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French CR, Seshadri S, Destefano AL, Fornage M, Arnold CR, Gage PJ, Skarie JM, Dobyns WB, Millen KJ, Liu T, Dietz W, Kume T, Hofker M, Emery DJ, Childs SJ, Waskiewicz AJ, Lehmann OJ. Mutation of FOXC1 and PITX2 induces cerebral small-vessel disease. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4877-81. [PMID: 25250569 PMCID: PMC4347243 DOI: 10.1172/jci75109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cerebral small-vessel disease (CSVD) exhibit perturbed end-artery function and have an increased risk for stroke and age-related cognitive decline. Here, we used targeted genome-wide association (GWA) analysis and defined a CSVD locus adjacent to the forkhead transcription factor FOXC1. Moreover, we determined that the linked SNPs influence FOXC1 transcript levels and demonstrated that patients as young as 1 year of age with altered FOXC1 function exhibit CSVD. MRI analysis of patients with missense and nonsense mutations as well as FOXC1-encompassing segmental duplication and deletion revealed white matter hyperintensities, dilated perivascular spaces, and lacunar infarction. In a zebrafish model, overexpression or morpholino-induced suppression of foxc1 induced cerebral hemorrhage. Inhibition of foxc1 perturbed platelet-derived growth factor (Pdgf) signaling, impairing neural crest migration and the recruitment of mural cells, which are essential for vascular stability. GWA analysis also linked the FOXC1-interacting transcription factor PITX2 to CSVD, and both patients with PITX2 mutations and murine Pitx2-/- mutants displayed brain vascular phenotypes. Together, these results extend the genetic etiology of stroke and demonstrate an increasing developmental basis for human cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis R. French
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anita L. Destefano
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Corey R. Arnold
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philip J. Gage
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Skarie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathleen J. Millen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William Dietz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marten Hofker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek J. Emery
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah J. Childs
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Waskiewicz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ordan J. Lehmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Integrative Brain Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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