleles F, H, and K were classified as protective-alleles (unadjusted OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.22, 0.46; p < 0.001) according to their directional association with development of AKI. After adjustment for sex, race, preexisting chronic kidney disease and APACHE II score, the KLK1 risk-allele (I or G) carrier state was associated with the composite of ≥2-fold increase in serum creatinine, oliguria, or dialysis requirement (adjusted OR 2.71; 95% CI 1.14, 6.44; p = 0.02). The KLK1 risk-allele carrier state was also marginally associated with the composite of ≥2-fold increase in serum creatinine, oliguria, dialysis requirement, or in-hospital death (adjusted OR 2.33; 95% CI 0.98, 5.52; p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS KLK1 promoter polymorphisms are associated with development of AKI and adverse outcomes. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweena Susantitaphong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kidney and Dialysis Research Laboratory, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA
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Expression and biological significance of human kallikrein 6 in gastric cancer tissues. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2013; 17:64-7. [PMID: 23788964 PMCID: PMC3685342 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2013.33776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study This study aims to investigate the expression of human kallikrein 6 (hK6) in gastric cancer, gastric ulcer and normal gastric mucosa tissues and its biological significance. Material and methods The expression of hK6 in 15 normal gastric mucosa (NGM) tissues, 15 gastric ulcer (GU) tissues and 55 gastric carcinoma (GC) tissues was respectively detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlations between the expression of hK6 and the clinical pathological parameters of gastric cancer were also analyzed. Results Human kallikrein 6 was mainly expressed in cytoplasm. The positive rate of hK6 was significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues than that in gastric ulcer or normal gastric mucosa tissues (70.9%, 40% and 20%, respectively, p < 0.01). With the increase of the invasion depth of gastric cancer cells, aggravation of TNM stage and development of lymph node metastasis, the expression of hK6 increased significantly (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). There was no obvious correlation between the expression of hK6 and sex, age, tumor diameter, histodifferentiation degree or primary pathological location of gastric cancer (p > 0.05). Conclusions The overexpression of hK6 is related to the depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage of gastric carcinoma, which suggests that hK6 may act as a new marker of gastric cancer biological behavior.
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Gilgunn S, Conroy PJ, Saldova R, Rudd PM, O'Kennedy RJ. Aberrant PSA glycosylation--a sweet predictor of prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2013; 10:99-107. [PMID: 23318363 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer--the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide--can have a substantial effect on quality of life, regardless of the route the cancer takes. The serum PSA assay is the current gold standard option for diagnosing prostate cancer. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that PSA screening for prostate cancer results in extensive overdiagnosis and overtreatment. It is increasingly evident that the potential harm from overdiagnosis (in terms of unnecessary biopsies) must be weighed against the benefit derived from the early detection and treatment of potentially fatal prostate cancers. Rapid screening methods have been used to analyse glycosylation patterns on glycoproteins in large cohorts of patients, enabling the identification of a new generation of disease biomarkers. Changes to the expression status of certain glycan structures are now widely thought to be common features of tumour progression. In light of this development, much research has focused on the potential role of altered PSA glycosylation patterns in discriminating between significant and insignificant prostate cancers, with the aim of developing a more reliable diagnostic tool than the current serum PSA test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gilgunn
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Early detection biomarkers for ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:709049. [PMID: 23319948 PMCID: PMC3540796 DOI: 10.1155/2012/709049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of conventional and contemporary methods to detect ovarian cancer development, ovarian cancer remains a common and commonly fatal gynecological malignancy. The identification and validation of early detection biomarkers highly specific to ovarian cancer, which would permit development of minimally invasive screening methods for detecting early onset of the disease, are urgently needed. Current practices for early detection of ovarian cancer include transvaginal ultrasonography, biomarker analysis, or a combination of both. In this paper we review recent research on novel and robust biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer and provide specific details on their contributions to tumorigenesis. Promising biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer include KLK6/7, GSTT1, PRSS8, FOLR1, ALDH1, and miRNAs.
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80
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Laflamme BA, Wolfner MF. Identification and function of proteolysis regulators in seminal fluid. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 80:80-101. [PMID: 23109270 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in the seminal fluid of animals with internal fertilization effect numerous responses in mated females that impact both male and female fertility. Among these proteins is the highly represented class of proteolysis regulators (proteases and their inhibitors). Though proteolysis regulators have now been identified in the seminal fluid of all animals in which proteomic studies of the seminal fluid have been conducted (as well as several other species in which they have not), a unified understanding of the importance of proteolysis to male fertilization success and other reproductive processes has not yet been achieved. In this review, we provide an overview of the identification of proteolysis regulators in the seminal fluid of humans and Drosophila melanogaster, the two species with the most comprehensively known seminal fluid proteomes. We also highlight reports demonstrating the functional significance of specific proteolysis regulators in reproductive and post-mating processes. Finally, we make broad suggestions for the direction of future research into the roles of both active seminal fluid proteolysis regulators and their inactive homologs, another significant class of seminal fluid proteins. We hope that this review aids researchers in pursuing a coordinated study of the functional significance of proteolysis regulators in semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Laflamme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703, USA
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81
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Manning ML, Kostova M, Williams SA, Denmeade SR. Trypsin-like proteolytic contamination of commercially available psa purified from human seminal fluid. Prostate 2012; 72:1233-8. [PMID: 22213008 PMCID: PMC3419387 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a serine protease whose expression is maintained in all stages of prostate cancer. A role for PSA in the pathobiology for prostate cancer has not been firmly established. Experimental studies to date support a role for PSA through mechanisms such as release or processing of growth factors and degradation of the extracellular matrix. Exposure of prostate cancer cells to exogenous PSA also results in gene expression changes. These in vitro and biochemical assays rely on the use of commercially available PSA. Contamination of these commercial preparations can significantly impact the results of these in vitro studies. METHODS We characterized PSA and trypsin-like activity of PSA preparations obtained from three commercial sources: Calbiochem, Fitzgerald, and AbD Serotec. Silver stained gels were used to compare the purity of each preparation and mass spectrometry was performed to characterize contaminating proteases. RESULTS PSA activity varied between PSA preparations with AbD Serotec PSA having highest degree of activity. Significant trypsin-like activity, which was inhibited by aprotinin, was observed in PSA preparations from Calbiochem and Fitzgerald, but not AbD Serotec. These former two PSA preparations also contained the greatest degree of non-PSA contaminants by silver stain and mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS Commercially available preparations of PSA contain contaminating proteins, including trypsin-like protease activity, that could potentially complicate the interpretation of results obtained from in vitro studies assessing PSA proteolysis of potential protein substrates and effects of PSA on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maya Kostova
- Departmentof Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Simon A. Williams
- Departmentof Urology, the Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel R. Denmeade
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departmentof Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departmentof Urology, the Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: The Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Rm 1M43, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231.
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Koh SCL, Huak CY, Lutan D, Marpuang J, Ketut S, Budiana NG, Saleh AZ, Aziz MF, Winarto H, Pradjatmo H, Hoan NKH, Thanh PV, Choolani M. Combined panel of serum human tissue kallikreins and CA-125 for the detection of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2012; 23:175-81. [PMID: 22808360 PMCID: PMC3395013 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2012.23.3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the predictive accuracy of the combined panels of serum human tissue kallikreins (hKs) and CA-125 for the detection of epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods Serum specimens collected from 5 Indonesian centers and 1 Vietnamese center were analyzed for CA-125, hK6, and hK10 levels. A total of 375 specimens from patients presenting with ovarian tumors, which include 156 benign cysts, 172 epithelial ovarian cancers (stage I/II, n=72; stage III/IV, n=100), 36 germ cell tumors and 11 borderline tumors, were included in the study analysis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis were performed to determine the cutoffs for age, CA-125, hK6, and hK10. Sensitivity, specificity, negative, and positive predictive values were determined for various combinations of the biomarkers. Results The levels of hK6 and hK10 were significantly elevated in ovarian cancer cases compared to benign cysts. Combination of 3 markers, age/CA-125/hk6 or CA-125/hk6/hk10, showed improved specificity (100%) and positive predictive value (100%) for prediction of ovarian cancer, when compared to the performance of single markers having 80-92% specificity and 74-87% positive predictive value. Four-marker combination, age/CA-125/hK6/hK10 also showed 100% specificity and 100% positive predictive value, although it demonstrated low sensitivity (11.9%) and negative predictive value (52.8%). Conclusion The combination of human tissue kallikreins and CA-125 showed potential for improving prediction of epithelial ovarian cancer in patients presenting with ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Chee Liang Koh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health System (NUHS), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Saxena P, Trerotola M, Wang T, Li J, Sayeed A, VanOudenhove J, Adams DS, FitzGerald TJ, Altieri DC, Languino LR. PSA regulates androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2012; 72:769-76. [PMID: 21956655 PMCID: PMC3404455 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a pivotal downstream target gene of the androgen receptor (AR), and a serum biomarker to monitor prostate cancer (PrCa) progression. It has been reported that PSA transactivates AR, but the mechanistic requirements of this response have not been investigated. METHODS We studied the localization of PSA, AR, and Src in intracellular compartments of synthetic androgen (R1881)-stimulated LNCaP and C4-2B PrCa cells, using immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation approaches. We also investigated the effect of downregulation of PSA on AR expression by immunoblotting and real-time PCR using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Src activity was analyzed by immunoblotting. RESULTS R1881 stimulation induced nuclear localization of both PSA and AR in LNCaP and C4-2B PrCa cells as well as increased phosphorylation of Src. Stable shRNA or transient siRNA knockdown of PSA resulted in reduced AR protein levels as well as AR mRNA levels in C4-2B cells. Similar to C4-2B cells, ablation of AR levels upon silencing of PSA was also confirmed in VCaP cells, another androgen-independent cell line. Silencing of PSA did not cause significant changes in Src activation; besides, Src regulation by integrins did not appear to affect AR transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS PSA localizes to nuclei of androgen-stimulated PrCa cells, and controls AR mRNA and protein levels. This regulatory loop is specific for PSA, does not involve known AR activators such as Src and AKT, and may contribute to AR signaling under conditions of increasing PSA levels in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmita Saxena
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA 01609
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Aejaz Sayeed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Jennifer VanOudenhove
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Dave S. Adams
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA 01609
| | - Thomas J. FitzGerald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Dario C. Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Lucia R. Languino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- Correspondence to: Lucia R. Languino Ph.D., Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Phone: 215.503.3442. Fax: 215.503.1607.
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Evaluation and prognostic significance of human tissue kallikrein-related peptidase 10 (KLK10) in colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1209-14. [PMID: 22437349 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is assessed through conventional clinicopathological parameters, which are not always accurate. Members of the human kallikrein-related peptidases gene family represent potential cancer biomarkers. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of human tissue kallikrein-related peptidase 10 (KLK10) by immunohistochemistry in CRC, to correlate this expression with various histopathological and clinical variables, and to evaluate its significance as a predictor of disease outcome. KLK10 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and a combined expression score was calculated for each case based on intensity and percentage of positivity. A statistically significant positive association was observed between KLK10 and tumor stage and liver metastases (p = 0.015 and p = 0.035, respectively). Paradoxically, a negative association was observed between KLK10 and tumor grade (p = 0.009). Kaplan-Meier survival curves and univariate analysis showed that both KLK10 expression and stage had statistically significant correlations with disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.030 and p < 0.001, respectively) and overall survival (p = 0.010 and p = 0.001, respectively). Cox multivariate analysis showed that both KLK10 expression and stage were independent predictors of unfavorable DFS (p = 0.057 and p = 0.001, respectively) and overall survival (p = 0.009 and p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, KLK10 immunostaining is an independent prognostic marker in patients with CRC.
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85
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Kim JJ, Kim JT, Yoon HR, Kang MA, Kim JH, Lee YH, Kim JW, Lee SJ, Song EY, Myung PK, Lee HG. Upregulation and secretion of kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:731-8. [PMID: 22373580 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
KLK6 encoding kallikrein-related peptidase 6, a trypsin-like serine protease, has been shown to be upregulated in several cancers, although the tumorigenic role of KLK6 has not been elucidated. In this study, KLK6 was identified as a highly upregulated gene in gastric cancer; therefore, the possibility that KLK6 might be a suitable candidate tumor marker was examined. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis showed overexpression of KLK6 in gastric cancer tissues compared to nontumor regions. Sera from gastric cancer patients had a 1.7-fold increase in KLK6 (373.1 μg/L, P = 0.048) compared to healthy individuals (214.2 μg/L), although there was no significant difference among patients with various tumor stages. Cellular invasiveness decreased by 45% in cells transfected with KLK6-specific small interfering RNA. Exogenous overexpression of KLK6 led to decreased activity of the E-cadherin promoter. This study shows that KLK6 is significantly upregulated and secreted in gastric cancer tissues and sera, suggesting that KLK6 might be used as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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86
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Liang G, Chen X, Aldous S, Pu SF, Mehdi S, Powers E, Giovanni A, Kongsamut S, Xia T, Zhang Y, Wang R, Gao Z, Merriman G, McLean LR, Morize I. Virtual Screening and X-ray Crystallography for Human Kallikrein 6 Inhibitors with an Amidinothiophene P1 Group. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:159-64. [PMID: 24900446 DOI: 10.1021/ml200291e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of compounds with an amidinothiophene P1 group and a pyrrolidinone-sulphonamide scaffold linker was identified as potent inhibitors of human kallikrein 6 by structure-based virtual screening based on the union accessible binding space of serine proteases. As the first series of potent nonmechanism-based hK6 inhibitors, they may be used as tool compounds for target validation. An X-ray structure of a representative compound complexed with hK6, resolved at a resolution of 1.88 Å, revealed that the amidinothiophene moiety bound in the S1 pocket and the pyrrolidinone-sulphonamide linker projected the aromatic tail into the S' pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyan Liang
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Xin Chen
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Suzanne Aldous
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Su-Fen Pu
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Shujaath Mehdi
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Elaine Powers
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Andrew Giovanni
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Sathapana Kongsamut
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Tianhui Xia
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Rachel Wang
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Zhongli Gao
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Gregory Merriman
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Larry R. McLean
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Isabelle Morize
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
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Choi KY, Swierczewska M, Lee S, Chen X. Protease-activated drug development. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:156-78. [PMID: 22400063 PMCID: PMC3296471 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this extensive review, we elucidate the importance of proteases and their role in drug development in various diseases with an emphasis on cancer. First, key proteases are introduced along with their function in disease progression. Next, we link these proteases as targets for the development of prodrugs and provide clinical examples of protease-activatable prodrugs. Finally, we provide significant design considerations needed for the development of the next generation protease-targeted and protease-activatable prodrugs.
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Zhu X, Albertsen PC, Andriole GL, Roobol MJ, Schröder FH, Vickers AJ. Risk-based prostate cancer screening. Eur Urol 2011; 61:652-61. [PMID: 22134009 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Widespread mass screening of prostate cancer (PCa) is not recommended because the balance between benefits and harms is still not well established. The achieved mortality reduction comes with considerable harm such as unnecessary biopsies, overdiagnoses, and overtreatment. Therefore, patient stratification with regard to PCa risk and aggressiveness is necessary to identify those men who are at risk and may actually benefit from early detection. OBJECTIVE This review critically examines the current evidence regarding risk-based PCa screening. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A search of the literature was performed using the Medline database. Further studies were selected based on manual searches of reference lists and review articles. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been shown to be the single most significant predictive factor for identifying men at increased risk of developing PCa. Especially in men with no additional risk factors, PSA alone provides an appropriate marker up to 30 yr into the future. After assessment of an early PSA test, the screening frequency may be determined based on individualized risk. A limited list of additional factors such as age, comorbidity, prostate volume, family history, ethnicity, and previous biopsy status have been identified to modify risk and are important for consideration in routine practice. In men with a known PSA, risk calculators may hold the promise of identifying those who are at increased risk of having PCa and are therefore candidates for biopsy. CONCLUSIONS PSA testing may serve as the foundation for a more risk-based assessment. However, the decision to undergo early PSA testing should be a shared one between the patient and his physician based on information balancing its advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Zhu
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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89
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Bin L, Kim BE, Hall CF, Leach SM, Leung DYM. Inhibition of transcription factor specificity protein 1 alters the gene expression profile of keratinocytes leading to upregulation of kallikrein-related peptidases and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2213-22. [PMID: 21753780 PMCID: PMC3193562 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is involved in diverse cellular functions. We recently found that Sp1 was significantly decreased in skin biopsy samples obtained from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and had an even greater reduction in AD patients with a history of eczema herpeticum. In the current study, we sought to better understand the role of Sp1 in skin biological processes by using a small-interfering RNA (siRNA) technique to knock down Sp1 gene expression in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) and investigated the genome-wide gene expression profiling of Sp1-silenced NHKs. The gene arrays revealed that 53 genes had greater than 3-fold changes in the expression in Sp1-silenced NHKs as compared with scrambled siRNA-silenced cells. Strikingly, six kallikrein (KLK)-related peptidase genes, namely KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK10, and KLK12, were upregulated in NHKs following Sp1 silencing. Functionally, protease activity was significantly enhanced in Sp1-silenced keratinocytes as compared with scrambled siRNA-silenced keratinocytes. Moreover, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial-derived T(H)2-promoting cytokine, was induced in Sp1-silenced keratinocytes because of elevated KLK activity. These results indicate that Sp1 expression deficiency leads to abnormally increased KLK protease activity in keratinocytes and may contribute to T(H)2 immune responses in the skin by inducing TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Bin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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90
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Expression and function of the kallikrein-related peptidase 6 in the human melanoma microenvironment. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2281-8. [PMID: 21753781 PMCID: PMC3193584 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is an aggressive disease of poor prognosis. Clinical and experimental studies have provided major insight into the pathogenesis of the disease, including the functional interaction between melanoma cells and surrounding keratinocytes, fibroblasts and immune cells. Nevertheless, patients with metastasized melanoma have a very poor prognosis and are largely refractory to clinical therapies. Hence, novel diagnostic tools to monitor melanoma development as well as therapeutic targets are urgently needed. We investigated the expression pattern of the kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) in human melanoma tissue sections throughout tumor development. Although, KLK6 was not detectable in tumor cells, we found strong KLK6 protein expression in keratinocytes and stromal cells located adjacent to benign nevi, primary melanomas and cutaneous metastatic lesions, suggesting a paracrine function of extracellular KLK6 during neoplastic transformation and malignant progression. Accordingly, recombinant Klk6 protein significantly induced melanoma cell migration and invasion accompanied by an accelerated intracellular Ca2+-flux. We could further demonstrate that KLK6-induced intracellular Ca2+-flux and tumor cell invasion critically depends on the protease-activated receptor PAR1. Our data provide experimental evidence that specific inhibition of the KLK6-PAR1 axis may interfere with the deleterious effect of tumor-microenvironment interaction and represent a potential option for translational melanoma research.
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91
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Shariat SF, Semjonow A, Lilja H, Savage C, Vickers AJ, Bjartell A. Tumor markers in prostate cancer I: blood-based markers. Acta Oncol 2011; 50 Suppl 1:61-75. [PMID: 21604943 PMCID: PMC3571678 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2010.542174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The introduction of total prostate specific antigen (total PSA) testing in blood has revolutionized the detection and management of men with prostate cancer (PCa). The objective of this review was to discuss the challenges of PCa biomarker research, definition of the type of PCa biomarkers, the statistical considerations for biomarker discovery and validation, and to review the literature regarding total PSA velocity and novel blood-based biomarkers. METHODS An English-language literature review of the Medline database (1990 to August 2010) of published data on blood-based biomarkers and PCa was undertaken. RESULTS The inherent biological variability of total PSA levels affects the interpretation of any single result. Men who will eventually develop PCa have increased total PSA levels years or decades before the cancer is diagnosed. Total PSA velocity improves predictiveness of total PSA only marginally, limiting its value for PCa screening and prognostication. The combination of PSA molecular forms and other biomarkers improve PCa detection substantially. Several novel blood-based biomarkers such as human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1); interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its receptor (IL-6R) may help PCa diagnosis, staging, prognostication, and monitoring. Panels of biomarkers that capture the biologic potential of PCa are in the process of being validated for PCa prognostication. CONCLUSIONS PSA is a strong prognostic marker for long-term risk of clinically relevant cancer. However, there is a need for novel biomarkers that aid clinical decision making about biopsy and initial treatment. There is no doubt that progress will continue based on the integrated collaboration of researchers, clinicians and biomedical firms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrokh F. Shariat
- Department of Urology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Axel Semjonow
- Department of Urology, Prostate Center, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans Lilja
- Department of Surgery (Urology Service), Clinical Laboratories, and Medicine (Genito-Urinary Oncology Service), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Savage
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew J. Vickers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Urology Malmö-Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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92
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Kohli M, Rothberg PG, Feng C, Messing E, Joseph J, Rao SS, Hendershot A, Sahsrabudhe D. Exploratory study of a KLK2 polymorphism as a prognostic marker in prostate cancer. Cancer Biomark 2011; 7:101-8. [PMID: 21178268 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-2010-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the KLK2 gene (rs198977; c.748C>T; R250W) with risk for developing prostate cancer has been observed. We evaluated the role of R250W SNP for prognosis in prostate cancer. METHODS The c.748C>T SNP was genotyped from blood DNA of 182 patients after completing initial cancer treatments. For evaluating prognosis of genotype groups, associations were performed with Gleason score (GS) and biochemical recurrence free survival (bRFS) in patients demonstrating PSA-recurrence after initial cancer therapy. RESULTS Overall distribution of the CC, CT and TT genotypes for the SNP was 48%, 44% and 8%, respectively. The distribution of high (8-10), moderate (5-7) and low (2-4) GS among the genotype groups was 17%, 74% and 9% for CC group compared to 25%, 74% and 1% for the CT/TT (P=0.04). Median bRFS time for CT/TT group was 36.5 months compared to 44.5 months for the CC group (P=0.16), while genotype groups combined with morphology revealed significantly different bRFS (P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS This exploratory analysis in prostate cancer patients revealed the W allele of the KLK2 R250W SNP to be less likely associated with low GS morphology. Further studies will be needed to confirm this observation in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kohli
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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93
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Lee SH, Lee S. Genetic association study of a single nucleotide polymorphism of kallikrein-related peptidase 2 with male infertility. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2011; 38:6-9. [PMID: 22384411 PMCID: PMC3283048 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2011.38.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate a kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in relation to male infertility because of its role in semen processing. We investigated the genetic association of the KLK2+255G>A genotype with male infertility. Methods We genotyped the SNP site located in intron 1 (+255G>A, rs2664155) of KLK2 from 218 men with male infertility (cases) and 220 fertile males (controls). Pyrosequencing analysis was performed for the genotyping. Results The SNP of the KLK2 gene had a statistically significant association with male infertility (p<0.05). The odds ratio for the minor allele (+255A) in the pooled sample was 0.47 (95% confidence intervals, 0.26-0.85) for rs2664155. Conclusion The relationship of KLK2 SNP to male infertility is statistically significant, especially within the non-azoospermia group. Further study is needed to understand the mechanisms associated with male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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94
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Ben Jemaa A, Bouraoui Y, Sallami S, Banasr A, Ben Rais N, Ouertani L, Nouira Y, Horchani A, Oueslati R. Co-expression and impact of prostate specific membrane antigen and prostate specific antigen in prostatic pathologies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:171. [PMID: 21189143 PMCID: PMC3023682 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was undertaken to relate the co-expression of prostate-associated antigens, PSMA and PSA, with the degree of vascularization in normal and pathologic (hyperplasia and cancer) prostate tissues to elucidate their possible role in tumor progression. METHODS The study was carried out in 6 normal, 44 benign prostatic hyperplastic and 39 cancerous human prostates. Immunohistochemical analysis were performed using the monoclonal antibody CD34 to determine the angiogenic activity, and the monoclonal antibodies 3E6 and ER-PR8 to assess PSMA and PSA expression, respectively. RESULTS In our study we found that in normal prostate tissue, PSMA and PSA were equally expressed (3.7 ± 0.18 and 3.07 ± 0.11). A significant difference in their expression was see in hyperplastic and neoplastic prostates tissues (16.14 ± 0.17 and 30.72 ± 0.85, respectively) for PSMA and (34.39 ± 0.53 and 17.85 ± 1.21, respectively) for PSA. Study of prostate tumor profiles showed that the profile (PSA+, PSMA-) expression levels decreased between normal prostate, benign prostatic tissue and primary prostate cancer. In the other hand, the profile (PSA-, PSMA+) expression levels increased from normal to prostate tumor tissues. PSMA overexpression was associated with high intratumoral angiogenesis activity. By contrast, high PSA expression was associated with low angiogenesis activity. CONCLUSION These data suggest that these markers are regulated differentially and the difference in their expression showed a correlation with malignant transformation. With regard to the duality PSMA-PSA, this implies the significance of their investigation together in normal and pathologic prostate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awatef Ben Jemaa
- Unit of Immunology and Microbiology Environmental and Carcinogenesis, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, University of 7-November at Carthage, Tunisia
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95
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Eissa A, Amodeo V, Smith CR, Diamandis EP. Kallikrein-related peptidase-8 (KLK8) is an active serine protease in human epidermis and sweat and is involved in a skin barrier proteolytic cascade. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:687-706. [PMID: 20940292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.125310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase-8 (KLK8) is a relatively uncharacterized epidermal protease. Although proposed to regulate skin-barrier desquamation and recovery, the catalytic activity of KLK8 was never demonstrated in human epidermis, and its regulators and targets remain unknown. Herein, we elucidated for the first time KLK8 activity in human non-palmoplantar stratum corneum and sweat ex vivo. The majority of stratum corneum and sweat KLK8 was catalytically active, displaying optimal activity at pH 8.5 and considerable activity at pH 5. We also showed that KLK8 is a keratinocyte-specific protease, not secreted by human melanocytes or dermal fibroblasts. KLK8 secretion increased significantly upon calcium induction of terminal keratinocyte differentiation, suggesting an active role for this protease in upper epidermis. Potential activators, regulators, and targets of KLK8 activity were identified by in vitro kinetic assays using pro-KLK8 and mature KLK8 recombinant proteins produced in Pichia pastoris. Mature KLK8 activity was enhanced by calcium and magnesium ions and attenuated by zinc ions and by autocleavage after Arg(164). Upon screening KLK8 cleavage of a library of FRET-quenched peptides, trypsin-like specificity was observed with the highest preference for (R/K)(S/T)(A/V) at P1-P1'-P2'. We also demonstrated that KLK5 and lysyl endopeptidase activate latent pro-KLK8, whereas active KLK8 targets pro-KLK11, pro-KLK1, and LL-37 antimicrobial peptide activation in vitro. Together, our data identify KLK8 as a new active serine protease in human stratum corneum and sweat, and we propose regulators and targets that augment its involvement in a skin barrier proteolytic cascade. The implications of KLK8 elevation and hyperactivity in desquamatory and inflammatory skin disease conditions remain to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Eissa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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96
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Whittington CM, Papenfuss AT, Locke DP, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Abubucker S, Mitreva M, Wong ESW, Hsu AL, Kuchel PW, Belov K, Warren WC. Novel venom gene discovery in the platypus. Genome Biol 2010; 11:R95. [PMID: 20920228 PMCID: PMC2965387 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-9-r95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, few peptides in the complex mixture of platypus venom have been identified and sequenced, in part due to the limited amounts of platypus venom available to study. We have constructed and sequenced a cDNA library from an active platypus venom gland to identify the remaining components. RESULTS We identified 83 novel putative platypus venom genes from 13 toxin families, which are homologous to known toxins from a wide range of vertebrates (fish, reptiles, insectivores) and invertebrates (spiders, sea anemones, starfish). A number of these are expressed in tissues other than the venom gland, and at least three of these families (those with homology to toxins from distant invertebrates) may play non-toxin roles. Thus, further functional testing is required to confirm venom activity. However, the presence of similar putative toxins in such widely divergent species provides further evidence for the hypothesis that there are certain protein families that are selected preferentially during evolution to become venom peptides. We have also used homology with known proteins to speculate on the contributions of each venom component to the symptoms of platypus envenomation. CONCLUSIONS This study represents a step towards fully characterizing the first mammal venom transcriptome. We have found similarities between putative platypus toxins and those of a number of unrelated species, providing insight into the evolution of mammalian venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Regimental Crescent, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
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97
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Angelopoulou K, Karagiannis GS. Structural characterization and expression of five novel canine kallikrein-related peptidases in mammary cancer. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:516-24. [PMID: 20853168 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) constitute a major family of proteolytic enzymes implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. Recently, we have suggested that the dog might represent a useful animal model for in vivo KLK studies and sought to investigate the expression patterns of the largely unknown canine KLK family. Along the same lines, in the present report we experimentally characterized five previously unidentified (CANFA)KLKs and investigated their expression in normal and tumorous mammary tissues. We demonstrated that the GenBank sequences that were predicted in silico to represent the canine orthologs of human KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, and KLK8 mRNAs were correct, whereas the one corresponding to the canine KLK4 had a major inconsistency within its 5'-terminus. More specifically, two internal segments of the first intron of KLK4, 78 and 97 bp long, respectively, were wrongfully determined to constitute the initial 175-nucleotide sequence of the KLK4 coding region. (CANFA)KLK8 was further shown to undergo alternative splicing that generated an mRNA transcript missing exon 4 (variant 1). All five (CANFA)KLKs were almost ubiquitously expressed in both cancerous and noncancerous mammary tissues. Lower positivity rates were identified for (CANFA)KLK8 variant 1. A trend for upregulation in tumors was observed for (CANFA)KLK5, (CANFA)KLK7, and (CANFA)KLK8, whereas (CANFA)KLK8 variant 1 tended to be downregulated in cancer. Moreover, a parallel expression of the studied canine KLKs was observed, which suggested a possible participation of the encoded enzymes in interrelated proteolytic cascades taking place in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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98
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Liu S, Hatton MP, Khandelwal P, Sullivan DA. Culture, immortalization, and characterization of human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:3993-4005. [PMID: 20335607 PMCID: PMC2910637 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Meibomian gland epithelial cells are essential in maintaining the health and integrity of the ocular surface. However, very little is known about their physiological regulation. In this study, the cellular control mechanisms were explored, first to establish a defined culture system for the maintenance of primary epithelial cells from human meibomian glands and, second, to immortalize these cells, thereby developing a preclinical model that could be used to identify factors that regulate cell activity. METHODS Human meibomian glands were removed from lid segments after surgery, enzymatically digested, and dissociated. Isolated epithelial cells were cultured in media with or without serum and/or 3T3 feeder layers. To attempt immortalization, the cells were exposed to retroviral human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and/or SV40 large T antigen cDNA vectors, and antibiotic-resistant cells were selected, expanded, and subcultured. Analyses for possible biomarkers, cell proliferation and differentiation, lipid-related enzyme gene expression, and the cellular response to androgen were performed with biochemical, histologic, and molecular biological techniques. RESULTS It was possible to isolate viable human meibomian gland epithelial cells and to culture them in serum-free medium. These cells proliferated, survived through at least the fifth passage, and contained neutral lipids. Infection with hTERT immortalized these cells, which accumulated neutral lipids during differentiation, expressed multiple genes for lipogenic enzymes, responded to androgen, and continued to proliferate. CONCLUSIONS The results show that human meibomian gland epithelial cells may be isolated, cultured, and immortalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Liu
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute and
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Mark P. Hatton
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute and
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Payal Khandelwal
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute and
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - David A. Sullivan
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute and
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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99
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Meyer-Hoffert U, Wu Z, Kantyka T, Fischer J, Latendorf T, Hansmann B, Bartels J, He Y, Gläser R, Schröder JM. Isolation of SPINK6 in human skin: selective inhibitor of kallikrein-related peptidases. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32174-81. [PMID: 20667819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.091850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) play a central role in skin desquamation. They are tightly controlled by specific inhibitors, including the lymphoepithelial Kazal-type inhibitor (LEKTI) encoded by SPINK5 and LEKTI-2 encoded by SPINK9. Herein, we identify SPINK6 as a selective inhibitor of KLKs in the skin. Unlike LEKTI but similar to LEKTI-2, SPINK6 possesses only one typical Kazal domain. Its mRNA was detected to be expressed at low levels in several tissues and was induced during keratinocyte differentiation. Natural SPINK6 was purified from human plantar stratum corneum extracts. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed SPINK6 expression in the stratum granulosum of human skin at various anatomical localizations and in the skin appendages, including sebaceous glands and sweat glands. SPINK6 expression was decreased in lesions of atopic dermatitis. Using KLK5, KLK7, KLK8, KLK14, thrombin, trypsin, plasmin, matriptase, prostasin, mast cell chymase, cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase, and chymotrypsin, inhibition with recombinant SPINK6 was detected only for KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14, with apparent K(i) values of 1.33, 1070, and 0.5 nm, respectively. SPINK6 inhibited desquamation of human plantar callus in an ex vivo model. Our findings suggest that SPINK6 plays a role in modulating the activity of KLKs in human skin. A selective inhibition of KLKs by SPINK6 might have therapeutic potential when KLK activity is elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Meyer-Hoffert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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100
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Functional intersection of the kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and thrombostasis axis. Biol Chem 2010; 391:311-20. [PMID: 20128685 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A large body of emerging evidence indicates a functional interaction between the kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and proteases of the thrombostasis axis. These interactions appear relevant for both normal health as well as pathologies associated with inflammation, tissue injury, and remodeling. Regulatory interactions between the KLKs and thrombostasis proteases could impact several serious human diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer. The emerging network of specific interactions between these two protease families appears to be complex, and much work remains to elucidate it. Complete understanding how this functional network resolves over time, given specific initial conditions, and how it might be controllably manipulated, will probably contribute to the emergence of novel diagnostics and therapeutic agents for major diseases.
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