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Jaganathan SK. Can flavonoids from honey alter multidrug resistance? Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:535-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Oswald S, Terhaag B, Siegmund W. In vivo probes of drug transport: commonly used probe drugs to assess function of intestinal P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in humans. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:403-447. [PMID: 21103977 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) may significantly influence drug absorption and elimination. Its expression and function is highly variable, regio-selective and influenced by genetic polymorphisms, drug interactions and intestinal diseases. An in vivo probe drug for intestinal P-gp should a registered, safe and well tolerated nonmetabolized selective substrate with low protein binding for which P-gp is rate-limiting during absorption. Other P-gp dependent processes should be of minor influence. The mechanism(s) and kinetics of intestinal uptake must be identified and quantified. Moreover, the release properties of the dosage form should be known. So far, the cardiac glycoside digoxin and the ß₁-selective blocker talinolol have been used in mechanistic clinical studies, because they meet most of these criteria. Digoxin and talinolol are suitable in vivo probe drugs for intestinal P-gp under the precondition, that they are used as tools in carefully designed pharmacokinetic studies with adequate biometrically planning of the sample size and that several limitations are considered in interpreting and discussion of the study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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Iwanaga K, Hayashi M, Hamahata Y, Miyazaki M, Shibano M, Taniguchi M, Baba K, Kakemi M. Furanocoumarin derivatives in Kampo extract medicines inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1286-94. [PMID: 20463004 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.032847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Furanocoumarins in grapefruit are known to show inhibitory effects against P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4 in intestinal epithelial cells; however, furanocoumarin derivatives are widely contained in the plants of Rutaceae and Umbelliferae families, which are used as components of Kampo extract medicines. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of 12 furanocoumarins extracted from plants in the Umbelliferae family against P-gp and CYP3A4 activity. Furthermore, we studied their inhibitory effect on P-gp when furanocoumarins are used as Kampo extract medicine rather than as an isolated single compound. From screening of the CYP3A4 inhibitory effect, notopterol and rivulobirin A, the only dimer types of furanocoumarin, were found to be potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. On the other hand, byakangelicol and rivulobirin A showed strong P-gp inhibition from the screening of P-gp inhibitor evaluated by quinidine permeation through the Caco-2 monolayer; however, the chemical structural relationship of furanocoumarins between P-gp and CYP3A4 inhibitory effects could not be obtained. We also investigated the effect of these furanocoumarins on the transport of digoxin through the Caco-2 monolayer. The inhibitory effect of rivulobirin A was more potent than that of byakangelicol. Application of either Senkyu-cha-cho-san or Sokei-kakketsu-to, which are composed of herbal remedies in the Umbelliferae group, significantly decreased the efflux ratio of digoxin. In conclusion, it was found that some furanocoumarins extracted from the plants in the Umbelliferae family strongly inhibited P-gp and CYP3A4. Kampo extract medicines containing herbal remedies belonging to the Umbelliferae family may cause a drug-drug interaction with P-gp or a CYP3A4 substrate drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Iwanaga
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki-city, Osaka, Japan.
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Schumacher M, Hautzinger A, Rossmann A, Holzhauser S, Popovic D, Hertrampf A, Kuntz S, Boll M, Wenzel U. Chrysin blocks topotecan-induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells in spite of inhibition of ABC-transporters. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:471-9. [PMID: 20457140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ATP-driven efflux pumps such as phosphoglycoprotein-170 (P-gp), multidrug-resistance-associated protein-2 (MRP-2), or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) play a crucial role in limiting the efficacy of tumor pharmacotherapy. Selected flavonoids have been suggested to inhibit individual efflux-transporters and to act therefore as multidrug-resistance reversing agents. In the present study it is shown that the flavonoid chrysin acts as a potent inhibitor of P-gp, MRP-2, and BCRP in Caco-2 colon carcinoma cells. As a consequence, cells accumulated higher rates of the apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic topotecan in the presence of chrysin, even though under these conditions the expression of the transporters was markedly increased. Interestingly, in spite of the enhanced cellular drug accumulation the topotecan-induced apoptosis, assessed according to DNA-fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and by determination of sub-G1 peaks using fluorescence-assisted-cell sorting (FACS), was potently inhibited by chrysin. Suggested transport-independent apoptosis inhibiting activities of ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporters, such as the inhibition of caspases, were shown to be necessary for the inhibition of topotecan-induced apoptosis and were found to be associated with stabilization of beta-catenin especially in the cytosol. Inhibition of topotecan-induced intracellular acidification, however, was proven not to prevent caspase-activation and apoptosis. In conclusion, our studies show that chrysin in spite of raising the cellular concentrations of topotecan potently inhibits the apoptosis-inducing activities of the anti-tumor drug. Inhibition of caspase-activation was identified as the underlying mechanism and is suggested to be caused by transport-independent functions of ABC-transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schumacher
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany
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55
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Wang Y, Cao J, Wang X, Zeng S. Stereoselective transport and uptake of propranolol across human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. Chirality 2010; 22:361-8. [PMID: 19575464 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The transport and uptake of individual propranolol (PPL) enantiomers were studied in human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers, and a reversed-phase HPLC-UV assay was used for quantitative analysis. S-PPL and R-PPL across Caco-2 cell monolayers was determined in the concentrations range of 10-500 microM in both apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) and BL to AP directions. S-PPL exhibited greater permeability than R-PPL in the AP to BL direction, whereas in the BL to AP direction S-enantiomer transported less than R-enantiomer. Uptake of R-PPL was significantly higher than that of S-PPL either from AP side or from BL side. The statistically significant differences in uptake were observed at the concentrations range from 10 to 50 microM. Furthermore, the apparent Michaelis constant (K(m)) and maximal velocity (V(max)) also showed significant difference between the two enantiomers. Moreover, the AP to BL transport of PPL enantiomer was markedly decreased by lowering the pH of the apical side but it did not affect the stereoselectivity of PPL across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The transport and uptake of PPL in the BL to AP direction was not influenced by several protein inhibitors. The results suggest that PPL enantiomers showed stereoselective transport and uptake across the Caco-2 cell monolayers. A special transport mechanism capable of directing the PPL enantiomers might be present in the Caco-2 monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310031, People's Republic of China
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Alvarez AI, Real R, Pérez M, Mendoza G, Prieto JG, Merino G. Modulation of the activity of ABC transporters (P-glycoprotein, MRP2, BCRP) by flavonoids and drug response. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:598-617. [PMID: 19544374 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present article aims to review the up-to-date information on the most recent studies of the interaction of flavonoids with ABC transporters, in particular the drug pharmacokinetic consequences of such a relationship. In addition, the modulation of the expression of the ABC transporters by flavonoids is also illustrated. Flavonoids are a large group of plant polyphenols present extensively in our daily diets and herbal products. High intake of isoflavones has been associated with a variety of beneficial effects on several common diseases. These polyphenols interact with ABC drug transporters involved in drug resistance and drug absorption, distribution and excretion. A number of studies have demonstrated inhibition of drug transporters by flavonoids. This flavonoid-ABC-transporter interaction could be beneficial for poorly absorbed drugs but could also result in severe drug intoxication, especially drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. On the other hand, flavonoids are themselves substrates of ABC transporters. These proteins can affect the oral availability and tissue distribution of these compounds, modifying their beneficial effects. The challenge is to find a suitable way to predict harmful drug-flavonoid interactions mediated by these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Alvarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
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Shord SS, Shah K, Lukose A. Drug-botanical interactions: a review of the laboratory, animal, and human data for 8 common botanicals. Integr Cancer Ther 2010; 8:208-27. [PMID: 19815591 DOI: 10.1177/1534735409340900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Americans use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to prevent or alleviate common illnesses, and these medicines are commonly used by individuals with cancer.These medicines or botanicals share the same metabolic and transport proteins, including cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP), glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and P-glycoprotein (Pgp), with over-the-counter and prescription medicines increasing the likelihood of drug-botanical interactions.This review provides a brief description of the different proteins, such as CYPs, UGTs, and Pgp.The potential effects of drug-botanical interactions on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug or botanical and a summary of the more common models used to study drug metabolism are described.The remaining portion of this review summarizes the data extracted from several laboratory, animal, and clinical studies that describe the metabolism, transport, and potential interactions of 8 selected botanicals. The 8 botanicals include black cohosh, Echinacea, garlic, Gingko biloba, green tea, kava, milk thistle, and St John's wort; these botanicals are among some of the more common botanicals taken by individuals with cancer.These examples are included to demonstrate how to interpret the different studies and how to use these data to predict the likelihood of a clinically significant drug-botanical interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy S Shord
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Im YB, Ha I, Kang KW, Lee MY, Han HK. Macelignan: A New Modulator of P-Glycoprotein in Multidrug-Resistant Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:538-43. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580802666273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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59
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Lampe JW. Interindividual differences in response to plant-based diets: implications for cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1553S-1557S. [PMID: 19297461 PMCID: PMC2677005 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic differences in taste preference, food tolerance, and phytochemical absorption and metabolism all potentially influence the effect of plant-based diets on cancer risk. Diet is a mixture of carcinogens, mutagens, and protective agents, many of which are metabolized by biotransformation enzymes. Genetic polymorphisms that alter protein expression or enzyme function can modify risk. Genotypes associated with more favorable handling of carcinogens may be associated with less favorable handling of phytochemicals. For example, glutathione S-transferases detoxify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metabolize isothiocyanates, which are chemopreventive compounds in cruciferous vegetables. A polymorphism in the GSTM1 gene results in lack of GSTM1-1 protein. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that lack of GSTM1 enzyme is associated with more rapid excretion of the isothiocyanate sulforaphane; therefore, individuals who have this genetic variation may derive less benefit from consuming cruciferous vegetables. Flavonoids are conjugated with glucuronide and sulfate and are excreted in urine and bile. Polymorphisms in UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases may contribute to variability in phytochemical clearance and efficacy. Genetic polymorphisms in enzymes that metabolize phytochemicals may account in part for variation in disease risk and also have to be considered in the context of other aspects of human genetics, gut bacterial genetics, and environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna W Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Nutritional Sciences Program, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Fan L, Tao GY, Wang G, Chen Y, Zhang W, He YJ, Li Q, Lei HP, Jiang F, Hu DL, Huang YF, Zhou HH. Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract Ingestion on the Pharmacokinetics of Talinolol in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43:944-9. [DOI: 10.1345/aph.1l656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), the best selling herbal medicine in the world, has been reported to inhibit P-glycoprotein in vitro. However, the effects of GBE on P-glycoprotein activity in humans have not been clarified. Objective To investigate the effects of single and repeated GBE ingestion on the oral pharmacokinetics of talinolol, a substrate drug for P-glycoprotein in humans. Methods Ten unrelated healthy male volunteers were selected to participate in a 3-stage sequential study. Plasma concentrations of talinolol from 0 to 24 hours were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography after talinolol 100 mg was administrated alone, with a single oral dose of GBE (120 mg), and after 14 days of repeated GBE ingestion (360 mg/day). Results A single oral dose of GBE did not affect the pharmacokinetics of talinolol. Repeated ingestion of GBE increased the talinolol maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) by 36% (90% CI 10 to 68; p = 0.025), the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)0-24 by 26% (90% CI 11 to 43; p = 0.008) and AUC0-∞ by 22% (90% CI 8 to 37; p = 0.014), respectively, without significant changes in elimination half-life and the time to Cmax. Conclusions Our results suggest that long-term use of GBE significantly influenced talinolol disposition in humans, likely by affecting the activity of P-glycoprotein and/or other drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Fan
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gong-You Tao
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
| | - Guo Wang
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
| | - Yao Chen
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
| | - Yi-Jing He
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
| | - Qing Li
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
| | - He-Ping Lei
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
| | - Feng Jiang
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
| | - Dong-Li Hu
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
| | - Yuan-Fei Huang
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University
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Fan L, Mao XQ, Tao GY, Wang G, Jiang F, Chen Y, Li Q, Zhang W, Lei HP, Hu DL, Huang YF, Wang D, Zhou HH. Effect ofSchisandra chinensisextract andGinkgo bilobaextract on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:249-54. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802687657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Daodee S, Wangboonskul J, Jarukamjorn K, Sripanidkulchai BO, Murakami T. Membrane transport of andrographolide in artificial membrane and rat small intestine. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 10:2078-85. [PMID: 19093450 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2078.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the possible drug interactions of andrographolide with co-administering drugs such as acetaminophen, amoxycillin, aspirin, chlorpheniramine and norfloxacin to treat various infectious and inflammatory diseases that may be induced during absorption process were examined using artificial lipophilic membrane and everted rat intestine. The membrane transport of andrographolide across the artificial membrane was not affected by different pH of the medium (simulated gastric and intestinal fluids), different concentrations of andrographolide and co-administered drugs examined. In everted rat intestine, above co-administered drugs examined showed no significant effect on andrographolide membrane transport. The participation of efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein and MRP2 in andrographolide transport was then examined, since andrographolide is a diterpene compound and some diterpene compounds are known as P-glycoprotein substrates. Cyclosporine, a P-glycoprotein/MRP2 inhibitor, significantly suppressed the efflux transport of andrographolide in distal region of intestine, whereas probenecid, an MRP inhibitor, showed no significant effect in both proximal and distal regions of intestine. These results suggest that P-glycoprotein, but not MRP, is participated in the intestinal absorption of andrographolide and P-glycoprotein-mediated drug interactions occur depending on the co-administered drugs and its concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawadee Daodee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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63
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Li C, Li X, Choi JS. Enhanced bioavailability of etoposide after oral or intravenous administration of etoposide with kaempferol in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:133-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sarawek S, Derendorf H, Butterweck V. Pharmacokinetics of Luteolin and Metabolites in Rats. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800301218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic parameters of luteolin and its glucuronide/sulfate conjugates were studied in rats after a single 50 mg/kg dose of luteolin administered as intravenous bolus or oral solution. Plasma and urine samples were enzymatically hydrolyzed to determine conjugate concentrations of luteolin. Noncompartmental analysis revealed a half-life of 8.94 h for free (unconjugated) and 4.98 h for conjugated luteolin following intravenous administration. Following oral administration, plasma concentrations of luteolin attained a maximum level of 5.5 μg/mL at 5 min and decreased to below LOQ (100 ng/mL) after 1 h. Ke could not be calculated because the elimination phase was below LOQ. The low bioavailability (F) of luteolin, 4.10% at a dose of 50 mg/kg, is presumably due to the significant first pass effect. For i.v. administration, the maximum concentration of luteolin was 23.4 μg/mL at 0 h. The plasma concentration versus time profile of luteolin was biphasic, subdivided into a distribution phase and a slow elimination phase for oral and intravenous administration. Luteolin was found to have a large volume of distribution and a high clearance. Double peaks were found after intravenous and oral administration, suggesting enterohepatic recirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasiporn Sarawek
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, POBOX 100494, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, POBOX 100494, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Veronika Butterweck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, POBOX 100494, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Lan K, He JL, Tian Y, Tan F, Jiang XH, Wang L, Ye LM. Intra-herb pharmacokinetics interaction between quercetin and isorhamentin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:1376-82. [PMID: 18954533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Quercetin and isorhamnetin are common constituents of some herb extracts, such as extracts of gingko leaves and total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. The intra-herb pharmacokinetics interactions between isorhamnetin and quercetin were investigated in the present study. METHODS Human MDR1 cDNA transfected MDCKII cells were used to validate whether isorhamnein interacted with P-gp. Caco-2 transport assays and a randomized, 3-way crossover pharmacokinetics study in rats were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics interactions. HPLC was used to determine cell transport samples. The total plasma concentrations of quercetinand isorhamnetin were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) by treatment with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. RESULTS The permeability ratio (absorptive permeability/secretive permeability) of isorhamnetin across human MDR1 cDNA transfected MDCKII cells, Caco-2 cells and wild-type MDCKII cells are 0.25+/-0.02, 0.74+/-0.05, and 1.41+/-0.06, respectively. This result proved the role of P-gp in the cell efflux of isorhamnetin. While co-transporting with each other across Caco-2 cells monolayer, the permeability ratio of isorhamnetin and quercetin increased by 4.3 and 2.2 times. After coadministration with each other to rats, the C(max), AUC(0-72 h), and AUC(0-infinity) of both isorhamnetin and quercetin significantly increased compared with single administration. CONCLUSION The above results proved intra-herb pharmacokinetics interaction between quercetin and isorhamentin. P-gp might play an important role, whereas other drug efflux pumps, such as multi-drug resistance associate protein 2 and breast cancer resistance protein, might be involved. Accordingly, besides the drug-herb interactions, intra-herb interaction might be brought into view with the wide use of herbal-based remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Novel Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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66
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Dai JY, Yang JL, Li C. Transport and metabolism of flavonoids from Chinese herbal remedy Xiaochaihu- tang across human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:1086-93. [PMID: 18718184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the limiting factors for oral bioavailability of flavonoids derived from the Chinese herbal remedy Xiaochaihu-tang. The investigational flavonoids included baicalin, wogonoside, oroxylin-A 7-O-beta-Dglucopyranosiduronide, liquiritin, liquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, and isoliquiritin apioside, as well as their aglycones baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin-A, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin. METHODS Caco-2 cell monolayers were used and the apparent permeability both in apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical directions was measured for each investigational compound. Meanwhile, chemoinformatics was carried out to provide insight into the mechanism governing the permeability. In addition, carrier-mediated transport with or without inhibitors, as well as the metabolism by conjugation, was also examined with Caco- 2 cell monolayers for the flavonoids. RESULTS The investigational flavonoid aglycones exhibited favorable membrane permeability, but efficient glucuronidation and/or sulfation by the enterocytes may limit their bioavailability. For the flavonoid glycosides, their poor membrane permeability was found to be caused by high hydrogen-bonding potential. Among the glycosides, oroxylin-A 7-O-beta- D-glucopyranosiduronide, isoliquiritin, and isoliquiritin apioside were transported under the mediation of the efflux transporters multidrug resistance-associated protein and/or P-glycoprotein. CONCLUSION The limiting factors of oral bioavailability for the flavonoids derived from Xiaochaihu-tang appeared to include poor membrane permeability, significant efflux, and efficient intestinal metabolism by conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-yu Dai
- Shanghai Center for DMPK Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Piao Y, Shin SC, Choi JS. Effects of oral kaempferol on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and one of its metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, after oral administration of tamoxifen to rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2008; 29:245-9. [PMID: 18338336 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that tamoxifen is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, and kaempferol is an inhibitor of P-gp and CYP3A. Hence, it could be expected that kaempferol would affect the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen. Thus, tamoxifen was administered orally (10 mg/kg) without or with oral kaempferol (2.5 and 10 mg/kg). In the presence of kaempferol, the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) of tamoxifen was significantly greater, C(max) was significantly higher and F was considerably greater than those without kaempferol. The enhanced bioavailability of oral tamoxifen by oral kaempferol could have been due to an inhibition of CYP3A and P-gp by kaempferol. The presence of kaempferol did not alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of a metabolite of tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen. This could have been because the contribution of CYP3A to the formation of 4-hydroxytamoxifen is not considerable in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Piao
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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68
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Sun H, Zhang L, Chow ECY, Lin G, Zuo Z, Pang KS. A catenary model to study transport and conjugation of baicalein, a bioactive flavonoid, in the Caco-2 cell monolayer: demonstration of substrate inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:117-26. [PMID: 18385448 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.137463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport and metabolism of baicalein (Ba) was studied in vitro and in Caco-2 cells. Protein binding of Ba with Caco-2 lysate showed that Ba was bound to two classes of sites: a higher affinity, lower capacity site (K(A1) = 27.6 +/- 4.7 microM(-1), n(1) = 10.6 +/- 0.6 nmol/mg) and lower affinity, higher capacity site (K(A2) = 0.015 +/- 0.0013 microM(-1), n(2) = 413 +/- 21 nmol/mg). Incubation studies of Ba with Caco-2 lysate showed substrate inhibition of both glucuronidation and sulfation, with K(m) values of 0.14 +/- 0.034 and 0.015 +/- 0.0053 microM, and K(I) values of 6.75 +/- 1.70 and 0.37 +/- 0.16 microM, respectively. In the Caco-2 monolayer, Ba (8-47 microM) displayed good apparent permeabilities (P(app)) across the membrane; P(app) was found to be increased with elevated loading concentration in both the absorptive and secretory directions. However, the efflux ratio was less than unity, negating the involvement of apical efflux transporters. The concentration ratios of Ba sulfate (BS) and glucuronide (BG) decreased with increased loading Ba concentration, suggesting that BS and BG are apically excreted via transporters, likely breast cancer resistance protein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, respectively. Data fit to the catenary model, composed of basolateral, cellular, and apical compartments, showed a low cellular unbound fraction (0.0019 +/- 0.00018), a high passive diffusion clearance (0.012 +/- 0.00029 ml/min/mg), and substrate inhibition, with sulfation being more readily saturated and inhibited than glucuronidation, as evidenced by smaller K(m) value (0.35 +/- 0.078 versus 1.95 +/- 0.57 microM) and K(I) value (0.58 +/- 0.20 versus 7.90 +/- 1.10 microM); these patterns paralleled those observed in the lysate incubation studies. The results showed that the catenary model aptly predicts substrate inhibition kinetics and offers significant and mechanistic insight into the transport and atypical metabolism of drugs in the Caco-2 monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Sun
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
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69
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Cermak R. Effect of dietary flavonoids on pathways involved in drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 4:17-35. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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70
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, and Department of Pharmacology,
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
SAR
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, and Department of Pharmacology,
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
SAR
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, and Department of Pharmacology,
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
SAR
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71
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Lampe JW, Chang JL. Interindividual differences in phytochemical metabolism and disposition. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:347-53. [PMID: 17588771 PMCID: PMC2080835 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many phytochemicals, the bioactive nonnutrient compounds found in plant foods, possess biologic effects associated with reduced risk of various diseases such as cancer. Genetic variation in pathways affecting absorption, metabolism, and distribution of phytochemicals is likely to influence exposure at the tissue level, thus modifying disease risk in individuals. Few studies have examined these gene-phytochemical interactions in humans. In this review, we discuss the sources of variation in metabolism and disposition of phytochemicals, and focus on two aspects of phytochemical handling that have received some attention: the impact of intestinal bacteria and genetically polymorphic phase II, conjugating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna W Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Nutritional Sciences Program, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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72
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Liu R, Wang X, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Du L. The uptake behaviors of kaempferol and quercetin through rat primary cultured cortical neurons. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 20:1178-84. [PMID: 16799931 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether kaempferol and quercetin could be transported into primary cultured cerebral neurons, to establish a practical HPLC method with UV detection for the two flavonols in the neurons, and to study the uptake and transport behaviors of them through the neurons. The present results showed that the level of kaempferol in the neurons increased linearly and then reached a plateau with incubation time at the high concentration of 10 microg/mL, but not at the other two concentrations of 1 and 0.1 microg/mL. However, the levels of quercetin in the neurons were not detected at the three incubating concentrations, and there was a new peak detected in the cell whose retention time was shorter (3.42 min) than that of quercetin (4.65 min). This phenomenon suggested that quercetin might be transported into the neurons and then metabolized quickly to some derivative. Kaempferol could be transported into the neurons in a concentration- and time-dependent manner when the neurons were incubated with the culture medium containing kaempferol at the high dose. There was an apparent correlation between the concentrations of kaempferol in the medium and in the cell, indicating that the uptake of kaempferol in the cell increased along with its dose (10 microg/mL). However, there was a negative correlation between the concentrations of quercetin in the medium and in the cell. The results suggested that kaempferol and quercetin were disposed by the neurons at different way, and this might be an important factor for their different effects on primary cultured cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruining Liu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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73
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Chung SY, Jang DS, Han AR, Jang JO, Kwon Y, Seo EK, Lee HJ. Modulation of P-glycoprotein-mediated resistance by kaempferol derivatives isolated fromZingiber zerumbet. Phytother Res 2007; 21:565-9. [PMID: 17335117 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of the kaempferol derivatives extracted from Zingiber zerumbet on the accumulation and efflux of [(3)H]-daunomycin (DNM) in P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpressing multidrug resistant (MDR) human breast cancer cells, MCF-7/ADR. Of six kaempferol derivatives extracted from Z. zerumbet, kaempferol-3-O-methyl ether (1) and kaempferol-3,4'-O-dimethyl ether (2) showed a potent P-gp inhibitory effect as great as verapamil, a well-known P-gp inhibitor. The P-gp inhibitory activity of these two compounds was through a 3-fold increase of the level of [(3)H]-DNM accumulation and a decrease of P-gp-mediated efflux. These results suggest that the kaempferol derivative components of Z. zerumbet can be used as a scaffold for developing agents that reverse P-gp-mediated MDR in human cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeon Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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74
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Brand W, Schutte ME, Williamson G, van Zanden JJ, Cnubben NHP, Groten JP, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. Flavonoid-mediated inhibition of intestinal ABC transporters may affect the oral bioavailability of drugs, food-borne toxic compounds and bioactive ingredients. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:508-19. [PMID: 16978825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcellular transport of ingested food ingredients across the intestinal epithelial barrier is an important factor determining bioavailability upon oral intake. This transcellular transport of many chemicals, food ingredients, drugs or toxic compounds over the intestinal epithelium can be highly dependent on the activity of membrane bound ATP binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins, able to export the compounds from the intestinal cells. The present review describes the ABC transporters involved in the efflux of bioactive compounds from the intestinal cells, either to the basolateral blood side, facilitating absorption, or back into the intestinal lumen, reducing bioavailability. The role of the ABC transporters in intestinal transcellular uptake also implies a role for inhibitors of these transporters in modulation of the bioavailability upon oral uptake. The present paper focuses on the role of flavonoids as important modulators or substrates of intestinal ABC transport proteins. Several examples of such an effect of flavonoids are presented. It can be concluded that flavonoid-mediated inhibition of ABC transporters may affect the bioavailability of drugs, bioactive food ingredients and/or food-borne toxic compounds upon oral uptake. All together it appears that the flavonoid-mediated interactions at the level of the intestinal ABC transport proteins may be an important mechanism for unexpected food-drug, food-toxin or food-food interactions. The overview also indicates that future studies should focus on i) in vivo validation of the flavonoid-mediated effects on bioavailability of drugs, toxins and beneficial bioactive food ingredients detected in in vitro models, and on ii) the role of flavonoid phase II metabolism in modulating the activity of the flavonoids to act as ABC transporter inhibitors and/or substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Brand
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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