51
|
Liu W, Xie L, He M, Shen M, Zhu J, Yang Y, Wang M, Hu J, Ye H, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Z. Expression of Somatostatin Receptor 2 in Somatotropinoma Correlated with the Short-Term Efficacy of Somatostatin Analogues. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:9606985. [PMID: 28396686 PMCID: PMC5370518 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9606985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTRs) in pituitary growth hormone- (GH-) secreting adenomas may predict the response to somatostatin analogues (SSA). Our aim was to evaluate the value of the immunohistochemical (IHC) scores of 2 subtypes, SSTR2 and SSTR5, in predicting the short-term efficacy of SSA therapy in patients with active acromegaly. Ninety-three newly diagnosed acromegalic patients were included in our study. These patients were categorized into either a SSA-pretreated group (SA, n = 63) or a direct-surgery group (DS, n = 30), depending on whether or not presurgical SSA treatment was received. IHC analysis, using a 12-grade scoring system, with rabbit monoclonal antibodies against SSTR2 and SSTR5, was performed on all adenoma tissues. The reduction of GH, IGF-1, and tumor size after treatment with SSA for 3 months was measured. Compared with that in the DS group, SSTR2 expression was lower in the SA group. Additionally, in the SA group, SSTR2 expression was positively correlated with the reduction of IGF-1 and tumor volume. However, there was no correlation between the SSTR5 score and the efficacy of SSA. In conclusion, the protein expression of SSTR2, but not of SSTR5, is a valuable indicator in predicting biochemical and tumor size response to short-term SSA treatment in acromegalic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lina Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Kunshan Rehabilitation Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215314, China
| | - Min He
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ming Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yeping Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Hongying Ye
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhaoyun Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
- *Zhaoyun Zhang:
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Pasireotide is the only pituitary targeted medication registered for the treatment of Cushing's disease. Drug efficacy data are largely based on a major prospective study in which the vast majority of patients had microadenomas. The purpose of this study was to summarize results of pasireotide treatment of ACTH secreting macroadenomas from our center. METHODS Retrospective review of data extracted from clinical files. RESULTS Three patients presented with large and invasive macroadenomas that required several surgical interventions and radiotherapy treatments. Patient 1 is a 57 year-old male who developed an extreme (27-fold) paradoxical response of urinary free cortisol (UFC) levels as measured 2 weeks after pasireotide institution, which increased further (71-fold) in response to dose increment but decreased to baseline levels after treatment interruption. Patient 2 is a 44 year old woman with a long standing (26 years) ACTH-secreting carcinoma metastatic to bone and after bilateral adrenalectomy. After an initial excellent response to pasireotide treatment, ACTH levels escaped suppression and a further rebound was noted 6 weeks after treatment interruption. Patient 3 is a 53 year old man that after escape from temozolomide therapy was started on pasireotide and rapidly responded by almost normalizing UFC excretion after 4 weeks, but returned to baseline UFC levels after four additional weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS We describe as yet unreported atypical responses to pasireotide treatment in patients with aggressive ACTH-secreting tumors. Increased vigilance is recommended during pasireotide treatment of such patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yona Greenman
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizmann Street, 64239, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Naftali Stern
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizmann Street, 64239, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Paragliola RM, Prete A, Papi G, Torino F, Corsello A, Pontecorvi A, Corsello SM. Clinical utility of lanreotide Autogel ® in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3459-3470. [PMID: 27822010 PMCID: PMC5087808 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s76732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin analogs (SSAs), which were initially used to control hormonal syndromes associated with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), have been successfully proposed as antiproliferative agents, able to control tumor growth in patients affected by gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NENs. The development of long-acting formulations of SSAs which require only weekly or monthly injections can improve patient compliance. In particular, lanreotide (LAN) Autogel®, which is a viscous aqueous formulation supplied in ready-to-use prefilled syringes, can be administered every 28–56 days. Since its introduction in the clinical practice, several studies evaluated the clinical utility of LAN Autogel in the medical treatment of GEP-NENs. Although there is no evidence of an overall survival benefit, these studies confirm the efficacy of LAN Autogel in terms of benefit in progression-free survival, and in more than half of cases, a reduction of tumor markers can be observed during treatment with this drug. Moreover, LAN Autogel is widely recognized to be effective in controlling tumor-related symptoms in the majority of patients affected by GEP tumors, especially in patients affected by carcinoid syndrome, improving considerably patients’ quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Prete
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
| | - Giampaolo Papi
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
| | | | - Andrea Corsello
- Department of General Medicine and Endocrine Tumor Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Lehmann A, Kliewer A, Günther T, Nagel F, Schulz S. Identification of Phosphorylation Sites Regulating sst3 Somatostatin Receptor Trafficking. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:645-59. [PMID: 27101376 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human somatostatin receptor 3 (sst3) is expressed in about 50% of all neuroendocrine tumors and hence a promising target for multireceptor somatostatin analogs. The sst3 receptor is unique among ssts in that it exhibits a very long intracellular C-terminal tail containing a huge number of potential phosphate acceptor sites. Consequently, our knowledge about the functional role of the C-terminal tail in sst3 receptor regulation is very limited. Here, we have generated a series of phosphorylation-deficient mutants that enabled us to determine crucial sites for its agonist-induced β-arrestin mobilization, internalization, and down-regulation. Based on this information, we generated phosphosite-specific antibodies for C-terminal Ser(337)/Thr(341), Thr(348), and Ser(361) that enabled us to investigate the temporal patterns of sst3 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. We found that the endogenous ligand somatostatin induced a rapid and robust phosphorylation that was completely blocked by the sst3 antagonist NVP-ACQ090. The stable somatostatin analogs pasireotide and octreotide promoted clearly less phosphorylation compared with somatostatin. We also show that sst3 phosphorylation occurred within seconds to minutes, whereas dephosphorylation of the sst3 receptor occurred at a considerable slower rate. In addition, we also identified G protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 and 3 and protein phosphatase 1α and 1β as key regulators of sst3 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, respectively. Thus, we here define the C-terminal phosphorylation motif of the human sst3 receptor that regulates its agonist-promoted phosphorylation, β-arrestin recruitment, and internalization of this clinically relevant receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lehmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Kliewer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Falko Nagel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Günther T, Culler M, Schulz S. Research Resource: Real-Time Analysis of Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptor Signaling in Pituitary Cells Using a Fluorescence-Based Membrane Potential Assay. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:479-90. [PMID: 26967369 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable somatostatin analogues and dopamine receptor agonists are the mainstay for the pharmacological treatment of functional pituitary adenomas; however, only a few cellular assays have been developed to detect receptor activation of novel compounds without disrupting cells to obtain the second messenger content. Here, we adapted a novel fluorescence-based membrane potential assay to characterize receptor signaling in a time-dependent manner. This minimally invasive technique provides a robust and reliable read-out for ligand-induced receptor activation in permanent and primary pituitary cells. The mouse corticotropic cell line AtT-20 endogenously expresses both the somatostatin receptors 2 (sst2) and 5 (sst5). Exposure of wild-type AtT-20 cells to the sst2- and sst5-selective agonists BIM-23120 and BIM-23268, respectively, promoted a pertussis toxin- and tertiapin-Q-sensitive reduction in fluorescent signal intensity, which is indicative of activation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. After heterologous expression, sst1, sst3, and sst4 receptors also coupled to GIRK channels in AtT-20 cells. Similar activation of GIRK channels by dopamine required overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs). Interestingly, the presence of D2Rs in AtT-20 cells strongly facilitated GIRK channel activation elicited by the sst2-D2 chimeric ligand BIM-23A760, suggesting a synergistic action of sst2 and D2Rs. Furthermore, stable somatostatin analogues produced strong responses in primary pituitary cultures from wild-type mice; however, in cultures from sst2 receptor-deficient mice, only pasireotide and somatoprim, but not octreotide, induced a reduction in fluorescent signal intensity, suggesting that octreotide mediates its pharmacological action primarily via the sst2 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Günther
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Culler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07749 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Ramos-Leví AM, Bernabeu I, Sampedro-Núñez M, Marazuela M. Genetic Predictors of Response to Different Medical Therapies in Acromegaly. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 138:85-114. [PMID: 26940388 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the era of predictive medicine, management of diseases is evolving into a more personal and individualized approach, as more data are available regarding clinical, biochemical, radiological, molecular, histopathological, and genetic aspects. In the particular setting of acromegaly, which is a rare, chronic, debilitating, and disfiguring disease, an optimized approach deems even more necessary, especially because of an associated increased morbidity and mortality, the impact on patients' quality of life, and the increased cost of frequently necessary life-long treatments. In this paper, we review the available studies that address potential genetic influences on acromegaly, their role in the outcome, and response to treatments, as well as their contribution to the risk of developing side effects. We focus mainly on pharmacogenetic factors involved during treatment with dopamine agonists, somatostatin analogs, and pegvisomant. Specifically, mutations in dopamine receptors, somatostatin receptors, growth hormone receptors, and metabolic pathways involved in growth hormone action; polymorphisms in the insulin-like growth factor and the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins; and polymorphisms in other genes that may determine differences in the frequency of developing adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ramos-Leví
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bernabeu
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS); Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Miguel Sampedro-Núñez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
The currently available somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) and growth hormone (GH) antagonists are used to control levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in patients with acromegaly. However, these therapies are limited by wide variations in efficacy, associated adverse effects and the need for frequent injections. A phase III trial of oral octreotide capsules demonstrated that this treatment can safely sustain suppressed levels of GH and IGF-1 and reduce the severity of symptoms in patients with acromegaly previously controlled by injectable SRL therapy, with the added benefit of no injection-site reactions. Phase I and phase II trials of the pan-selective SRL DG3173, the liquid crystal octreotide depot CAM2029 and an antisense oligonucleotide directed against the GH receptor have shown that these agents can be used to achieve biochemical suppression in acromegaly and have favourable safety profiles. This Review outlines the need for new therapeutic agents for patients with acromegaly, reviews clinical trial data of investigational agents and considers how these therapies might best be integrated into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Room 2015, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality rates in patients with active acromegaly are higher than the general population. Adequate biochemical control restores mortality to normal rates. Now, medical therapy has an increasingly important role in the treatment of patients with acromegaly. Somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) are considered the standard medical therapy, either after surgery or as a first-line therapy when surgery is deemed ineffective or is contraindicated. Overall, octreotide and lanreotide are first-generation SRLs and are effective in ~20%-70% of patients. Pegvisomant, a growth hormone receptor antagonist, controls insulin-like growth factor 1 in 65%-90% of cases. Consequently, a subset of patients (nonresponders) requires other treatment options. Drug combination therapy offers the potential for more efficacious disease control. However, the development of new medical therapies remains essential. Here, emphasis is placed on new medical therapies to control acromegaly. There is a focus on pasireotide long-acting release (LAR) (Signifor LAR®), which was approved in 2014 by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicine Agency for the treatment of acromegaly. Pasireotide LAR is a long-acting somatostatin multireceptor ligand. In a Phase III clinical trial in patients with acromegaly (naïve to medical therapy or uncontrolled on a maximum dose of first-generation SRLs), 40 and 60 mg of intramuscular pasireotide LAR achieved better biochemical disease control than octreotide LAR, and tumor shrinkage was noted in both pasireotide groups. Pasireotide LAR tolerability was similar to other SRLs, except for a greater frequency and degree of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. Baseline glucose may predict hyperglycemia occurrence after treatment, and careful monitoring of glycemic status and appropriate treatment is required. A precise definition of patients with acromegaly who will derive the greatest therapeutic benefit from pasireotide LAR remains to be established. Lastly, novel therapies and new potential delivery modalities (oral octreotide) are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuroendocrinology Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Molecular Characterization of Growth Hormone-producing Tumors in the GC Rat Model of Acromegaly. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16298. [PMID: 26549306 PMCID: PMC4637865 DOI: 10.1038/srep16298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a disorder resulting from excessive production of growth hormone (GH) and consequent increase of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), most frequently caused by pituitary adenomas. Elevated GH and IGF-I levels results in wide range of somatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, metabolic, and gastrointestinal morbidities. Subcutaneous implantation of the GH-secreting GC cell line in rats leads to the formation of tumors. GC tumor-bearing rats develop characteristics that resemble human acromegaly including gigantism and visceromegaly. However, GC tumors remain poorly characterized at a molecular level. In the present work, we report a detailed histological and molecular characterization of GC tumors using immunohistochemistry, molecular biology and imaging techniques. GC tumors display histopathological and molecular features of human GH-producing tumors, including hormone production, cell architecture, senescence activation and alterations in cell cycle gene expression. Furthermore, GC tumors cells displayed sensitivity to somatostatin analogues, drugs that are currently used in the treatment of human GH-producing adenomas, thus supporting the GC tumor model as a translational tool to evaluate therapeutic agents. The information obtained would help to maximize the usefulness of the GC rat model for research and preclinical studies in GH-secreting tumors.
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acromegaly is a rare disease characterized by hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH), typically from a benign pituitary somatotroph adenoma, that leads to subsequent hypersecretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Patients with acromegaly have an increased risk of mortality and progressive worsening of comorbidities. Surgery, medical therapy, and radiotherapy are currently available treatment approaches for patients with acromegaly, with overall therapeutic goals of lowering GH levels and achieving normal IGF-1 levels, reducing tumor size, improving comorbidities, and minimizing mortality risk. Although surgery can lead to biochemical remission in some patients with acromegaly, many patients will continue to have uncontrolled disease and require additional treatment. METHODS We reviewed recently published reports and present a summary of the safety and efficacy of current treatment modalities for patients with acromegaly. RESULTS A substantial proportion of patients who receive medical therapy or radiotherapy will have persistently elevated GH and/or IGF-1. Because of the serious health consequences of continued elevation of GH and IGF-1, there is a need to improve therapeutic approaches to optimize biochemical control, particularly in high-need patient populations for whom current treatment options provide limited benefit. CONCLUSION This review discusses current treatment options for patients with acromegaly, limitations associated with each treatment approach, and areas within the current treatment algorithm, as well as patient populations for which improved therapeutic options are needed. Novel agents in development were also highlighted, which have the potential to improve management of patients with uncontrolled or persistent acromegaly.
Collapse
|
61
|
Puig Domingo M. Treatment of acromegaly in the era of personalized and predictive medicine. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:3-14. [PMID: 25640882 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acromegaly is a chronic disorder usually diagnosed late in the disease evolution. Such delayed diagnosis, together with the inability to achieve the treatment goals of normalizing biochemical disease markers and controlling tumour mass may result in substantial morbidity and mortality. Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are accepted as first-line medical therapy or as second-line therapy in patients undergoing unsuccessful surgery and are considered a cornerstone in the treatment of acromegaly. However, because a high percentage of patients experience SSA medical treatment failure, the identification of biomarkers associated with a successful or unsuccessful response to all classes of medical therapy would help in the choice of treatment and potentially allow for a quicker normalization of biochemical parameters. The current treatment algorithms for acromegaly are based upon a "trial-and-error" approach with additional treatment options provided when disease is not controlled. In many other diseases, therapeutic algorithms have been evolving towards personalized treatment with the medication that best matches individual disease characteristics, using biomarkers that identify therapeutic response. Additionally, a personalized approach to complementary treatment of comorbidities present in the acromegalic patient is also required. This review will discuss the development of a potential treatment algorithm for acromegaly addressing the biochemical control of the disease as well of its associated comorbidities, under a personalized approach based upon markers of prognostic and predictive significance, such as tumour size, MRI adenoma signal, GH value after acute octreotide test, granular adenoma pattern, Ki-67, somatostatin receptor phenotype, aryl hydrocarbon-interacting protein expression, gsp mutations, RAF kinase activity, E-cadherin and beta-arrestin-1.
Collapse
|
62
|
Norden AD, Ligon KL, Hammond SN, Muzikansky A, Reardon DA, Kaley TJ, Batchelor TT, Plotkin SR, Raizer JJ, Wong ET, Drappatz J, Lesser GJ, Haidar S, Beroukhim R, Lee EQ, Doherty L, Lafrankie D, Gaffey SC, Gerard M, Smith KH, McCluskey C, Phuphanich S, Wen PY. Phase II study of monthly pasireotide LAR (SOM230C) for recurrent or progressive meningioma. Neurology 2014; 84:280-6. [PMID: 25527270 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A subset of meningiomas recur after surgery and radiation therapy, but no medical therapy for recurrent meningioma has proven effective. METHODS Pasireotide LAR is a long-acting somatostatin analog that may inhibit meningioma growth. This was a phase II trial in patients with histologically confirmed recurrent or progressive meningioma designed to evaluate whether pasireotide LAR prolongs progression-free survival at 6 months (PFS6). Patients were stratified by histology (atypical [World Health Organization grade 2] and malignant [grade 3] meningiomas in cohort A and benign [grade 3] in cohort B). RESULTS Eighteen patients were accrued in cohort A and 16 in cohort B. Cohort A had median age 59 years, median Karnofsky performance status 80, 17 (94%) had previous radiation therapy, and 11 (61%) showed high octreotide uptake. Cohort B had median age 52 years, median Karnofsky performance status 90, 11 (69%) had previous radiation therapy, and 12 (75%) showed high octreotide uptake. There were no radiographic responses to pasireotide LAR therapy in either cohort. Twelve patients (67%) in cohort A and 13 (81%) in cohort B achieved stable disease. In cohort A, PFS6 was 17% and median PFS 15 weeks (95% confidence interval: 8-20). In cohort B, PFS6 was 50% and median PFS 26 weeks (12-43). Treatment was well tolerated. Octreotide uptake and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels did not predict outcome. Expression of somatostatin receptor 3 predicted favorable PFS and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Pasireotide LAR has limited activity in recurrent meningiomas. The finding that somatostatin receptor 3 is associated with favorable outcomes warrants further investigation. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that in patients with recurrent or progressive meningioma, pasireotide LAR does not significantly increase the proportion of patients with PFS at 6 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Norden
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Samantha N Hammond
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David A Reardon
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas J Kaley
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Scott R Plotkin
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeffrey J Raizer
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eric T Wong
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jan Drappatz
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Glenn J Lesser
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sam Haidar
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eudocia Q Lee
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lisa Doherty
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Debra Lafrankie
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sarah C Gaffey
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mary Gerard
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Katrina H Smith
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christine McCluskey
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Surasak Phuphanich
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- From the Division of Cancer Neurology, Department of Neurology (A.D.N., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), and Departments of Pathology (K.L.L.) and Medicine (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Center for Neuro-Oncology (A.D.N., S.N.H., D.A.R., R.B., E.Q.L., L.D., D.L., M.G., K.H.S., C.M., P.Y.W.), Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Department of Medicine (R.B.), Harvard Medical School (A.D.N., K.L.L., D.A.R., T.T.B., S.R.P., E.T.W., R.B., E.Q.L., P.Y.W.), Boston; Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology (K.L.L., S.H.), and Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology (R.B.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (A.M.); Brain Tumor Center (T.J.K.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology (T.T.B., S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.R.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Brain Tumor Center (E.T.W.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Adult Neuro-Oncology Program (J.D.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.J.L.), Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; and Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology (S.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Cytoplasmic expression of SSTR2 and 5 by immunohistochemistry and by RT/PCR is not associated with the pharmacological response to octreotide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 61:523-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
64
|
Mohamed A, Blanchard MP, Albertelli M, Barbieri F, Brue T, Niccoli P, Delpero JR, Monges G, Garcia S, Ferone D, Florio T, Enjalbert A, Moutardier V, Schonbrunn A, Gerard C, Barlier A, Saveanu A. Pasireotide and octreotide antiproliferative effects and sst2 trafficking in human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cultures. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:691-704. [PMID: 25012983 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) raise difficult therapeutic problems despite the emergence of targeted therapies. Somatostatin analogs (SSA) remain pivotal therapeutic drugs. However, the tachyphylaxis and the limited antitumoral effects observed with the classical somatostatin 2 (sst2) agonists (octreotide and lanreotide) led to the development of new SSA, such as the pan sst receptor agonist pasireotide. Our aim was to compare the effects of pasireotide and octreotide on cell survival, chromogranin A (CgA) secretion, and sst2 phosphorylation/trafficking in pancreatic NET (pNET) primary cells from 15 tumors. We established and characterized the primary cultures of human pancreatic tumors (pNETs) as powerful preclinical models for understanding the biological effects of SSA. At clinically relevant concentrations (1-10 nM), pasireotide was at least as efficient as octreotide in inhibiting CgA secretion and cell viability through caspase-dependent apoptosis during short treatments, irrespective of the expression levels of the different sst receptors or the WHO grade of the parental tumor. Interestingly, unlike octreotide, which induces a rapid and persistent partial internalization of sst2 associated with its phosphorylation on Ser341/343, pasireotide did not phosphorylate sst2 and induced a rapid and transient internalization of the receptor followed by a persistent recycling at the cell surface. These results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, of striking differences in the dynamics of sst2 trafficking in pNET cells treated with the two SSAs, but with similar efficiency in the control of CgA secretion and cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mohamed
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USAAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Marie-Pierre Blanchard
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Manuela Albertelli
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Thierry Brue
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USAAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Patricia Niccoli
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Jean-Robert Delpero
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Genevieve Monges
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Stephane Garcia
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Diego Ferone
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Tullio Florio
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Alain Enjalbert
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USAAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Vincent Moutardier
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Agnes Schonbrunn
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Corinne Gerard
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Anne Barlier
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USAAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| | - Alexandru Saveanu
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USAAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord - CS80011, 51, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceMolecular Biology LaboratoryAP-HM, Conception Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Plate-Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences PFRN, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, FranceDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Genova, Genova, ItalyEndocrinology DepartmentAP-HM, Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, FranceOncology DepartmentSurgery DepartmentBiopathology DepartmentPaoli Calmettes Cancer Institute, 13009 Marseille, FrancePathology LaboratorySurgery DepartmentAP-HM, Nord Hospital, 13015 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Integrative Biology and PharmacologyUniversity of Texas, Texas 77225, Houston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Role of somatostatin receptor-2 in gentamicin-induced auditory hair cell loss in the Mammalian inner ear. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108146. [PMID: 25268135 PMCID: PMC4182454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons of the mammalian auditory system do not regenerate, and their loss leads to irreversible hearing loss. Aminoglycosides induce auditory hair cell death in vitro, and evidence suggests that phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signaling opposes gentamicin toxicity via its downstream target, the protein kinase Akt. We previously demonstrated that somatostatin-a peptide with hormone/neurotransmitter properties-can protect hair cells from gentamicin-induced hair cell death in vitro, and that somatostatin receptors are expressed in the mammalian inner ear. However, it remains unknown how this protective effect is mediated. In the present study, we show a highly significant protective effect of octreotide (a drug that mimics and is more potent than somatostatin) on gentamicin-induced hair cell death, and increased Akt phosphorylation in octreotide-treated organ of Corti explants in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrate that somatostatin receptor-1 knockout mice overexpress somatostatin receptor-2 in the organ of Corti, and are less susceptible to gentamicin-induced hair cell loss than wild-type or somatostatin-1/somatostatin-2 double-knockout mice. Finally, we show that octreotide affects auditory hair cells, enhances spiral ganglion neurite number, and decreases spiral ganglion neurite length.
Collapse
|
66
|
Murasawa S, Kageyama K, Sugiyama A, Ishigame N, Niioka K, Suda T, Daimon M. Inhibitory effects of SOM230 on adrenocorticotropic hormone production and corticotroph tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 394:37-46. [PMID: 25011056 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production by pituitary corticotroph adenomas is the main cause of Cushing's disease. A drug that targets pituitary ACTH-secreting adenomas would aid treatment of Cushing's disease. Octreotide, a somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2)-preferring somatostatin analogue, has no effect on ACTH secretion in patients with Cushing's disease. The multiligand SOM230 (pasireotide) displays a much higher affinity for SSTR1 and SSTR5 than octreotide and suppresses ACTH secretion in cultures of human corticotroph tumors to a greater extent than octreotide. In the present in vitro and in vivo study, we determined the effect of SOM230 on ACTH production and cell proliferation of AtT-20 corticotroph tumor cells. SOM230 decreased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels in AtT-20 cells and ACTH levels in the culture medium of these cells, suggesting that SOM230 suppresses ACTH synthesis and secretion in corticotroph tumor cells. SOM230 also decreased cell proliferation and both cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein and Akt phosphorylation in AtT-20 cells. SSTR5 knockdown inhibited the SOM230-induced decreases in cell proliferation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses revealed that SOM230 did not attenuate cell cycle progression. Tumor weight in mice xenografted with AtT-20 cells and treated with SOM230 was significantly lower than in AtT-20-xenografted control mice. SOM230 also significantly decreased plasma ACTH levels, and POMC and pituitary tumor transforming gene mRNA levels in the tumor cells. Thus, SOM230 inhibits ACTH production and corticotroph tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Murasawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Infectious Diseases, Hirosaki University School of Medicine & Hospital, 53 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8563, Japan.
| | - Aya Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Noriko Ishigame
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kanako Niioka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Suda
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Maffezzoni F, Amoroso V, Berruti A. Investigational drugs targeting somatostatin receptors for treatment of acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1619-35. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.942728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
68
|
Maina T, Cescato R, Waser B, Tatsi A, Kaloudi A, Krenning EP, de Jong M, Nock BA, Reubi JC. [111In-DOTA]LTT-SS28, a First Pansomatostatin Radioligand for in Vivo Targeting of Somatostatin Receptor-Positive Tumors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6564-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500581d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia Maina
- Molecular
Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Athens, Greece
| | - Renzo Cescato
- Cell
Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Waser
- Cell
Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Aikaterini Tatsi
- Molecular
Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kaloudi
- Molecular
Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Athens, Greece
| | - Eric P. Krenning
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department
of Radiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berthold A. Nock
- Molecular
Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Athens, Greece
| | - Jean Claude Reubi
- Cell
Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Cuevas-Ramos D, Fleseriu M. Somatostatin receptor ligands and resistance to treatment in pituitary adenomas. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:R223-40. [PMID: 24647046 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST), an inhibitory polypeptide with two biologically active forms SST14 and SST28, inhibits GH, prolactin (PRL), TSH, and ACTH secretion in the anterior pituitary gland. SST also has an antiproliferative effect inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Such actions are mediated through five G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors (SSTR): SSTR1-SSTR5. In GH-secreting adenomas, SSTR2 expression predominates, and somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs; octreotide and lanreotide) directed to SSTR2 are presently the mainstays of medical therapy. However, about half of patients show incomplete biochemical remission, but the definition of resistance per se remains controversial. We summarize here the determinants of SRL resistance in acromegaly patients, including clinical, imaging features as well as molecular (mutations, SSTR variants, and polymorphisms), and histopathological (granulation pattern, and proteins and receptor expression) predictors. The role of SSTR5 may explain the partial responsiveness to SRLs in patients with adequate SSTR2 density in the cell membrane. In patients with ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, i.e. Cushing's disease (CD), SSTR5 is the most abundant receptor expressed and tumors show low SSTR2 density due to hypercortisolism-induced SSTR2 down-regulation. Clinical studies with pasireotide, a multireceptor-targeted SRL with increased SSTR5 activity, lead to approval of pasireotide for treatment of patients with CD. Other SRL delivery modes (oral octreotide), multireceptor-targeted SRL (somatoprim) or chimeric compounds targeting dopamine D2 receptors and SSTR2 (dopastatin), are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- Department of MedicinePituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USANorthwest Pituitary Center and Departments of Medicine and Neurological SurgeryOregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road (BTE 472), Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Department of MedicinePituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USANorthwest Pituitary Center and Departments of Medicine and Neurological SurgeryOregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road (BTE 472), Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Ferone D, Pivonello C, Vitale G, Zatelli MC, Colao A, Pivonello R. Molecular basis of pharmacological therapy in Cushing's disease. Endocrine 2014; 46:181-98. [PMID: 24272603 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) is a severe endocrine condition caused by an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-producing pituitary adenoma that chronically stimulates adrenocortical cortisol production and with potentially serious complications if not or inadequately treated. Active CD may produce a fourfold increase in mortality and is associated with significant morbidities. Moreover, excess mortality risk may persist even after CD treatment. Although predictors of risk in treated CD are not fully understood, the importance of early recognition and adequate treatment is well established. Surgery with resection of a pituitary adenoma is still the first line therapy, being successful in about 60-70 % of patients; however, recurrence within 2-4 years may often occur. When surgery fails, medical treatment can reduce cortisol production and ameliorate clinical manifestations while more definitive therapy becomes effective. Compounds that target hypothalamic-pituitary axis, glucocorticoid synthesis or adrenocortical function are currently used to control the deleterious effects of chronic glucocorticoid excess. In this review we describe and analyze the molecular basis of the drugs targeting the disease at central level, suppressing ACTH secretion, as well as at peripheral level, acting as adrenal inhibitors, or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms in CD and of glucocorticoid biology should promote the development of new targeted and more successful therapies in the future. Indeed, most of the drugs discussed have been tested in limited clinical trials, but there is potential therapeutic benefit in compounds with better specificity for the class of receptors expressed by ACTH-secreting tumors. However, long-term follow-up with management of persistent comorbidities is needed even after successful treatment of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ferone
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties & Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
The effect of albumin fusion structure on the production and bioactivity of the somatostatin-28 fusion protein in Pichia pastoris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:997-1006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Somatostatin, a natural inhibitor of growth hormone (GH), and its analogs have been used in clinical settings for the treatment of acromegaly, gigantism, thyrotropinoma, and other carcinoid syndromes. However, natural somatostatin is limited for clinical usage because of its short half-life in vivo. Albumin fusion technology was used to construct long-acting fusion proteins and Pichia pastoris was used as an expression system. Three fusion proteins (SS28)2-HSA, (SS28)3-HSA, and HSA-(SS28)2, were constructed with different fusion copies of somatostatin-28 and fusion orientations. The expression level of (SS28)3-HSA was much lower than (SS28)2-HSA and HSA-(SS28)2 due to the additional fusion of the somatostatin-28 molecule. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed that severe degradation occurred in the fermentation process. Similar to the standard, somatostatin-14, all three fusion proteins were able to inhibit GH secretion in blood, with (SS28)2-HSA being the most effective one. A pharmacokinetics study showed that (SS28)2-HSA had a prolonged half-life of 2 h. These results showed that increasing the number of small protein copies fused to HSA may not be a suitable method for improving protein bioactivity.
Collapse
|
72
|
Lehmann A, Kliewer A, Schütz D, Nagel F, Stumm R, Schulz S. Carboxyl-terminal multi-site phosphorylation regulates internalization and desensitization of the human sst2 somatostatin receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 387:44-51. [PMID: 24565897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The somatostatin receptor 2 (sst2) is the pharmacological target of somatostatin analogs that are widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of human neuroendocrine tumors. We have recently shown that the stable somatostatin analogs octreotide and pasireotide (SOM230) stimulate distinct patterns of sst2 receptor phosphorylation and internalization. Like somatostatin, octreotide promotes the phosphorylation of at least six carboxyl-terminal serine and threonine residues namely S341, S343, T353, T354, T356 and T359, which in turn leads to a robust receptor endocytosis. Unlike somatostatin, pasireotide stimulates a selective phosphorylation of S341 and S343 of the human sst2 receptor followed by a partial receptor internalization. Here, we show that exchange of S341 and S343 by alanine is sufficient to block pasireotide-driven internalization, whereas mutation of T353, T354, T356 and T359 to alanine is required to strongly inhibited both octreotide- and somatostatin-induced internalization. Yet, combined mutation of T353, T354, T356 and T359 is not sufficient to prevent somatostatin-driven β-arrestin mobilization and receptor desensitization. Replacement of all fourteen carboxyl-terminal serine and threonine residues by alanine completely abrogates sst2 receptor internalization and β-arrestin mobilization in HEK293 cells. Together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that agonist-selective sst2 receptor internalization is regulated by multi-site phosphorylation of its carboxyl-terminal tail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lehmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Kliewer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schütz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Falko Nagel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Stumm
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Schulz S, Lehmann A, Kliewer A, Nagel F. Fine-tuning somatostatin receptor signalling by agonist-selective phosphorylation and dephosphorylation: IUPHAR Review 5. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1591-9. [PMID: 24328848 PMCID: PMC3966740 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological actions of somatostatin are mediated by a family of five GPCRs, named sst1 to sst5 . Somatostatin receptors exhibit equally high-binding affinities to their natural ligand somatostatin-14 and largely overlapping distributions. The overexpression of somatostatin receptors in human tumours is the molecular basis for diagnostic and therapeutic application of the stable somatostatin analogues octreotide, lanreotide and pasireotide. The efficiency of somatostatin receptor signalling is tightly regulated and ultimately limited by the coordinated phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of intracellular carboxyl-terminal serine and threonine residues. Here, we review and discuss recent progress in the generation and application of phosphosite-specific antibodies for human sst2 and sst5 receptors. These phosphosite-specific antibodies are unique tools to monitor the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptors phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Using a combined approach of phosphosite-specific antibodies and siRNA knock-down screening, relevant kinases and phosphatases were identified. Emerging evidence suggests distinct mechanisms of agonist-selective fine-tuning for individual somatostatin receptors. The recently uncovered differences in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of these receptors may hence be of physiological significance in mediating responses to acute, persistent or repeated stimuli in a variety of target tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityJena, Germany
| | - Andreas Lehmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityJena, Germany
| | - Andrea Kliewer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityJena, Germany
| | - Falko Nagel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityJena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Chalabi M, Duluc C, Caron P, Vezzosi D, Guillermet-Guibert J, Pyronnet S, Bousquet C. Somatostatin analogs: does pharmacology impact antitumor efficacy? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:115-27. [PMID: 24405892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin is an endogenous inhibitor of secretion and cell proliferation. These features render somatostatin a logical candidate for the management of neuroendocrine tumors that express somatostatin receptors. Synthetic somatostatin analogs (SSAs) have longer half-lives than somatostatin, but have similar activities, and are used for the treatment of these types of disorders. Interest has focused on novel multireceptor analogs with broader affinity to several of the five somatostatin receptors, thereby presenting putatively higher antitumor activities. Recent evidence indicates that SSAs cannot be considered mimics of native somatostatin in regulating signaling pathways downstream of receptors. Here we review this knowledge, discuss the concept of biased agonism, and highlight what considerations need to be taken into account for the optimal clinical use of SSAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Chalabi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Duluc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Caron
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France; Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Pôle Cardio-Vasculaire et Métabolique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Larrey, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Vezzosi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France; Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Pôle Cardio-Vasculaire et Métabolique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Larrey, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Guillermet-Guibert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Pyronnet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Bousquet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Peng Y, Deng L, Ding Y, Chen Q, Wu Y, Yang M, Wang Y, Fu Q. Comparative study of somatostatin-human serum albumin fusion proteins and natural somatostatin on receptor binding, internalization and activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89932. [PMID: 24587133 PMCID: PMC3937410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Albumin fusion technology, the combination of small molecular proteins or peptides with human serum albumin (HSA), is an effective method for improving the medicinal values of natural small molecular proteins or peptides. However, comparative studies between HSA-fusion proteins or peptides and the parent small molecules in biological and molecular mechanisms are less reported. In this study, we examined the binding property of two novel somatostatin-HSA fusion proteins, (SST14)2-HSA and (SST28)2-HSA, to human SSTRs in stably expressing SSTR1-5 HEK 293 cells; observed the regulation of receptor internalization and internalized receptor recycling; and detected the receptors activation of HSA fusion proteins in stably expressing SSTR2- and SSTR3-EGFP cells. We showed that both somatostatin-HSA fusion proteins had high affinity to all five SSTRs, stimulated the ERK1/2 phosphorylation and persistently inhibited the accumulation of forskolin-stimulated cAMP in SSTR2- and SSTR3-expressing cells; but were less potent than the synthetic somatostatin-14 (SST-14). Our experiments also showed that somatostatin-HSA fusion proteins did not induce the receptors internalization; rather, they accelerated the recycling of the internalized receptors induced by SST-14 to the plasma membrane. Our results indicated that somatostatin-HSA fusion proteins, different from SST-14, exhibit some particular properties in binding, regulating, and activating somatostatin receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Deng
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuedi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quancheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meilin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Wuxi Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (QF)
| | - Qiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (QF)
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Shi TJS, Xiang Q, Zhang MD, Barde S, Kai-Larsen Y, Fried K, Josephson A, Glück L, Deyev SM, Zvyagin AV, Schulz S, Hökfelt T. Somatostatin and its 2A receptor in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn of mouse and human: expression, trafficking and possible role in pain. Mol Pain 2014; 10:12. [PMID: 24521084 PMCID: PMC3943448 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Somatostatin (SST) and some of its receptor subtypes have been implicated in pain signaling at the spinal level. In this study we have investigated the role of SST and its sst2A receptor (sst2A) in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord. Results SST and sst2A protein and sst2 transcript were found in both mouse and human DRGs, sst2A-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies and processes in lamina II in mouse and human spinal dorsal horn, and sst2A-IR nerve terminals in mouse skin. The receptor protein was associated with the cell membrane. Following peripheral nerve injury sst2A-like immunoreactivity (LI) was decreased, and SST-LI increased in DRGs. sst2A-LI accumulated on the proximal and, more strongly, on the distal side of a sciatic nerve ligation. Fluorescence-labeled SST administered to a hind paw was internalized and retrogradely transported, indicating that a SST-sst2A complex may represent a retrograde signal. Internalization of sst2A was seen in DRG neurons after systemic treatment with the sst2 agonist octreotide (Oct), and in dorsal horn and DRG neurons after intrathecal administration. Some DRG neurons co-expressed sst2A and the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor on the cell membrane, and systemic Oct caused co-internalization, hypothetically a sign of receptor heterodimerization. Oct treatment attenuated the reduction of pain threshold in a neuropathic pain model, in parallel suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK in the DRGs Conclusions The findings highlight a significant and complex role of the SST system in pain signaling. The fact that the sst2A system is found also in human DRGs and spinal cord, suggests that sst2A may represent a potential pharmacologic target for treatment of neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Jun Sten Shi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Stumm R. Somatostatin receptor sst2 reduces Akt activity and aggravates hypoxic/ischemic death in cerebral cortical neurons. Neuropharmacology 2014; 77:249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
78
|
Ferrini F, Russo A, Salio C. Fos and pERK immunoreactivity in spinal cord slices: Comparative analysis of in vitro models for testing putative antinociceptive molecules. Ann Anat 2013; 196:217-23. [PMID: 24447791 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To detect central neuron activation, expression of the transcription factor Fos and phosphorylation of the protein kinase ERK (pERK) can be visualized by immunocytochemistry. These approaches have been extensively used to quantify the activation of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn (DH) following peripheral stimulation in vivo. Here we propose an alternative and simplified in vitro model to investigate Fos and pERK expression based on the stimulation of acutely dissected spinal cord slices to mimic acute inflammatory changes in DH. Transverse slices were obtained from postnatal (P8-P12) CD1 mice and were treated for 5 min with capsaicin (CAP, 2 μM). CAP induces a strong release of glutamate from primary afferent terminals which, in turn, excites spinal DH neurons. Since ERK phosphorylation and Fos expression occur following different time frames, two distinct protocols were used to detect their activation. Thus, for studying Fos immunoreactivity CAP-treated slices were left for 3h in Krebs solution after stimulation. Instead, for studying pERK immunoreactivity slices were maintained in Krebs solution for only 15 min after stimulation. Both Fos and pERK were significantly up-regulated following CAP challenge. To validate our model we tested the efficacy of octreotide (OCT, 1 μM) in preventing the CAP effect on Fos and pERK expression. OCT is a synthetic antinociceptive analog of somatostatin, one of the neuropeptides involved in the negative modulation of pain signals in DH. After CAP, OCT reduced the response to both Fos and pERK. Our data validate the use of Fos and pERK immunoreactivity in vitro to investigate the activation of spinal nociceptive pathways and testing potentially antinociceptive molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Arianna Russo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Chiara Salio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Sabet A, Nagarajah J, Dogan AS, Biersack HJ, Sabet A, Guhlke S, Ezziddin S. Does PRRT with standard activities of 177Lu-octreotate really achieve relevant somatostatin receptor saturation in target tumor lesions?: insights from intra-therapeutic receptor imaging in patients with metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:82. [PMID: 24369053 PMCID: PMC3877953 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 177Lu-[DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate (177Lu-octreotate) is generally performed using a fixed activity of 7.4 GBq (200 mCi) per course bound to 180 to 300 μg of the peptide. While this single activity may lead to suboptimal radiation doses in neuroendocrine tumors (NET) with advanced or bulky disease, dose escalation has been withheld due to concerns on potential tumor somatostatin receptor saturation with reduced efficacy of the added activity. In vivo saturation effects during standard-dose PRRT based on quantification of pre- and intra-therapeutic 68Ga-DOTATOC positron emission tomography (PET) imaging might guide potential dose escalation. Methods Five patients with metastatic NET of the pancreas underwent 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT before and directly after standard-dose PRRT with 177Lu-octreotate. In each patient, four target tumor lesions, normal liver parenchyma, and the spleen were evaluated and the ratios of SUVmax of the target lesions to liver (SUVT/L) and spleen (SUVT/S) were calculated; paired Student's t test was performed with p < 0.05 for pre-/intra-PRRT comparisons. Results The mean intra-therapeutic tumor SUVmax showed no significant change (per-lesion paired t test) compared to pretreatment values (-9.1%, p = 0.226). In contrast, the SUVmax of the normal liver parenchyma and spleen were significantly lower directly after infusion of 7.4 GBq 177Lu-octreotate. Consequently, SUVT/L and SUVT/S increased significantly from pretreatment to intra-therapeutic examination: SUVT/L (p < 0.001) from 2.8 ± 1.3 (1.3 to 5.8) to 4.7 ± 3.0 (2.1 to 12.7) and SUVT/S (p < 0.001) from 1.2 ± 0.7 (0.4 to 3.0) to 3.5 ± 1.5 (1.6 to 7.9). Conclusions This small retrospective study provides preliminary evidence for the absence of relevant in vivo saturation of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) in tumor lesions during PRRT with standard activities of 177Lu-octreotate in contrast to normal tissue (liver, spleen) showing limited receptor capacity. After being confirmed by larger series, this observation will have significant implications for PRRT: (1) Higher activities of 177Lu-octreotate might be considered feasible in patients with high tumor disease burden or clinical need for remission, and (2) striving to reduce the amount of peptide used in standard preparations of 177Lu-octreotate appears futile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Samer Ezziddin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Sigmund-Freud-Str, 25, Bonn 53105, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Meijer E, Drenth JPH, d'Agnolo H, Casteleijn NF, de Fijter JW, Gevers TJ, Kappert P, Peters DJM, Salih M, Soonawala D, Spithoven EM, Torres VE, Visser FW, Wetzels JFM, Zietse R, Gansevoort RT. Rationale and design of the DIPAK 1 study: a randomized controlled clinical trial assessing the efficacy of lanreotide to Halt disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 63:446-55. [PMID: 24342522 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited therapeutic options to slow the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Recent clinical studies indicate that somatostatin analogues are promising for treating polycystic liver disease and potentially also for the kidney phenotype. We report on the design of the DIPAK 1 (Developing Interventions to Halt Progression of ADPKD 1) Study, which will examine the efficacy of the somatostatin analogue lanreotide on preservation of kidney function in ADPKD. STUDY DESIGN The DIPAK 1 Study is an investigator-driven, randomized, multicenter, controlled, clinical trial. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS We plan to enroll 300 individuals with ADPKD and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30-60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) who are aged 18-60 years. INTERVENTION Patients will be randomly assigned (1:1) to standard care or lanreotide, 120 mg, subcutaneously every 28 days for 120 weeks, in addition to standard care. OUTCOMES Main study outcome is the slope through serial eGFR measurements starting at week 12 until end of treatment for lanreotide versus standard care. Secondary outcome parameters include change in eGFR from pretreatment versus 12 weeks after treatment cessation, change in kidney volume, change in liver volume, and change in quality of life. MEASUREMENTS Blood and urine will be collected and questionnaires will be filled in following a fixed scheme. Magnetic resonance imaging will be performed for assessment of kidney and liver volume. RESULTS Assuming an average change in eGFR of 5.2 ± 4.3 (SD) mL/min/1.73 m(2) per year in untreated patients, 150 patients are needed in each group to detect a 30% reduction in the rate of kidney function loss between treatment groups with 80% power, 2-sided α = 0.05, and 20% protocol violators and/or dropouts. LIMITATIONS The design is an open randomized controlled trial and measurement of our primary end point does not begin at randomization. CONCLUSIONS The DIPAK 1 Study will show whether subcutaneous administration of lanreotide every 4 weeks attenuates disease progression in patients with ADPKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Meijer
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hedwig d'Agnolo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niek F Casteleijn
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan W de Fijter
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J Gevers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Kappert
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mahdi Salih
- Department of Nephrology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Darius Soonawala
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin M Spithoven
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Folkert W Visser
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jack F M Wetzels
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Department of Nephrology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Gatto F, Feelders R, van der Pas R, Kros JM, Dogan F, van Koetsveld PM, van der Lelij AJ, Neggers SJCMM, Minuto F, de Herder W, Lamberts SWJ, Ferone D, Hofland LJ. β-Arrestin 1 and 2 and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 expression in pituitary adenomas: role in the regulation of response to somatostatin analogue treatment in patients with acromegaly. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4715-25. [PMID: 24169548 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies highlighted G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)2 and β-arrestins as important players in driving somatostatin receptor (SSTR) desensitization and trafficking. Our aim was to characterize GRK2 and β-arrestins expression in different pituitary adenomas and to investigate their potential role in the response to somatostatin analog (SSA) treatment in GH-secreting adenomas (GHomas). We evaluated mRNA expression of multiple SSTRs, GRK2, β-arrestin 1, and β-arrestin 2 in 41 pituitary adenomas (31 GHomas, 6 nonfunctioning [NFPAs], and 4 prolactinomas [PRLomas]). Within the GHomas group, mRNA data were correlated with the in vivo response to an acute octreotide test and with the GH-lowering effect of SSA in cultured primary cells. β-Arrestin 1 expression was low in all 3 adenoma histotypes. However, its expression was significantly lower in GHomas and PRLomas, compared with NFPAs (P < .01). GRK2 expression was higher in PRLomas and NFPAs compared with GHomas (P < .05). In the GHoma group, GRK2 expression was inversely correlated to β-arrestin 1 (P < .05) and positively correlated to β-arrestin 2 (P < .0001). SSA treatment did not affect GRK2 and β-arrestin expression in GHomas or in cultured rat pituitary tumor GH3 cells. Noteworthy, β-arrestin 1 was significantly lower (P < .05) in tumors responsive to octreotide treatment in vitro, whereas GRK2 and SSTR subtype 2 were significantly higher (P < .05). Likewise, β-arrestin 1 levels were inversely correlated with the in vivo response to acute octreotide test (P = .001), whereas GRK2 and SSTR subtype 2 expression were positively correlated (P < .05). In conclusion, for the first time, we characterized GRK2, β-arrestin 1, and β-arrestin 2 expression in a representative number of pituitary adenomas. β-Arrestin 1 and GRK2 seem to have a role in modulating GH secretion during SSA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gatto
- Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee 530b, Doctor Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Differential regulation of somatostatin receptor dephosphorylation by β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 387:263-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
83
|
Casar-Borota O, Heck A, Schulz S, Nesland JM, Ramm-Pettersen J, Lekva T, Alafuzoff I, Bollerslev J. Expression of SSTR2a, but not of SSTRs 1, 3, or 5 in somatotroph adenomas assessed by monoclonal antibodies was reduced by octreotide and correlated with the acute and long-term effects of octreotide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1730-9. [PMID: 24092823 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Reduced expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in somatotroph adenomas and their potential down-regulation after medical treatment may explain the unsatisfactory response to octreotide in particular acromegalic patients. The expression of SSTRs other than SSTR2a has not been studied in large, unselected cohorts using novel rabbit monoclonal antibodies. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the expression of SSTRs 1, 2a, 3, and 5 in somatotroph adenomas, to correlate expression with clinical characteristics and the response to octreotide, and to ascertain whether preoperative octreotide treatment affected SSTR expression. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS The study included 78 adenomas from patients operated on consecutively during 2000 to 2010. After exclusion of 13 patients, immunohistochemical analysis with rabbit monoclonal antibodies against SSTRs 1, 2a, 3, and 5 (clones UMB-7, -1, -5, and -4) was performed on 65 adenomas. INTERVENTION Twenty-eight patients received preoperative octreotide, and 37 patients were operated on without pretreatment. Twenty-six patients were randomized to direct surgery (n = 13) or to octreotide pretreatment (n = 13). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE SSTR expression was evaluated using a 12-grade scoring system. The responses to the octreotide test dose (GH reduction) and to 6 months of octreotide (IGF-I reduction) were measured. RESULTS The majority of adenomas showed membranous expression of SSTRs 2a and 5. SSTR2a expression was reduced in the pretreated group and correlated with the acute octreotide test results and the effect of octreotide treatment. In a linear regression model with SSTR2a expression as the determinant, the correlation with the acute test response improved after adjustment for medical pretreatment. CONCLUSION Rabbit monoclonal antibodies are reliable markers of SSTRs in somatotroph adenomas. SSTR2a expression correlated with the response to octreotide and was reduced after octreotide treatment, indicating the need for adjustment when SSTR2a expression is correlated with baseline characteristics. Evaluation of SSTR subtypes may be an important aspect of improving the medical treatment for acromegaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Casar-Borota
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Reubi JC, Schonbrunn A. Illuminating somatostatin analog action at neuroendocrine tumor receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:676-88. [PMID: 24183675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin analogs for the diagnosis and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have been used in clinical applications for more than two decades. Five somatostatin receptor subtypes have been identified and molecular mechanisms of somatostatin receptor signaling and regulation have been elucidated. These advances increased understanding of the biological role of each somatostatin receptor subtype, their distribution in NETs, as well as agonist-specific regulation of receptor signaling, internalization, and phosphorylation, particularly for the sst2 receptor subtype, which is the primary target of current somatostatin analog therapy for NETs. Various hypotheses exist to explain differences in patient responsiveness to somatostatin analog inhibition of tumor secretion and growth as well as differences in the development of tumor resistance to therapy. In addition, we now have a better understanding of the action of both first generation (octreotide, lanreotide, Octreoscan) and second generation (pasireotide) FDA-approved somatostatin analogs, including the biased agonistic character of some agonists. The increased understanding of somatostatin receptor pharmacology provides new opportunities to design more sophisticated assays to aid the future development of somatostatin analogs with increased efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Reubi
- Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Veenstra MJ, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. Targeting the somatostatin receptor in pituitary and neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1329-43. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.830711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
86
|
Theodoropoulou M, Stalla GK. Somatostatin receptors: from signaling to clinical practice. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:228-52. [PMID: 23872332 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a peptide with a potent and broad antisecretory action, which makes it an invaluable drug target for the pharmacological management of pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors. Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1, 2A and B, 3, 4 and 5) belong to the G protein coupled receptor family and have a wide expression pattern in both normal tissues and solid tumors. Investigating the function of each SSTR in several tumor types has provided a wealth of information about the common but also distinct signaling cascades that suppress tumor cell proliferation, survival and angiogenesis. This provided the rationale for developing multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analogs and combination therapies with signaling-targeted agents such as inhibitors of the mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR). The ability of SSTR to internalize and the development of rabiolabeled somatostatin analogs have improved the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marily Theodoropoulou
- Department of Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Masyuk TV, Radtke BN, Stroope AJ, Banales JM, Gradilone SA, Huang B, Masyuk AI, Hogan MC, Torres VE, LaRusso NF. Pasireotide is more effective than octreotide in reducing hepatorenal cystogenesis in rodents with polycystic kidney and liver diseases. Hepatology 2013; 58:409-21. [PMID: 23172758 PMCID: PMC3616157 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In polycystic liver (PLD) and kidney (PKD) diseases, increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels trigger hepatorenal cystogenesis. A reduction of the elevated cAMP by targeting somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) with octreotide (OCT; a somatostatin analog that preferentially binds to SSTR2) inhibits cyst growth. Here we compare the effects of OCT to pasireotide (PAS; a more potent somatostatin analog with broader receptor specificity) on: (1) cAMP levels, cell cycle, proliferation, and cyst expansion in vitro using cholangiocytes derived from control and PCK rats (a model of autosomal recessive PKD [ARPKD]), healthy human beings, and patients with autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD); and (2) hepatorenal cystogenesis in vivo in PCK rats and Pkd2(WS25/-) mice (a model of ADPKD). Expression of SSTRs was assessed in control and cystic cholangiocytes of rodents and human beings. Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (both involved in indirect action of somatostatin analogs), and expression and localization of SSTRs after treatment were evaluated. We found that PAS was more potent (by 30%-45%) than OCT in reducing cAMP and cell proliferation, affecting cell cycle distribution, decreasing growth of cultured cysts in vitro, and inhibiting hepatorenal cystogenesis in vivo in PCK rats and Pkd2(WS25/-) mice. The levels of IGF1 (but not VEGF) were reduced only in response to PAS. Expression of SSTR1 and SSTR2 (but not SSTR3 and SSTR5) was decreased in cystic cholangiocytes compared to control. Although both OCT and PAS increased the immunoreactivity of SSTR2, only PAS up-regulated SSTR1; neither drug affected cellular localization of SSTRs. CONCLUSION PAS is more effective than OCT in reducing hepatorenal cystogenesis in rodent models; therefore, it might be more beneficial for the treatment of PKD and PLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Brynn N Radtke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Angela J Stroope
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Jesús M Banales
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation of Science, Division of Hepatology, Biodonostia Institute, Donostia Hospital, CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Bing Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Anatoliy I Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Marie C Hogan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Ding Y, Fan J, Li W, Yang R, Peng Y, Deng L, Wu Y, Fu Q. The effect of albumin fusion patterns on the production and bioactivity of the somatostatin-14 fusion protein in Pichia pastoris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:1637-48. [PMID: 23712794 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a natural inhibitor of growth hormone, and its analogues are clinically used for the therapy of acromegaly, gigantism, thyrotropinoma, and other carcinoid syndrome. However, natural somatostatin is limited for clinical usage because of its short half-life in vivo. Albumin fusion technology was used to construct long-acting fusion proteins, and Pichia pastoris was used as an expression system. Three fusion proteins, (somatostatin (SS)14)2-human serum albumin (HSA), (SS14)3-HSA, and HSA-(SS14)3, were constructed with different fusion copies of somatostatin-14 and fusion orientations. The expression level of (SS14)3-HSA and HSA-(SS14)3 was much lower than (SS14)2-HSA due to the additional fusion of the somatostatin-14 molecule. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed that severe degradation occurred in the fermentation process. Similar to the standard of somatostatin-14, all three fusion proteins were able to inhibit growth hormone secretion in the blood, with (SS14)2-HSA being the most effective one. On the whole, (SS14)2-HSA was the most effective protein in both production level and bioactivity, and increasing the number of small protein copies fused to HSA may not be a suitable method to improve the protein bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuedi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, QianRong Road No. 20, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Stevens P, Burden S, Delicata R, Carlson G, Lal S. Somatostatin analogues for treatment of enterocutaneous fistula. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Stevens
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; Surgery; Stott Lane Salford UK M6 8HD
| | - Sorrel Burden
- University of Manchester; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work; Room 6.32, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road Manchester UK M13 9PL
| | - Raymond Delicata
- Gwent Healthcare NHS Healthboard ? Nevill Hall Hospital; General Surgery; Brecon Road Abergavenny UK NP7 7EG
| | - Gordon Carlson
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; General Surgery; Stott Lane Salford UK M6 8HD
| | - Simon Lal
- Salford Royal Foundation Trust; Intestinal Failure Unit; Salford UK M6 8HD
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Doll C, Pöll F, Peuker K, Loktev A, Glück L, Schulz S. Deciphering µ-opioid receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in HEK293 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1259-70. [PMID: 22725608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The molecular basis of agonist-selective signalling at the µ-opioid receptor is poorly understood. We have recently shown that full agonists such as [D-Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) stimulate the phosphorylation of a number of carboxyl-terminal phosphate acceptor sites including threonine 370 (Thr(370)) and serine 375 (Ser(375)), and that is followed by a robust receptor internalization. In contrast, morphine promotes a selective phosphorylation of Ser(375) without causing rapid receptor internalization. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Here, we identify kinases and phosphatases that mediate agonist-dependent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the µ-opioid receptor using a combination of phosphosite-specific antibodies and siRNA knock-down screening in HEK293 cells. KEY RESULTS We found that DAMGO-driven phosphorylation of Thr(370) and Ser(375) was preferentially catalysed by G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) 2 and 3, whereas morphine-driven Ser(375) phosphorylation was preferentially catalysed by GRK5. On the functional level, inhibition of GRK expression resulted in enhanced µ-opioid receptor signalling and reduced receptor internalization. Analysis of GRK5-deficient mice revealed that GRK5 selectively contributes to morphine-induced Ser(375) phosphorylation in brain tissue. We also identified protein phosphatase 1γ as a µ-opioid receptor phosphatase that catalysed Thr(370) and Ser(375) dephosphorylation at or near the plasma membrane within minutes after agonist removal, which in turn facilitates receptor recycling. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Together, the morphine-activated µ-opioid receptor is a good substrate for phosphorylation by GRK5 but a poor substrate for GRK2/3. GRK5 phosphorylates µ-opioid receptors selectively on Ser(375), which is not sufficient to drive significant receptor internalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Doll
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Albertelli M, Arvigo M, Boschetti M, Ferone D, Gatto F, Minuto F. Somatostatin receptor pathophysiology in the neuroendocrine system. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2013; 8:149-157. [PMID: 30736175 DOI: 10.1586/eem.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The actions of somatostatin (SRIF) are mediated by specific G protein-coupled receptors, named SRIF receptor (SSTR) subtypes 1, 2, 3 and 5. SRIF binding to SSTR activates a series of second messenger systems, resulting in the inhibition of calcium channels and adenylate cyclase activity, ultimately leading to inhibition of hormone secretion, while stimulation of other second messengers, such as phosphotyrosine phosphatases play a role in the control of cell growth. The SSTR and dopamine receptor families share a 30% sequence homology and appear to be structurally related. The knowledge on the pathophysiology of these two families of G protein-coupled receptors in neuroendocrine tumors has progressively increased due to the new insights in receptor dimerization, internalization and trafficking. Depending on the expression of different SSTRs in tissues, their combinations and interactions affect the functionality of the subtypes expressed and the influence of the microenvironment, the response to ligands and, by consequence, the response to treatment can be very different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marica Arvigo
- a Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mara Boschetti
- a Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- b IRCSS AOU San Martino - IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Ferone
- a Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- b IRCSS AOU San Martino - IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Gatto
- a Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Minuto
- a Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- b IRCSS AOU San Martino - IST, Genova, Italy
- c Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Petrich A, Mann A, Kliewer A, Nagel F, Strigli A, Märtens JC, Pöll F, Schulz S. Phosphorylation of threonine 333 regulates trafficking of the human sst5 somatostatin receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:671-82. [PMID: 23418396 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent overexpression of the somatostatin receptors sst2 and sst5 in neuroendocrine tumors provides the molecular basis for therapeutic application of novel multireceptor somatostatin analogs. Although the phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal region of the sst2 receptor has been studied in detail, little is known about the agonist-induced regulation of the human sst5 receptor. Here, we have generated phosphosite-specific antibodies for the carboxyl-terminal threonines 333 (T333) and 347 (T347), which enabled us to selectively detect either the T333-phosphorylated or the T347-phosphorylated form of sst5. We show that agonist-mediated phosphorylation occurs at T333, whereas T347 is constitutively phosphorylated in the absence of agonist. We further demonstrate that the multireceptor somatostatin analog pasireotide and the sst5-selective ligand L-817,818 but not octreotide or KE108 were able to promote a detectable T333 phosphorylation. Interestingly, BIM-23268 was the only sst5 agonist that was able to stimulate T333 phosphorylation to the same extent as natural somatostatin. Agonist-induced T333 phosphorylation was dose-dependent and selectively mediated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. Similar to that observed for the sst2 receptor, phosphorylation of sst5 occurred within seconds. However, unlike that seen for the sst2 receptor, dephosphorylation and recycling of sst5 were rapidly completed within minutes. We also identify protein phosphatase 1γ as G protein-coupled receptor phosphatase for the sst5 receptor. Together, we provide direct evidence for agonist-selective phosphorylation of carboxyl-terminal T333. In addition, we identify G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2-mediated phosphorylation and protein phosphatase 1γ-mediated dephosphorylation of T333 as key regulators of rapid internalization and recycling of the human sst5 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Petrich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital–Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Strasse 1, D-07749 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Peptide receptor targeting in cancer: the somatostatin paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2013; 2013:926295. [PMID: 23476673 PMCID: PMC3582104 DOI: 10.1155/2013/926295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptide receptors involved in pathophysiological processes represent promising therapeutic targets. Neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) is produced by specialized cells in a large number of human organs and tissues. SST primarily acts as inhibitor of endocrine and exocrine secretion via the activation of five G-protein-coupled receptors, named sst1–5, while in central nervous system, SST acts as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, regulating locomotory and cognitive functions. Critical points of SST/SST receptor biology, such as signaling pathways of individual receptor subtypes, homo- and heterodimerization, trafficking, and cross-talk with growth factor receptors, have been extensively studied, although functions associated with several pathological conditions, including cancer, are still not completely unraveled. Importantly, SST exerts antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects on cancer cells in vitro, and on experimental tumors in vivo. Moreover, SST agonists are clinically effective as antitumor agents for pituitary adenomas and gastro-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. However, SST receptors being expressed by tumor cells of various tumor histotypes, their pharmacological use is potentially extendible to other cancer types, although to date no significant results have been obtained. In this paper the most recent findings on the expression and functional roles of SST and SST receptors in tumor cells are discussed.
Collapse
|
94
|
Abstract
Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is arbitrarily defined as a liver that contains >20 cysts. The condition is associated with two genetically distinct diseases: as a primary phenotype in isolated polycystic liver disease (PCLD) and as an extrarenal manifestation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Processes involved in hepatic cystogenesis include ductal plate malformation with concomitant abnormal fluid secretion, altered cell-matrix interaction and cholangiocyte hyperproliferation. PLD is usually a benign disease, but can cause debilitating abdominal symptoms in some patients. The main risk factors for growth of liver cysts are female sex, exogenous oestrogen use and multiple pregnancies. Ultrasonography is very useful for achieving a correct diagnosis of a polycystic liver and to differentiate between ADPKD and PCLD. Current radiological and surgical therapies for symptomatic patients include aspiration-sclerotherapy, fenestration, segmental hepatic resection and liver transplantation. Medical therapies that interact with regulatory mechanisms controlling expansion and growth of liver cysts are under investigation. Somatostatin analogues are promising; several clinical trials have shown that these drugs can reduce the volume of polycystic livers. The purpose of this Review is to provide an update on the diagnosis and management of PLD with a focus on literature published in the past 4 years.
Collapse
|
95
|
A meta-analysis of outcomes following use of somatostatin and its analogues for the management of enterocutaneous fistulas. Ann Surg 2013; 256:946-54. [PMID: 22885696 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318260aa26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several randomized control trials (RCTs) have compared somatostatin and its analogues versus a control group in patients with enterocutaneous fistulas (ECF). This study meta-analyzes the literature and establishes whether it shows a beneficial effect on ECF closure. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, and PubMed databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Seventy-nine articles were screened. Nine RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.1. RESULTS Somatostatin analogues versus control. Number of fistula closed: A significant number of ECF closed in the somatostatin analogue group compared to control group, P = 0.002.Time to closure: ECF closed significantly faster with somatostatin analogues compared to controls, P < 0.0001.Mortality: No significant difference between somatostatin analogues and controls, P = 0.68.Somatostatin versus control. Number of fistula closed: A significant number of ECF closed with somatostatin as compared to control, P = 0.04.Time to closure: ECF closed significantly faster with somatostatin than controls, P < 0.00001.Mortality: No significant difference between somatostatin and controls, P = 0.63 CONCLUSIONS Somatostatin and octreotide increase the likelihood of fistula closure. Both are beneficial in reducing the time to fistula closure. Neither has an effect on mortality. The risk ratio (RR) for somatostatin was higher than the RR for analogues. This may suggest that somatostatin could be better than analogues in relation to the number of fistulas closed and time to closure. Further studies are required to corroborate these apparent findings.
Collapse
|
96
|
Just S, Illing S, Trester-Zedlitz M, Lau EK, Kotowski SJ, Miess E, Mann A, Doll C, Trinidad JC, Burlingame AL, von Zastrow M, Schulz S. Differentiation of opioid drug effects by hierarchical multi-site phosphorylation. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:633-9. [PMID: 23239825 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.082875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in the ability of opioid drugs to promote regulated endocytosis of μ-opioid receptors are related to their tendency to produce drug tolerance and dependence. Here we show that drug-specific differences in receptor internalization are determined by a conserved, 10-residue sequence in the receptor's carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic tail. Diverse opioids induce receptor phosphorylation at serine (S)375, present in the middle of this sequence, but opioids differ markedly in their ability to drive higher-order phosphorylation on flanking residues [threonine (T)370, T376, and T379]. Multi-phosphorylation is required for the endocytosis-promoting activity of this sequence and occurs both sequentially and hierarchically, with S375 representing the initiating site. Higher-order phosphorylation involving T370, T376, and T379 specifically requires GRK2/3 isoforms, and the same sequence controls opioid receptor internalization in neurons. These results reveal a biochemical mechanism differentiating the endocytic activity of opioid drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Just
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Straße 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Pecori Giraldi F, Pagliardini L, Cassarino MF, Martucci F, Sesta A, Castelli L, Montanari E, Schmid HA, Cavagnini F. Stimulatory effect of SOM230 on human and rat adrenal corticosteroid secretion in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:436-9. [PMID: 22634958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SOM230 (pasireotide, Signifor), a recently developed somatostatin analog, has been tested in ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors with promising results. No study has yet evaluated whether this analog also directly affects adrenal steroid production. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether SOM230 modulates corticosteroid secretion by normal adrenals in vitro. Primary cultures from normal human and rat adrenals were incubated with 10-100 nM SOM230 with and without 10nM ACTH. Dose-response studies with 1 nM-1 μM SOM230 were performed on rat adrenals. Cortisol/corticosterone levels in medium were measured after 4 and 24h. SOM230 (10nM) significantly increased corticosteroid levels after 24h incubation in both human (36.4 ± 0.43 ng/well vs 27.7 ± 3.17 ng/well, p<0.05) and rat (16.2 ± 1.16 ng/well vs 11.6 ± 0.92 ng/well p<0.05) adrenals; lesser effects were observed with 100 nM SOM (33.4 ± 2.59 ng/well vs 27.7 ± 3.17 ng/well p<0.05; 13.4 ± 0.82 ng/well vs 11.6 ± 0.92 ng/well, N.S. vs baseline secretion for human and rat adrenals, respectively). Dose-response curves confirmed maximal effect at 10nM SOM230. The corticosteroid secretory response to ACTH was unaffected by SOM230 co-incubation. In conclusion, SOM230 exerts a moderate stimulatory effect on adrenal corticosteroid secretion in vitro. This argues against a direct adrenal involvement in the clinical efficacy of SOM230 in patients with ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors and widens the known range of action of SOM230.
Collapse
|
98
|
Kliewer A, Mann A, Petrich A, Pöll F, Schulz S. A transplantable phosphorylation probe for direct assessment of G protein-coupled receptor activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39458. [PMID: 22745760 PMCID: PMC3383726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly developed multireceptor somatostatin analogs pasireotide (SOM230), octreotide and somatoprim (DG3173) have primarily been characterized according to their binding profiles. However, their ability to activate individual somatostatin receptor subtypes (sst) has not been directly assessed so far. Here, we transplanted the carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation motif of the sst(2) receptor to other somatostatin receptors and assessed receptor activation using a set of three phosphosite-specific antibodies. Our comparative analysis revealed unexpected efficacy profiles for pasireotide, octreotide and somatoprim. Pasireotide was able to activate sst(3) and sst(5) receptors but was only a partial agonist at the sst(2) receptor. Octreotide exhibited potent agonistic properties at the sst(2) receptor but produced very little sst(5) receptor activation. Like octreotide, somatoprim was a full agonist at the sst(2) receptor. Unlike octreotide, somatoprim was also a potent agonist at the sst(5) receptor. Together, we propose the application of a phosphorylation probe for direct assessment of G protein-coupled receptor activation and demonstrate its utility in the pharmacological characterization of novel somatostatin analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anika Mann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Aline Petrich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Pöll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: .
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Cozzi R, Attanasio R. Octreotide long-acting repeatable for acromegaly. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 5:125-43. [PMID: 22390555 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acromegaly remains a therapeutic challenge for the endocrinologist. Among the available therapeutic options, octreotide long-acting repeatable (Sandostatin(®) LAR(®), Novartis) plays a chief role, both as a primary therapy and as an adjuvant treatment after unsuccessful surgery. A plethora of papers and a meta-analysis have demonstrated its efficacy in: control of clinical picture; achievement of safe growth hormone and normal age-matched IGF-I levels (both factors associated with restoration of normal life expectancy) in 60-70% of patients; control of tumor volume (with real shrinkage in over half of cases); and halt or reversal of most acromegaly-associated comorbidities. Treatment is well tolerated in most patients and can be safely prolonged for many years if required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Cozzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Ospedale Niguarda, Via Canonica 81, I-20154 Milan, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
The neuropeptide somatostatin (SRIF) is an important modulator of neurotransmission in the central nervous system and acts as a potent inhibitor of hormone and exocrine secretion. In addition, SRIF regulates cell proliferation in normal and tumorous tissues. The six somatostatin receptor subtypes (sst1, sst2A, sst2B, sst3, sst4, and sst5), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, share a common molecular topology: a hydrophobic core of seven transmembrane-spanning α-helices, three intracellular loops, three extracellular loops, an amino-terminus outside the cell, and a carboxyl-terminus inside the cell. For most of the GPCRs, intracytosolic sequences, and more particularly the C-terminus, are believed to interact with proteins that are mandatory for either exporting neosynthesized receptor, anchoring receptor at the plasma membrane, internalization, recycling, or degradation after ligand binding. Accordingly, most of the SRIF receptors can traffic not only in vitro within different cell types but also in vivo. A picture of the pathways and proteins involved in these processes is beginning to emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Csaba
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche U676, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|