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Szláma G, Vásárhelyi V, Trexler M, Patthy L. Influence of WFIKKN1 on BMP1-mediated activation of latent myostatin. FEBS J 2016; 283:4515-4527. [PMID: 27782377 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The NTR domain of WFIKKN1 protein has been shown to have significant affinity for the prodomain regions of promyostatin and latent myostatin but the biological significance of these interactions remained unclear. In view of its role as a myostatin antagonist, we tested the assumption that WFIKKN1 inhibits the release of myostatin from promyostatin and/or latent myostatin. WFIKKN1 was found to have no effect on processing of promyostatin by furin, the rate of cleavage of latent myostatin by BMP1, however, was significantly enhanced in the presence of WFIKKN1 and this enhancer activity was superstimulated by heparin. Unexpectedly, WFIKKN1 was also cleaved by BMP1 and our studies have shown that the KKN1 fragment generated by BMP1-cleavage of WFIKKN1 contributes most significantly to the observed enhancer activity. Analysis of a pro-TGF-β -based homology model of homodimeric latent myostatin revealed that the BMP1-cleavage sites are buried and not readily accessible to BMP1. In view of this observation, the most plausible explanation for the BMP1-enhancer activity of the KKN1 fragment is that it shifts a conformational equilibrium of latent myostatin from the closed circular structure of the homodimer to a more open form, making the cleavage sites more accessible to BMP1. On the other hand, the observation that the enhancer activity of KKN1 is superstimulated in the presence of heparin is explained by the fact KKN1, latent myostatin, and BMP1 have affinity for heparin and these interactions with heparin increase the local concentrations of the reactants thereby facilitating the action of BMP1. ENZYMES Furin: EC 3.4.21.75; BMP1, bone morphogentic protein 1 or procollagen C-endopeptidase: EC 3.4.24.19.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Szláma
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Vásárhelyi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Trexler
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Patthy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Walker RG, Poggioli T, Katsimpardi L, Buchanan SM, Oh J, Wattrus S, Heidecker B, Fong YW, Rubin LL, Ganz P, Thompson TB, Wagers AJ, Lee RT. Biochemistry and Biology of GDF11 and Myostatin: Similarities, Differences, and Questions for Future Investigation. Circ Res 2016; 118:1125-41; discussion 1142. [PMID: 27034275 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin (or GDF8) are closely related members of the transforming growth factor β superfamily and are often perceived to serve similar or overlapping roles. Yet, despite commonalities in protein sequence, receptor utilization and signaling, accumulating evidence suggests that these 2 ligands can have distinct functions in many situations. GDF11 is essential for mammalian development and has been suggested to regulate aging of multiple tissues, whereas myostatin is a well-described negative regulator of postnatal skeletal and cardiac muscle mass and modulates metabolic processes. In this review, we discuss the biochemical regulation of GDF11 and myostatin and their functions in the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain. We also highlight recent clinical findings with respect to a potential role for GDF11 and/or myostatin in humans with heart disease. Finally, we address key outstanding questions related to GDF11 and myostatin dynamics and signaling during development, growth, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Walker
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Tommaso Poggioli
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Lida Katsimpardi
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Sean M Buchanan
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Juhyun Oh
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Sam Wattrus
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Bettina Heidecker
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Yick W Fong
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Lee L Rubin
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Peter Ganz
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
| | - Amy J Wagers
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.).
| | - Richard T Lee
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (R.G.W., T.B.T.); Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (T.P., L.K., S.M.B., J.O., S.W., L.L.R., A.J.W., R.T.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division (T.P.), Department of Medicine, Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.W.F., R.T.L.); Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (J.O., S.W., A.J.W.); Division of Cardiology, Universitäres Herzzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (B.H.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (B.H., P.G.); and Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.).
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53
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Abstract
The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive research that has identified a multitude of extracellular modulators of TGF-β family ligands, uncovered their functions in developmental and pathophysiological processes, defined the mechanisms of their activities, and explored potential modulator-based therapeutic applications in treating human diseases. These studies revealed a diverse repertoire of extracellular and membrane-associated molecules that are capable of modulating TGF-β family signals via control of ligand availability, processing, ligand-receptor interaction, and receptor activation. These molecules include not only soluble ligand-binding proteins that were conventionally considered as agonists and antagonists of TGF-β family of growth factors, but also extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans that can serve as "sink" and control storage and release of both the TGF-β family ligands and their regulators. This extensive network of soluble and ECM modulators helps to ensure dynamic and cell-specific control of TGF-β family signals. This article reviews our knowledge of extracellular modulation of TGF-β growth factors by diverse proteins and their molecular mechanisms to regulate TGF-β family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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54
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Khalil AM, Dotimas H, Kahn J, Lamerdin JE, Hayes DB, Gupta P, Franti M. Differential Binding Activity of TGF-β Family Proteins to Select TGF-β Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:423-30. [PMID: 27340210 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF11) and myostatin (MSTN) are highly related transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands with 89% amino acid sequence homology. They have different biologic activities and diverse tissue distribution patterns. However, the activities of these ligands are indistinguishable in in vitro assays. SMAD2/3 signaling has been identified as the canonical pathway for GDF11 and MSTN, However, it remains unclear which receptor heterodimer and which antagonists preferentially mediate and regulate signaling. In this study, we investigated the initiation and regulation of GDF11 and MSTN signaling at the receptor level using a novel receptor dimerization detection technology. We used the dimerization platform to link early receptor binding events to intracellular downstream signaling. This approach was instrumental in revealing differential receptor binding activity within the TGF-β family. We verified the ActR2b/ALK5 heterodimer as the predominant receptor for GDF11- and MSTN-induced SMAD2/3 signaling. We also showed ALK7 specifically mediates activin-B signaling. We verified follistatin as a potent antagonist to neutralize both SMAD2/3 signaling and receptor dimerization. More remarkably, we showed that the two related antagonists, growth and differentiation factor-associated serum protein (GASP)-1 and GASP2, differentially regulate GDF11 (and MSTN) signaling. GASP1 blocks both receptor dimerization and downstream signaling. However, GASP2 blocks only downstream signaling without interference from receptor dimerization. Our data strongly suggest that physical binding of GDF11 (and MSTN) to both ActR2b and ALK5 receptors is required for initiation of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Khalil
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.K., J.K., D.B.H., P.G., M.F.), Ridgefield, Connecticut; and DiscoverX Corporation (H.D., J.E.L.), Fremont, California
| | - Hyna Dotimas
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.K., J.K., D.B.H., P.G., M.F.), Ridgefield, Connecticut; and DiscoverX Corporation (H.D., J.E.L.), Fremont, California
| | - Julius Kahn
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.K., J.K., D.B.H., P.G., M.F.), Ridgefield, Connecticut; and DiscoverX Corporation (H.D., J.E.L.), Fremont, California
| | - Jane E Lamerdin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.K., J.K., D.B.H., P.G., M.F.), Ridgefield, Connecticut; and DiscoverX Corporation (H.D., J.E.L.), Fremont, California
| | - David B Hayes
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.K., J.K., D.B.H., P.G., M.F.), Ridgefield, Connecticut; and DiscoverX Corporation (H.D., J.E.L.), Fremont, California
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.K., J.K., D.B.H., P.G., M.F.), Ridgefield, Connecticut; and DiscoverX Corporation (H.D., J.E.L.), Fremont, California
| | - Michael Franti
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.K., J.K., D.B.H., P.G., M.F.), Ridgefield, Connecticut; and DiscoverX Corporation (H.D., J.E.L.), Fremont, California
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Monestier O, Blanquet V. WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2: "Companion" proteins regulating TGFB activity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 32:75-84. [PMID: 27325460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The WFIKKN (WAP, Follistatin/kazal, Immunoglobulin, Kunitz and Netrin domain-containing) protein family is composed of two multidomain proteins: WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2. They were formed by domain shuffling and are likely present in deuterostoms. The WFIKKN (also called GASP) proteins are well known for their function in muscle and skeletal tissues, namely, inhibition of certain members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) superfamily such as myostatin (MSTN) and growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11). However, the role of the WFIKKN proteins in other tissues is still poorly understood in spite of evidence suggesting possible action in the inner ear, brain and reproduction. Further, several recent studies based on next generation technologies revealed differential expression of WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 in various tissues suggesting that their function is not limited to MSTN and GDF11 inhibition in musculoskeletal tissue. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the WFIKKN proteins and propose that they are "companion" proteins for various growth factors by providing localized and sustained presentation of TGFB proteins to their respective receptors, thus regulating the balance between the activation of Smad and non-Smad pathways by TGFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Monestier
- INRA, UR1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomic, Growth and Flesh Quality Group, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Véronique Blanquet
- INRA, UMR1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, 87060 Limoges, France; Université de Limoges, 87060 Limoges, France.
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Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Sawada K, Kobayashi E, Schaller B, Zhang Y, Miron RJ. Osteogenic potential of rhBMP9 combined with a bovine-derived natural bone mineral scaffold compared to rhBMP2. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 28:381-387. [PMID: 26988608 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Combination therapies of growth factors and scaffolds for bone tissue engineering are becoming routine for clinical use. BMP9 has previously been characterized as one of the most osteogenic inducers among the BMP superfamily; however, up until recently, BMP9 has only been available through adenovirus transfection experiments (gene therapy). While recombinant human (rh)BMP2 is regarded as the gold standard for bone regeneration with recombinant growth factors, recently the successful development of rhBMP9 brings intriguing new possibilities for future clinical use. The purpose of this pioneering study was to investigate the effects of rhBMP9 in comparison with rhBMP2 on an in vitro cell behavior of bone-forming osteoblasts when combined with a bone grafting material. MATERIAL AND METHODS Undifferentiated mouse ST2 stromal bone marrow cells were seeded onto bovine-derived natural bone mineral (NBM) particles treated with (i) control, (ii) rhBMP2 (10 ng/ml), (iii) rhBMP2 (100 ng/ml), (iv) rhBMP9 (10 ng/ml) and (v) rhBMP9 (100 ng/ml). The effects of rhBMPs were compared for cell adhesion at 8 h, cell proliferation at 1, 3 and 5 days and osteoblast differentiation as assessed by real-time PCR at 3 and 14 days for genes encoding Runx2, collagen1alpha2 (COL1a2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN). Furthermore, ALP staining and alizarin red staining were used to investigate localization of osteoblast differentiation marker and mineralization on NBM. RESULTS Although neither rhBMP2 nor rhBMP9 influenced cell attachment to NBM particles, both were able to stimulate cell proliferation at 3 days. Furthermore, all concentrations of rhBMPs were able to significantly induce mRNA levels of Runx2, COL1a2 and OCN at 3 days. Interestingly, only rhBMP9 was able to significantly upregulate mRNA levels of ALP up to eightfold, and ALP staining up to 25-fold, when compared to rhBMP2. In addition, only rhBMP9 (100 ng/ml) significantly increased alizarin red staining when compared to control and rhBMP2 (10 ng/ml) samples. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that both rhBMP2 and rhBMP9 have osteopromotive properties on osteoblast differentiation. It was found that rhBMP9 additionally stimulated the osteopromotive potential of osteoblasts when compared to rhBMP2 by demonstrating higher levels of ALP expression and alizarin red staining. Further animal studies comparing both recombinant proteins are necessary to further characterize the osteoinductive potential of BMP9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.,Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi, Department of Oral Surgery, Clinical Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kosaku Sawada
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.,Kosaku Sawada, Advanced Research Center, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eizaburo Kobayashi
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Schaller
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Richard J Miron
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Periodontology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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57
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Takayama K, Nakamura A, Rentier C, Mino Y, Asari T, Saga Y, Taguchi A, Yakushiji F, Hayashi Y. Effect of N-Terminal Acylation on the Activity of Myostatin Inhibitory Peptides. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:845-9. [PMID: 26954624 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of myostatin, which negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth, is a promising strategy for the treatment of muscle atrophic disorders, such as muscular dystrophy, cachexia and sarcopenia. Recently, we identified peptide A (H-WRQNTRYSRIEAIKIQILSKLRL-NH2 ), the 23-amino-acid minimum myostatin inhibitory peptide derived from mouse myostatin prodomain, and highlighted the importance of its N-terminal tryptophan residue for the effective inhibition. In this study, we synthesized a series of acylated peptide derivatives focused on the tryptophan residue to develop potent myostatin inhibitors. As a result of the investigation, a more potent derivative of peptide A was successfully identified in which the N-terminal tryptophan residue is replaced with a 2-naphthyloxyacetyl moiety to give an inhibitory peptide three times (1.19±0.11 μm) more potent than parent peptide A (3.53±0.25 μm). This peptide could prove useful as a new starting point for the development of improved inhibitory peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akari Nakamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Cédric Rentier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yusaku Mino
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tomo Asari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saga
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
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Pèrié L, Parenté A, Brun C, Magnol L, Pélissier P, Blanquet V. Enhancement of C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation by GASP-2, a myostatin inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 6:39-46. [PMID: 28955860 PMCID: PMC5600423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GASP-2 is a secreted multi-domain glycoprotein known as a specific inhibitor of myostatin and GDF-11. Here we investigate the role of GASP-2 on myogenesis and the effect of its glycosylation on its activity. Methods GASP-2 overexpression or knockdown by shRNAs were carried out on C2C12 myoblasts cells. In silico analysis of GASP-2 protein was performed to identify its glycosylation sites. We produced a mouse recombinant GASP-2 protein in a prokaryotic system to obtain a fully deglycosylated protein allowing us to study the importance of this post-translational modification on GASP-2 activity. Results Both mature and deglycosylated GASP-2 proteins increase C2C12 proliferation and differentiation by inhibiting the myostatin pathway. In silico and western-blot analyses revealed that GASP-2 presents one consensus sequence for N-glycosylation and six potential sites of mucin-type O-glycosylation. Conclusions GASP-2 promotes myogenesis and thus independently of its glycosylation. General significance This is the first report demonstrating that GASP-2 promotes proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts by inhibiting the canonical pathway of myostatin. Myostatin is a key negative regulator of muscle development. GASP-2 is a secreted glycoprotein known to interact with myostatin. GASP-2 overexpression promotes proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. GASP-2 Knockdown decreases proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. Glycosylation is not required for GASP-2 inhibitor function of myostatin actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Véronique Blanquet
- Correspondence to: Université de Limoges, UMR 1061, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123, av. A. Thomas, F-87060 Limoges Cedex, France.Université de Limoges, UMR 1061, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques123, av. A. ThomasLimoges CedexF-87060France
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Bhattacharya TK, Chatterjee RN, Dushyanth K, Paswan C, Guru Vishnu P. Activin receptor 2A and activin receptor 2B genes in chicken: effect on carcass traits. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Latres E, Pangilinan J, Miloscio L, Bauerlein R, Na E, Potocky TB, Huang Y, Eckersdorff M, Rafique A, Mastaitis J, Lin C, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Gromada J, Stitt T. Myostatin blockade with a fully human monoclonal antibody induces muscle hypertrophy and reverses muscle atrophy in young and aged mice. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:34. [PMID: 26457176 PMCID: PMC4600334 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function in humans is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The role of myostatin as a key negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and function has supported the concept that inactivation of myostatin could be a useful approach for treating muscle wasting diseases. Methods We generated a myostatin monoclonal blocking antibody (REGN1033) and characterized its effects in vitro using surface plasmon resonance biacore and cell-based Smad2/3 signaling assays. REGN1033 was tested in mice for the ability to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy and prevent atrophy induced by immobilization, hindlimb suspension, or dexamethasone. The effect of REGN1033 on exercise training was tested in aged mice. Messenger RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and ex vivo force measurements were performed on skeletal muscle samples from REGN1033-treated mice. Results The human monoclonal antibody REGN1033 is a specific and potent myostatin antagonist. Chronic treatment of mice with REGN1033 increased muscle fiber size, muscle mass, and force production. REGN1033 prevented the loss of muscle mass induced by immobilization, glucocorticoid treatment, or hindlimb unweighting and increased the gain of muscle mass during recovery from pre-existing atrophy. In aged mice, REGN1033 increased muscle mass and strength and improved physical performance during treadmill exercise. Conclusions We show that specific myostatin antagonism with the human antibody REGN1033 enhanced muscle mass and function in young and aged mice and had beneficial effects in models of skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Latres
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Jeffrey Pangilinan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Lawrence Miloscio
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Roy Bauerlein
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Erqian Na
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Terra B Potocky
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Mark Eckersdorff
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Ashique Rafique
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Jason Mastaitis
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Calvin Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - George D Yancopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Jesper Gromada
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Trevor Stitt
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
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Targeted mutations in myostatin by zinc-finger nucleases result in double-muscled phenotype in Meishan pigs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14435. [PMID: 26400270 PMCID: PMC4585837 DOI: 10.1038/srep14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a dominant inhibitor of skeletal muscle development and growth. Mutations in MSTN gene can lead to muscle hypertrophy or double-muscled (DM) phenotype in cattle, sheep, dog and human. However, there has not been reported significant muscle phenotypes in pigs in association with MSTN mutations. Pigs are an important source of meat production, as well as serve as a preferred animal model for the studies of human disease. To study the impacts of MSTN mutations on skeletal muscle growth in pigs, we generated MSTN-mutant Meishan pigs with no marker gene via zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) technology. The MSTN-mutant pigs developed and grew normally, had increased muscle mass with decreased fat accumulation compared with wild type pigs, and homozygote MSTN mutant (MSTN−/−) pigs had apparent DM phenotype, and individual muscle mass increased by 100% over their wild-type controls (MSTN+/+) at eight months of age as a result of myofiber hyperplasia. Interestingly, 20% MSTN-mutant pigs had one extra thoracic vertebra. The MSTN-mutant pigs will not only offer a way of fast genetic improvement of lean meat for local fat-type indigenous pig breeds, but also serve as an important large animal model for biomedical studies of musculoskeletal formation, development and diseases.
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Sharma M, McFarlane C, Kambadur R, Kukreti H, Bonala S, Srinivasan S. Myostatin: expanding horizons. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:589-600. [PMID: 26305594 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin is a secreted growth and differentiation factor that belongs to the TGF-β superfamily. Myostatin is predominantly synthesized and expressed in skeletal muscle and thus exerts a huge impact on muscle growth and function. In keeping with its negative role in myogenesis, myostatin expression is tightly regulated at several levels including epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational. New revelations regarding myostatin regulation also offer mechanisms that could be exploited for developing myostatin antagonists. Increasingly, it is becoming clearer that besides its conventional role in muscle, myostatin plays a critical role in metabolism. Hence, molecular mechanisms by which myostatin regulates several key metabolic processes need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences (SICS), Singapore
| | - Craig McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences (SICS), Singapore
| | - Ravi Kambadur
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences (SICS), Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Himani Kukreti
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Sabeera Bonala
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences (SICS), Singapore
| | - Shruti Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
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Wang J, Zhou H, Fang Q, Liu X, Luo Y, Hickford JGH. Effect of variation in ovine WFIKKN2 on growth traits appears to be gender-dependent. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26197924 PMCID: PMC4510519 DOI: 10.1038/srep12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
WFIKKN2 may play a role in the regulation of muscle growth and development, but to date there have been no reports on the effect of variation in WFIKKN2 on growth and carcass traits in livestock. In this study, the effect of variation in ovine WFIKKN2 was investigated in 800 New Zealand Romney lambs (395 male and 405 female), with five previously described variants (A to E) being identified. Variation in ovine WFIKKN2 was not found to affect various growth traits in the female lambs, but the presence of variant B was associated (P < 0.05) with decreased birth weight, tailing weight, weaning weight and pre-weaning growth rate; and increased post-weaning growth rate in male lambs. In male lambs, the presence of variant B was associated (P < 0.05) with an increased shoulder yield and proportion shoulder yield. No associations with growth or carcass traits were detected for the presence (or absence) of the other variants. These results suggest that variation in ovine WFIKKN2 may have a differential effect on growth in male and female lambs, and hence that the gene may be expressed in, or act in, a gender-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Wang
- 1] Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China [2] Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huitong Zhou
- 1] Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China [2] Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Qian Fang
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Xiu Liu
- 1] Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China [2] Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuzhu Luo
- 1] Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China [2] Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jon G H Hickford
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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Bergen HR, Farr JN, Vanderboom PM, Atkinson EJ, White TA, Singh RJ, Khosla S, LeBrasseur NK. Myostatin as a mediator of sarcopenia versus homeostatic regulator of muscle mass: insights using a new mass spectrometry-based assay. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:21. [PMID: 26180626 PMCID: PMC4502935 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myostatin is a protein synthesized and secreted by skeletal muscle that negatively regulates muscle mass. The extent to which circulating myostatin levels change in the context of aging is controversial, largely due to methodological barriers. METHODS We developed a specific and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay to measure concentrations of myostatin and two of its key inhibitors, follistatin-related gene (FLRG) protein and growth and serum protein-1 (GASP-1) in 80 younger (<40 years), 80 older (>65 years), and 80 sarcopenic older women and men. RESULTS Older women had 34 % higher circulating concentrations of myostatin than younger women. Per unit of lean mass, both older and sarcopenic older women had >23 % higher myostatin levels than younger women. By contrast, younger men had higher myostatin concentrations than older men with and without sarcopenia. Younger men had approximately twofold higher concentrations of myostatin than younger women; however, older women and sarcopenic older women had significantly higher relative myostatin levels than the corresponding groups of men. In both sexes, sarcopenic older subjects had the highest concentrations of FLRG. Circulating concentrations of myostatin exhibited positive, but not robust, correlations with relative muscle mass in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that myostatin may contribute to the higher prevalence of sarcopenia in women but acts as a homeostatic regulator of muscle mass in men. Moreover, this new LC-MS/MS-based approach offers a means to determine the extent to which myostatin serves as a biomarker of muscle health in diverse conditions of muscle loss and deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Robert Bergen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.,Medical Genome Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Joshua N Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Patrick M Vanderboom
- Medical Genome Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Elizabeth J Atkinson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Thomas A White
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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Walker RG, Angerman EB, Kattamuri C, Lee YS, Lee SJ, Thompson TB. Alternative binding modes identified for growth and differentiation factor-associated serum protein (GASP) family antagonism of myostatin. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7506-16. [PMID: 25657005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin, a member of the TGF-β family of ligands, is a strong negative regulator of muscle growth. As such, it is a prime therapeutic target for muscle wasting disorders. Similar to other TGF-β family ligands, myostatin is neutralized by binding one of a number of structurally diverse antagonists. Included are the antagonists GASP-1 and GASP-2, which are unique in that they specifically antagonize myostatin. However, little is known from a structural standpoint describing the interactions of GASP antagonists with myostatin. Here, we present the First low resolution solution structure of myostatin-free and myostatin-bound states of GASP-1 and GASP-2. Our studies have revealed GASP-1, which is 100 times more potent than GASP-2, preferentially binds myostatin in an asymmetrical 1:1 complex, whereas GASP-2 binds in a symmetrical 2:1 complex. Additionally, C-terminal truncations of GASP-1 result in less potent myostatin inhibitors that form a 2:1 complex, suggesting that the C-terminal domains of GASP-1 are the primary mediators for asymmetric complex formation. Overall, this study provides a new perspective on TGF-β antagonism, where closely related antagonists can utilize different ligand-binding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Walker
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Elizabeth B Angerman
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
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Walker RG, Thompson TB. Fibronectin-based scaffold domain proteins that bind myostatin: a patent evaluation of WO2014043344. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:619-24. [PMID: 25632990 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1007954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MD) are commonly characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass and function. It is hypothesized that therapeutic blockade of the TGF-β ligand myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle mass, will stimulate muscle growth and restore muscle function. Although many anti-myostatin targets are currently being pursued in the clinical setting, the efficacies of the tested molecules have shown mixed results. The patent WO2014043344 describes a novel approach for myostatin inhibition using a modified fibronectin type III domain that could potentially be used to treat MD and other muscle-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Walker
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology , Cincinnati, OH, 45267 , USA
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Sepulveda PV, Bush ED, Baar K. Pharmacology of manipulating lean body mass. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:1-13. [PMID: 25311629 PMCID: PMC4383600 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction and wasting of skeletal muscle as a consequence of illness decreases the length and quality of life. Currently, there are few, if any, effective treatments available to address these conditions. Hence, the existence of this unmet medical need has fuelled large scientific efforts. Fortunately, these efforts have shown many of the underlying mechanisms adversely affecting skeletal muscle health. With increased understanding have come breakthrough disease-specific and broad spectrum interventions, some progressing through clinical development. The present review focuses its attention on the role of the antagonistic process regulating skeletal muscle mass before branching into prospective promising therapeutic targets and interventions. Special attention is given to therapies in development against cancer cachexia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy before closing remarks on design and conceptualization of future therapies are presented to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio V Sepulveda
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Monash College Wellington Rd, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Ernest D Bush
- Akashi Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Keith Baar
- Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behaviour and Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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de Souza EO, Tricoli V, Aoki MS, Roschel H, Brum PC, Bacurau AV, Silva-Batista C, Wilson JM, Neves M, Soares AG, Ugrinowitsch C. Effects of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Genes Related to Myostatin Signaling Pathway and Muscle Fiber Responses. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:3215-23. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Makanji Y, Zhu J, Mishra R, Holmquist C, Wong WPS, Schwartz NB, Mayo KE, Woodruff TK. Inhibin at 90: from discovery to clinical application, a historical review. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:747-94. [PMID: 25051334 PMCID: PMC4167436 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
When it was initially discovered in 1923, inhibin was characterized as a hypophysiotropic hormone that acts on pituitary cells to regulate pituitary hormone secretion. Ninety years later, what we know about inhibin stretches far beyond its well-established capacity to inhibit activin signaling and suppress pituitary FSH production. Inhibin is one of the major reproductive hormones involved in the regulation of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Although the physiological role of inhibin as an activin antagonist in other organ systems is not as well defined as it is in the pituitary-gonadal axis, inhibin also modulates biological processes in other organs through paracrine, autocrine, and/or endocrine mechanisms. Inhibin and components of its signaling pathway are expressed in many organs. Diagnostically, inhibin is used for prenatal screening of Down syndrome as part of the quadruple test and as a biochemical marker in the assessment of ovarian reserve. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current understanding of the biological role of inhibin, its relationship with activin, its signaling mechanisms, and its potential value as a diagnostic marker for reproductive function and pregnancy-associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwar Makanji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.M., J.Z., C.H., W.P.S.W., T.K.W.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60610; Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery (R.M., C.H.), Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208; and Department of Molecular Biosciences (N.B.S., K.E.M., T.K.W.), Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Neels JG, Grimaldi PA. Physiological functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:795-858. [PMID: 24987006 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ, are a family of transcription factors activated by a diversity of molecules including fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. PPARs regulate the transcription of a large variety of genes implicated in metabolism, inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation in different cell types. These transcriptional regulations involve both direct transactivation and interaction with other transcriptional regulatory pathways. The functions of PPARα and PPARγ have been extensively documented mainly because these isoforms are activated by molecules clinically used as hypolipidemic and antidiabetic compounds. The physiological functions of PPARβ remained for a while less investigated, but the finding that specific synthetic agonists exert beneficial actions in obese subjects uplifted the studies aimed to elucidate the roles of this PPAR isoform. Intensive work based on pharmacological and genetic approaches and on the use of both in vitro and in vivo models has considerably improved our knowledge on the physiological roles of PPARβ in various cell types. This review will summarize the accumulated evidence for the implication of PPARβ in the regulation of development, metabolism, and inflammation in several tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and intestine. Some of these findings indicate that pharmacological activation of PPARβ could be envisioned as a therapeutic option for the correction of metabolic disorders and a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, other experimental data suggesting that activation of PPARβ could result in serious adverse effects, such as carcinogenesis and psoriasis, raise concerns about the clinical use of potent PPARβ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G Neels
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul A Grimaldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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Sartori R, Gregorevic P, Sandri M. TGFβ and BMP signaling in skeletal muscle: potential significance for muscle-related disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:464-71. [PMID: 25042839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily comprises a large number of secreted proteins that regulate various fundamental biological processes underlying embryonic development and the postnatal regulation of many cell types and organs. Sequence similarities define two ligand subfamilies: the TGFβ/activin subfamily and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) subfamily. The discovery that myostatin, a member of the TGFβ/activin subfamily, negatively controls muscle mass attracted attention to this pathway. However, recent findings of a positive role for BMP-mediated signaling in muscle have challenged the model of how the TGFβ network regulates skeletal muscle phenotype. This review illustrates how this complex network integrates crosstalk among members of the TGFβ superfamily and downstream signaling elements to regulate muscle in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sartori
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Division of Cell Signaling and Metabolism, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Marco Sandri
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Dschietzig TB. Myostatin — From the Mighty Mouse to cardiovascular disease and cachexia. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 433:216-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Bouyer C, Forestier L, Renand G, Oulmouden A. Deep intronic mutation and pseudo exon activation as a novel muscular hypertrophy modifier in cattle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97399. [PMID: 24827585 PMCID: PMC4020855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myostatin is essential for proper regulation of myogenesis, and inactivation of Myostatin results in muscle hypertrophy. Here, we identified an unexpected mutation in the myostatin gene which is almost fixed in Blonde d'Aquitaine cattle. In skeletal muscle, the mutant allele was highly expressed leading to an abnormal transcript consisting of a 41-bp inclusion and premature termination codons and to residual levels of a correctly spliced transcript. This expression pattern, caused by a leaky intronic mutation with regard to spliceosome activity and its apparent stability with regard to surveillance mechanisms, could contribute to the moderate muscle hypertrophy in this cattle breed. This finding is of importance for genetic counseling for meat quantity and quality in livestock production and possibly to manipulate myostatin pre-mRNA in human muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bouyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1061 INRA/Université de Limoges, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Limoges, France
| | - Lionel Forestier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1061 INRA/Université de Limoges, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Limoges, France
| | - Gilles Renand
- UMR 1313 INRA, Unité de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ahmad Oulmouden
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1061 INRA/Université de Limoges, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Limoges, France
- * E-mail:
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74
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Variation in the ovine WFIKKN2 gene. Gene 2014; 543:53-7. [PMID: 24704001 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
WFIKKN2 may play a role in the regulation of muscle growth and development through its interaction with growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) and growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), but to date research into the function of the protein has been focused on mice, even though the WFIKKN2 gene (WFIKKN2) was first identified in humans in 2001. In this study two regions (intron 1 and the 3' UTR) of ovine WFIKKN2 were investigated, using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Two different PCR-SSCP patterns, representing two unique DNA sequences (designated a and b) were detected in a 399-bp amplicon derived from the 3' UTR, with sequence analysis revealing one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In a 421-bp amplicon from intron 1, five different PCR-SSCP patterns (designated A-E) were observed and twelve SNPs were detected. Either one or two different sequences were detected in individual sheep and all the sequences identified shared homology with the WFIKKN2 sequences from cattle and other animal species, suggesting that these sequences represent variants of the ovine WFIKKN2 gene. In intron 1 of 487 sheep from eight breeds, variants B and C were the most common, followed by A, D and E. These results indicate that ovine WFIKKN2 is polymorphic and suggest that further analysis is required to see if variation in the gene is associated with variation in growth and muscle traits in sheep.
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Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) and growth and differentiation factor-11 (GDF-11) are highly related TGF-β family members that have distinct biological functions. MSTN is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle and acts to limit muscle growth. GDF-11 is expressed more widely and plays multiple roles, including regulating axial skeletal patterning during development. Several MSTN and GDF-11 binding proteins have been identified, including GDF-associated serum protein-1 (GASP-1) and GASP-2, which are capable of inhibiting the activities of these ligands. Here, we show that GASP-1 and GASP-2 act by blocking the initial signaling event (namely, the binding of the ligand to the type II receptor). Moreover, we show that mice lacking Gasp1 and Gasp2 have phenotypes consistent with overactivity of MSTN and GDF-11. Specifically, we show that Gasp2(-/-) mice have posteriorly directed transformations of the axial skeleton, which contrast with the anteriorly directed transformations seen in Gdf11(-/-) mice. We also show that both Gasp1(-/-) and Gasp2(-/-) mice have reductions in muscle weights, a shift in fiber type from fast glycolytic type IIb fibers to fast oxidative type IIa fibers, and impaired muscle regeneration ability, which are the reverse of what are seen in Mstn(-/-) mice. All of these findings suggest that both GASP-1 and GASP-2 are important modulators of GDF-11 and MSTN activity in vivo.
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76
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Fakhfakh R, Lee SJ, Tremblay JP. Administration of a soluble activin type IIB receptor promotes the transplantation of human myoblasts in dystrophic mice. Cell Transplant 2013; 21:1419-30. [PMID: 22449443 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x627480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a recessive disease caused by a dystrophin gene mutation. Myoblast transplantation permits the introduction of the dystrophin gene into dystrophic muscle fibers. However, this strategy has so far produced limited results. Modulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily signaling promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and growth and myogenic regeneration. We investigated the possibility that the combination of TGF-β superfamily signaling inhibition with myoblast transplantation might be an effective therapeutic approach in dystrophin-deficient patients. In vitro, blocking myostatin and other ligands with a soluble form of the extracellular domain of the activin IIB receptor (ActRIIB/Fc) upregulated the expression of myogenic differentiation factors and increased human myoblast fusion. In vivo, systemic inhibition of activin IIB receptor signaling by delivery of ActRIIB/Fc increased the success of the myoblast transplantation. This effect was further increased by forcing the mice to swim weekly to induce cycles of muscle degeneration and regeneration. Treatment of dystrophic mice with ActRIIB/Fc led to increased body weight, increased skeletal muscle mass, and improved myoblast transplantation. Thus, ActRIIB/Fc represents an effective therapeutic strategy for muscular dystrophies, and its effects are enhanced when combined with muscle exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouia Fakhfakh
- Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine, Centre de Recherche de CHUL, CHUQ, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Beederman M, Lamplot JD, Nan G, Wang J, Liu X, Yin L, Li R, Shui W, Zhang H, Kim SH, Zhang W, Zhang J, Kong Y, Denduluri S, Rogers MR, Pratt A, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Angeles J, Shi LL, He TC. BMP signaling in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and bone formation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2013; 6:32-52. [PMID: 26819651 PMCID: PMC4725591 DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2013.68a1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β superfamily and have diverse functions during development and organogenesis. BMPs play a major role in skeletal development and bone formation, and disruptions in BMP signaling cause a variety of skeletal and extraskeletal anomalies. Several knockout models have provided insight into the mechanisms responsible for these phenotypes. Proper bone formation requires the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) precursors, a process mediated in part by BMP signaling. Multiple BMPs, including BMP2, BMP6, BMP7 and BMP9, promote osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo. BMP9 is one of the most osteogenic BMPs yet is a poorly characterized member of the BMP family. Several studies demonstrate that the mechanisms controlling BMP9-mediated osteogenesis differ from other osteogenic BMPs, but little is known about these specific mechanisms. Several pathways critical to BMP9-mediated osteogenesis are also important in the differentiation of other cell lineages, including adipocytes and chondrocytes. BMP9 has also demonstrated translational promise in spinal fusion and bone fracture repair. This review will summarize our current knowledge of BMP-mediated osteogenesis, with a focus on BMP9, by presenting recently completed work which may help us to further elucidate these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Beederman
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Joseph D Lamplot
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Guoxin Nan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics Co-Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics Co-Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruidong Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Shui
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Stephanie H Kim
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhan Kong
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sahitya Denduluri
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Mary Rose Rogers
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Abdullah Pratt
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Rex C Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Hue H Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Jovito Angeles
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Lewis L Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics Co-Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Szláma G, Trexler M, Patthy L. Latent myostatin has significant activity and this activity is controlled more efficiently by WFIKKN1 than by WFIKKN2. FEBS J 2013; 280:3822-39. [PMID: 23829672 PMCID: PMC3906830 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, is produced from myostatin precursor by multiple steps of proteolytic processing. After cleavage by a furin-type protease, the propeptide and growth factor domains remain associated, forming a noncovalent complex, the latent myostatin complex. Mature myostatin is liberated from latent myostatin by bone morphogenetic protein 1/tolloid proteases. Here, we show that, in reporter assays, latent myostatin preparations have significant myostatin activity, as the noncovalent complex dissociates at an appreciable rate, and both mature and semilatent myostatin (a complex in which the dimeric growth factor domain interacts with only one molecule of myostatin propeptide) bind to myostatin receptor. The interaction of myostatin receptor with semilatent myostatin is efficiently blocked by WAP, Kazal, immunoglobulin, Kunitz and NTR domain-containing protein 1 or growth and differentiation factor-associated serum protein 2 (WFIKKN1), a large extracellular multidomain protein that binds both mature myostatin and myostatin propeptide [Kondás et al. (2008) J Biol Chem283, 23677–23684]. Interestingly, the paralogous protein WAP, Kazal, immunoglobulin, Kunitz and NTR domain-containing protein 2 or growth and differentiation factor-associated serum protein 1 (WFIKKN2) was less efficient than WFIKKN1 as an antagonist of the interactions of myostatin receptor with semilatent myostatin. Our studies have shown that this difference is attributable to the fact that only WFIKKN1 has affinity for the propeptide domain, and this interaction increases its potency in suppressing the receptor-binding activity of semilatent myostatin. As the interaction of WFIKKN1 with various forms of myostatin permits tighter control of myostatin activity until myostatin is liberated from latent myostatin by bone morphogenetic protein 1/tolloid proteases, WFIKKN1 may have greater potential as an antimyostatic agent than WFIKKN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Szláma
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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79
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Monestier O, Brun C, Heu K, Passet B, Malhouroux M, Magnol L, Vilotte JL, Blanquet V. Ubiquitous Gasp1 overexpression in mice leads mainly to a hypermuscular phenotype. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:541. [PMID: 23046573 PMCID: PMC3575399 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myostatin, a member of the TGFβ superfamily, is well known as a potent and specific negative regulator of muscle growth. Targeting the myostatin signalling pathway may offer promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of muscle-wasting disorders. In the last decade, various myostatin-binding proteins have been identified to be able to inhibit myostatin activity. One of these is GASP1 (Growth and Differentiation Factor-Associated Serum Protein-1), a protein containing a follistatin domain as well as multiple domains associated with protease inhibitors. Despite in vitro data, remarkably little is known about in vivo functions of Gasp1. To further address the role of GASP1 during mouse development and in adulthood, we generated a gain-of-function transgenic mouse model that overexpresses Gasp1 under transcriptional control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter/enhancer. Results Overexpression of Gasp1 led to an increase in muscle mass observed not before day 15 of postnatal life. The surGasp1 transgenic mice did not display any other gross abnormality. Histological and morphometric analysis of surGasp1 rectus femoris muscles revealed an increase in myofiber size without a corresponding increase in myofiber number. Fiber-type distribution was unaltered. Interestingly, we do not detect a change in total fat mass and lean mass. These results differ from those for myostatin knockout mice, transgenic mice overexpressing the myostatin propeptide or follistatin which exhibit both muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and show minimal fat deposition. Conclusions Altogether, our data give new insight into the in vivo functions of Gasp1. As an extracellular regulatory factor in the myostatin signalling pathway, additional studies on GASP1 and its homolog GASP2 are required to elucidate the crosstalk between the different intrinsic inhibitors of the myostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Monestier
- INRA, UMR1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Limoges, 87060, France
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80
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Fiems LO. Double Muscling in Cattle: Genes, Husbandry, Carcasses and Meat. Animals (Basel) 2012; 2:472-506. [PMID: 26487034 PMCID: PMC4494293 DOI: 10.3390/ani2030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular biology has enabled the identification of the mechanisms whereby inactive myostatin increases skeletal muscle growth in double-muscled (DM) animals. Myostatin is a secreted growth differentiation factor belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Mutations make the myostatin gene inactive, resulting in muscle hypertrophy. The relationship between the different characteristics of DM cattle are defined with possible consequences for livestock husbandry. The extremely high carcass yield of DM animals coincides with a reduction in the size of most vital organs. As a consequence, DM animals may be more susceptible to respiratory disease, urolithiasis, lameness, nutritional stress, heat stress and dystocia, resulting in a lower robustness. Their feed intake capacity is reduced, necessitating a diet with a greater nutrient density. The modified myofiber type is responsible for a lower capillary density, and it induces a more glycolytic metabolism. There are associated changes for the living animal and post-mortem metabolism alterations, requiring appropriate slaughter conditions to maintain a high meat quality. Intramuscular fat content is low, and it is characterized by more unsaturated fatty acids, providing healthier meat for the consumer. It may not always be easy to find a balance between the different disciplines underlying the livestock husbandry of DM animals to realize a good performance and health and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo O Fiems
- Animal Sciences Unit, The Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium.
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81
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Monestier O, Brun C, Cocquempot O, Petit D, Blanquet V. GASP/WFIKKN proteins: evolutionary aspects of their functions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43710. [PMID: 22937083 PMCID: PMC3427181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth and differentiation factor Associated Serum Protein (GASP) 1 and 2 are proteins known to be involved in the control of myostatin activity at least in vitro. Most deuterostome GASPs share a modular organization including WAP, follistatin/kazal, IGc2, two kunitz, and NTR domains. Based on an exon shuffling model, we performed independent phylogenetic analyses on these modules and assessed that papilin is probably a sister sequence to GASP with a divergence date estimated from the last common ancestor to bilateria. The final organization was acquired by the addition of the FS domain in early deuterostomes. Our study revealed that Gasp genes diverged during the first round of genome duplication in early vertebrates. By evaluating the substitution rate at different sites on the proteins, we showed a better conservation of the follistatin/kazal domain of GASP1 than GASP2 in mammals, suggesting a stronger interaction with myostatin. We also observed a progressive increase in the conservation of follistatin and kunitz domains from the ancestor of Ciona to early vertebrates. In situ hybridization performed on mouse embryos showed a weak Gasp1 expression in the formed somites at 10.5 dpc and in limb buds from embryonic E10.0 to E12.5. Similar results were obtained for zebrafish embryos. We propose a synthetic view showing possible interactions between GASP1 and myostatin and highlighting the role of the second kunitz domain in preventing myostatin proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Monestier
- INRA, UMR1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Limoges, France
- Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Caroline Brun
- INRA, UMR1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Limoges, France
- Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Olivier Cocquempot
- INRA, UMR1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Limoges, France
- Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Daniel Petit
- INRA, UMR1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Limoges, France
- Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Véronique Blanquet
- INRA, UMR1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Limoges, France
- Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
- * E-mail:
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82
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Wang M, Yu H, Kim YS, Bidwell CA, Kuang S. Myostatin facilitates slow and inhibits fast myosin heavy chain expression during myogenic differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:83-8. [PMID: 22910409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles in the limb and body trunk are composed of heterogeneous myofibers expressing different isoforms of myosin heavy chain (Myh), including type I (slow, Myh7), IIA (intermediate, Myh2), IIX (fast, Myh1), and IIB (very fast, Myh4). While the contraction force and speed of a muscle are known to be determined by the relative abundance of myofibers expressing each Myh isoform, it is unclear how specific combinations of myofiber types are formed and regulated at the cellular and molecular level. We report here that myostatin (Mstn) positively regulates slow but negatively regulates fast Myh isoforms. Mstn was expressed at higher levels in the fast muscle myoblasts and myofibers than in the slow muscle counterparts. Interestingly, Mstn knockout led to a shift of Myh towards faster isoforms, suggesting an inhibitory role of Mstn in fast Myh expression. Consistently, when induced to differentiate, Mstn null myoblasts formed myotubes preferentially expressing fast Myh. Conversely, treatment of myoblasts with a recombinant Mstn protein upregulated Myh7 but downregulated Myh4 gene expression in newly formed myotubes. Importantly, both Mstn antibody and soluble activin type 2B receptor inhibited slow Myh7 and promoted fast Myh4 expression, indicating that myostatin acts through canonical activin receptor to regulate the expression of Myh genes. These results demonstrate a role of myostatin in the specification of myofiber types during myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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83
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Wang F, Liao Y, Li X, Ren C, Cheng C, Ren Y. Increased circulating myostatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:534-539. [PMID: 22886966 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The changes of plasma myostatin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and their clinical correlation were investigated. We recruited 43 T2D patients and 20 age-matched healthy subjects. Plasma myostatin, lipid and glucose, and serum insulin were determined. T2D patients showed significantly higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum insulin and triglyceride levels, and lower high-density lipoprotein levels than normal control subjects (P<0.01). Mean plasma myostatin level in T2D patients and health controls was (66.5±17.8) and (46.2±13.8) ng/mL, respectively. An unpaired t test showed that the increase of myostatin in the T2D patients was significant (P<0.001). In both healthy control and T2D groups, the female subjects showed higher myostatin levels than the male subjects. In the T2D patients, plasma level of myostatin was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI, r=-0.42, P<0.01) and FPG (r=-0.51, P[Symbol: see text]0.01), but positively correlated with insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR, r=0.48, P<0.01). Up-regulation of plasma myostatin in the T2D patients and its correlation with BMI, FPG and blood insulin sensitivity suggests that plasma myostatin may be implicated in the pathogenesis of T2D and thus presented as a therapeutic target for treating the disease. Furthermore, circulating myostatin levels may be used as a biomarker for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518028, China
| | - Yonggan Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Chunlin Ren
- Department of Electrocardiography, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Changming Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Yongsheng Ren
- Department of Physiology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
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Role of satellite cells versus myofibers in muscle hypertrophy induced by inhibition of the myostatin/activin signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2353-60. [PMID: 22869749 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206410109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin and activin A are structurally related secreted proteins that act to limit skeletal muscle growth. The cellular targets for myostatin and activin A in muscle and the role of satellite cells in mediating muscle hypertrophy induced by inhibition of this signaling pathway have not been fully elucidated. Here we show that myostatin/activin A inhibition can cause muscle hypertrophy in mice lacking either syndecan4 or Pax7, both of which are important for satellite cell function and development. Moreover, we show that muscle hypertrophy after pharmacological blockade of this pathway occurs without significant satellite cell proliferation and fusion to myofibers and without an increase in the number of myonuclei per myofiber. Finally, we show that genetic ablation of Acvr2b, which encodes a high-affinity receptor for myostatin and activin A specifically in myofibers is sufficient to induce muscle hypertrophy. All of these findings are consistent with satellite cells playing little or no role in myostatin/activin A signaling in vivo and render support that inhibition of this signaling pathway can be an effective therapeutic approach for increasing muscle growth even in disease settings characterized by satellite cell dysfunction.
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85
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Elliott B, Renshaw D, Getting S, Mackenzie R. The central role of myostatin in skeletal muscle and whole body homeostasis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:324-40. [PMID: 22340904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin is a powerful negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass in mammalian species. It plays a key role in skeletal muscle homeostasis and has now been well described since its discovery. Myostatin is capable of inducing muscle atrophy via its inhibition of myoblast proliferation, increasing ubiquitin-proteasomal activity and downregulating activity of the IGF-Akt pathway. These well-recognized effects are seen in multiple atrophy causing situations, including injury, diseases such as cachexia, disuse and space flight, demonstrating the importance of the myostatin signalling mechanism. Based on this central role, significant work has been pursued to inhibit myostatin's actions in vivo. Importantly, several new studies have uncovered roles for myostatin distinct from skeletal muscle size. Myostatin has been suggested to play a role in cardiomyocyte homeostasis, glucose metabolism and adipocyte proliferation, all of which are examined in detail below. Based on these effects, myostatin inhibition has potential to be widely utilized in many Western diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type II diabetes and obesity. However, if myostatin inhibitors are to successfully translate from bench-top to bedside in the near future, awareness must be raised on these non-traditional effects of myostatin away from skeletal muscle. Indeed, further research into these novel areas is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Elliott
- Infection & Immunity Group; Department of Human & Health Science, School of Life Sciences; University of Westminster; London; UK
| | - D. Renshaw
- Infection & Immunity Group; Department of Human & Health Science, School of Life Sciences; University of Westminster; London; UK
| | - S. Getting
- Infection & Immunity Group; Department of Human & Health Science, School of Life Sciences; University of Westminster; London; UK
| | - R. Mackenzie
- Infection & Immunity Group; Department of Human & Health Science, School of Life Sciences; University of Westminster; London; UK
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86
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LAURENTINO GILBERTOCANDIDO, UGRINOWITSCH CARLOS, ROSCHEL HAMILTON, AOKI MARCELOSALDANHA, SOARES ANTONIOGARCIA, NEVES MANOEL, AIHARA ANDRÉYUI, DA ROCHA CORREA FERNANDES ARTUR, TRICOLI VALMOR. Strength Training with Blood Flow Restriction Diminishes Myostatin Gene Expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:406-12. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318233b4bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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87
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Transgenic inactivation of murine myostatin does not decrease the severity of disease in a model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:277-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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88
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Bonala S, Lokireddy S, Arigela H, Teng S, Wahli W, Sharma M, McFarlane C, Kambadur R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ induces myogenesis by modulating myostatin activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12935-51. [PMID: 22362769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.319145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) function was thought to be restricted to enhancing adipocyte differentiation and development of adipose-like cells from other lineages. However, recent studies have revealed a critical role for PPARβ/δ during skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Although PPARβ/δ has been implicated in regulating myogenesis, little is presently known about the role and, for that matter, the mechanism(s) of action of PPARβ/δ in regulating postnatal myogenesis. Here we report for the first time, using a PPARβ/δ-specific ligand (L165041) and the PPARβ/δ-null mouse model, that PPARβ/δ enhances postnatal myogenesis through increasing both myoblast proliferation and differentiation. In addition, we have identified Gasp-1 (growth and differentiation factor-associated serum protein-1) as a novel downstream target of PPARβ/δ in skeletal muscle. In agreement, reduced Gasp-1 expression was detected in PPARβ/δ-null mice muscle tissue. We further report that a functional PPAR-responsive element within the 1.5-kb proximal Gasp-1 promoter region is critical for PPARβ/δ regulation of Gasp-1. Gasp-1 has been reported to bind to and inhibit the activity of myostatin; consistent with this, we found that enhanced secretion of Gasp-1, increased Gasp-1 myostatin interaction and significantly reduced myostatin activity upon L165041-mediated activation of PPARβ/δ. Moreover, we analyzed the ability of hGASP-1 to regulate myogenesis independently of PPARβ/δ activation. The results revealed that hGASP-1 protein treatment enhances myoblast proliferation and differentiation, whereas silencing of hGASP-1 results in defective myogenesis. Taken together these data revealed that PPARβ/δ is a positive regulator of skeletal muscle myogenesis, which functions through negatively modulating myostatin activity via a mechanism involving Gasp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeera Bonala
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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89
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Biological functions of the WAP domain-containing multidomain proteins WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 39:1416-20. [PMID: 21936825 DOI: 10.1042/bst0391416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 are two closely related multidomain proteins consisting of a WAP (whey acidic protein)-, a follistatin-, an immunoglobulin-, two Kunitz-type protease inhibitor-domains and an NTR domain (netrin domain). Recent experiments have shown that both WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 bind myostatin and GDF11 (growth and differentiation factor 11) with high affinity and are potent antagonists of these growth factors. Structure-function studies on WFIKKN proteins have revealed that their interactions with GDF8 and GDF11 are mediated primarily by the follistatin and NTR domains.
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90
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Abstract
Myostatin is an extracellular cytokine mostly expressed in skeletal muscles and known to play a crucial role in the negative regulation of muscle mass. Upon the binding to activin type IIB receptor, myostatin can initiate several different signalling cascades resulting in the upregulation of the atrogenes and downregulation of the important for myogenesis genes. Muscle size is regulated via a complex interplay of myostatin signalling with the insulin-like growth factor 1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway responsible for increase in protein synthesis in muscle. Therefore, the regulation of muscle weight is a process in which myostatin plays a central role but the mechanism of its action and signalling cascades are not fully understood. Myostatin upregulation was observed in the pathogenesis of muscle wasting during cachexia associated with different diseases (i.e. cancer, heart failure, HIV). Characterisation of myostatin signalling is therefore a perspective direction in the treatment development for cachexia. The current review covers the present knowledge about myostatin signalling pathways leading to muscle wasting and the state of therapy approaches via the regulation of myostatin and/or its downstream targets in cachexia.
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91
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Carnac G, Vernus B, Bonnieu A. Myostatin in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:415-22. [PMID: 19412331 PMCID: PMC2647158 DOI: 10.2174/138920207783591672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin is an endogenous, negative regulator of muscle growth determining both muscle fiber number and size. The myostatin pathway is conserved across diverse species ranging from zebrafish to humans. Experimental models of muscle growth and regeneration have implicated myostatin as an important mediator of catabolic pathways in muscle cells. Inhibition of this pathway has emerged as a promising therapy for muscle wasting. Here we discuss the recent developments and the controversies in myostatin research, focusing on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the actions of myostatin on skeletal muscle and the potential therapeutic role of myostatin on muscle-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Carnac
- INSERM, ERI 25-Muscle et Pathologies, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Bât. A Craste de Paulet, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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92
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Bhasin S, Jasuja R, Tu P, Storer TW, Guo W. Novel strategies for improving physical function. Horm Res Paediatr 2011; 76 Suppl 1:17-23. [PMID: 21778743 PMCID: PMC7065398 DOI: 10.1159/000329148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of elderly people is growing worldwide, and a substantial proportion of them report difficulty with mobility and in performing activities of daily living. The demographic trends have created enormous interest in development of function-promoting anabolic therapies. At present, androgens and myostatin inhibitors are the two leading classes of function-promoting anabolic therapies that are the most advanced in the drug development process. However, clinical development has been slowed by vexing trial design issues. CONCLUSIONS Clinical investigators, regulatory agencies and the National Institutes of Health must continue working toward a consensus about the indications for study, efficacy outcomes and what differences in functional outcomes are needed to determine sample size estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalender Bhasin
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Ravi Jasuja
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Powen Tu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Thomas W. Storer
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Wen Guo
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA
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93
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Myostatin: a novel insight into its role in metabolism, signal pathways, and expression regulation. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1441-6. [PMID: 21609762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, is a critical autocrine/paracrine inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth. Since the first observed double-muscling phenotype was reported in myostatin-null animals, a functional role of myostatin has been demonstrated in the control of skeletal muscle development. However, beyond the confines of its traditional role in muscle growth inhibition, myostatin has recently been shown to play an important role in metabolism. During the past several years, it has been well established that Smads are canonical mediators of signals for myostatin from the receptors to the nucleus. However, growing evidence supports the notion that Non-Smad signal pathways also participate in myostatin signaling. Myostatin expression is increased in muscle atrophy and metabolic disorders, suggesting that changes in endogenous expression of myostatin may provide therapeutic benefit for these diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression and recent evidence has accumulated supporting a role for miRNAs in the regulation of myostatin expression. This review highlights some of these areas in myostatin research: a novel role in metabolism, signal pathways, and miRNA-mediated expression regulation.
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94
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Burks TN, Cohn RD. Role of TGF-β signaling in inherited and acquired myopathies. Skelet Muscle 2011; 1:19. [PMID: 21798096 PMCID: PMC3156642 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily consists of a variety of cytokines expressed in many different cell types including skeletal muscle. Members of this superfamily that are of particular importance in skeletal muscle are TGF-β1, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and myostatin. These signaling molecules play important roles in skeletal muscle homeostasis and in a variety of inherited and acquired neuromuscular disorders. Expression of these molecules is linked to normal processes in skeletal muscle such as growth, differentiation, regeneration, and stress response. However, chronic elevation of TGF-β1, MAPKs, and myostatin is linked to various features of muscle pathology, including impaired regeneration and atrophy. In this review, we focus on the aberrant signaling of TGF-β in various disorders such as Marfan syndrome, muscular dystrophies, sarcopenia, and critical illness myopathy. We also discuss how the inhibition of several members of the TGF-β signaling pathway has been implicated in ameliorating disease phenotypes, opening up novel therapeutic avenues for a large group of neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyesha N Burks
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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95
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Breitbart A, Auger-Messier M, Molkentin JD, Heineke J. Myostatin from the heart: local and systemic actions in cardiac failure and muscle wasting. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1973-82. [PMID: 21421824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00200.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of heart failure patients develop skeletal muscle wasting and cardiac cachexia, which is associated with a very poor prognosis. Recently, myostatin, a cytokine from the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family and a known strong inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth, has been identified as a direct mediator of skeletal muscle atrophy in mice with heart failure. Myostatin is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, although basal expression is also detectable in heart and adipose tissue. During pathological loading of the heart, the myocardium produces and secretes myostatin into the circulation where it inhibits skeletal muscle growth. Thus, genetic elimination of myostatin from the heart reduces skeletal muscle atrophy in mice with heart failure, whereas transgenic overexpression of myostatin in the heart is capable of inducing muscle wasting. In addition to its endocrine action on skeletal muscle, cardiac myostatin production also modestly inhibits cardiomyocyte growth under certain circumstances, as well as induces cardiac fibrosis and alterations in ventricular function. Interestingly, heart failure patients show elevated myostatin levels in their serum. To therapeutically influence skeletal muscle wasting, direct inhibition of myostatin was shown to positively impact skeletal muscle mass in heart failure, suggesting a promising strategy for the treatment of cardiac cachexia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Breitbart
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Rebirth-Cluster of Excellence, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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96
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Ratkevicius A, Joyson A, Selmer I, Dhanani T, Grierson C, Tommasi AM, DeVries A, Rauchhaus P, Crowther D, Alesci S, Yaworsky P, Gilbert F, Redpath TW, Brady J, Fearon KCH, Reid DM, Greig CA, Wackerhage H. Serum Concentrations of Myostatin and Myostatin-Interacting Proteins Do Not Differ Between Young and Sarcopenic Elderly Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66:620-6. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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97
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Abstract
Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily of secreted growth factors that negatively regulates skeletal muscle size. Mice null for the myostatin gene have a dramatically increased mass of individual muscles, reduced adiposity, increased insulin sensitivity, and resistance to obesity. Myostatin inhibition in adult mice also increases muscle mass which raises the possibility that anti-myostatin therapy could be a useful approach for treating diseases such as obesity or diabetes in addition to muscle wasting diseases. In this review I will describe the present state of our understanding of the role of myostatin and the closely related growth factor growth/differentiation factor 11 on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C McPherron
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
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98
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Lee SJ. Extracellular Regulation of Myostatin: A Molecular Rheostat for Muscle Mass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 10:183-194. [PMID: 21423813 DOI: 10.2174/187152210793663748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a transforming growth factor-ß family member that plays a critical role in regulating skeletal muscle mass. Genetic studies in multiple species have demonstrated that mutations in the Mstn gene lead to dramatic and widespread increases in muscle mass as a result of a combination of increased fiber numbers and increased fiber sizes. MSTN inhibitors have also been shown to cause significant increases in muscle growth when administered to adult mice. As a result, there has been an extensive effort to understand the mechanisms underlying MSTN regulation and activity with the goal of developing the most effective strategies for targeting this signaling pathway for clinical applications. Here, I review the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of MSTN extracellularly by binding proteins and discuss the implications of these findings both with respect to the fundamental physiological role that MSTN plays in regulating tissue homeostasis and with respect to the development of therapeutic agents to combat muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, PCTB 803, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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99
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Morine KJ, Bish LT, Selsby JT, Gazzara JA, Pendrak K, Sleeper MM, Barton ER, Lee SJ, Sweeney HL. Activin IIB receptor blockade attenuates dystrophic pathology in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42:722-30. [PMID: 20730876 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling to promote muscle growth holds tremendous promise for the muscular dystrophies and other disorders involving the loss of functional muscle mass. Previous studies have focused on the TGF-β family member myostatin and demonstrated that inhibition of myostatin leads to muscle growth in normal and dystrophic mice. We describe a unique method of systemic inhibition of activin IIB receptor signaling via adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer of a soluble form of the extracellular domain of the activin IIB receptor to the liver. Treatment of mdx mice with activin IIB receptor blockade led to increased skeletal muscle mass, increased force production in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and reduced serum creatine kinase. No effect on heart mass or function was observed. Our results indicate that activin IIB receptor blockade represents a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for the muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Morine
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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100
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Szláma G, Kondás K, Trexler M, Patthy L. WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 bind growth factors TGFβ1, BMP2 and BMP4 but do not inhibit their signalling activity. FEBS J 2010; 277:5040-50. [PMID: 21054789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 are large extracellular multidomain proteins consisting of a WAP domain, a follistatin domain, an immunoglobulin domain, two Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domains and an NTR domain. Recent experiments have shown that both proteins have high affinity for growth and differentiation factor (GDF)8 and GDF11. Here we study the interaction of WFIKKN proteins with several additional representatives of the transforming growth factor (TGF)β family using SPR measurements. Analyses of SPR sensorgrams suggested that, in addition to GDF8 and GDF11, both WFIKKN proteins bind TGFβ1, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2 and BMP4 with relatively high affinity (K(d) ∼ 10(-6) m). To assess the biological significance of these interactions we studied the effect of WFIKKN proteins on the activity of GDF8, GDF11, TGFβ1, BMP2 and BMP4 using reporter assays. These studies revealed that WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 inhibited the biological activity of GDF8 and GDF11 in the nanomolar range, whereas they did not inhibit the activities of TGFβ1, BMP2 and BMP4 even in the micromolar range. Our data indicate that WFIKKN proteins are antagonists of GDF8 and GDF11, but in the case of TGFβ1, BMP2 and BMP4 they function as growth factor binding proteins. It is suggested that the physical association of WFIKKN proteins with these growth factors may localize their action and thus help to establish growth factor gradients in the extracellular space.
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