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Eloy NB, de Freitas Lima M, Van Damme D, Vanhaeren H, Gonzalez N, De Milde L, Hemerly AS, Beemster GTS, Inzé D, Ferreira PCG. The APC/C subunit 10 plays an essential role in cell proliferation during leaf development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:351-63. [PMID: 21711400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The largest E3 ubiquitin-ligase complex, known as anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), regulates the proteolysis of cell cycle regulators such as CYCLIN B and SECURIN that are essential for sister-chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Despite its importance, the role of APC/C in plant cells and the regulation of its activity during cell division remain poorly understood. Here, the Arabidopsis thaliana APC/C subunit APC10 was characterized and shown to functionally complement an apc10 yeast mutant. The APC10 protein was located in specific nuclear bodies, most probably resulting from its association with the proteasome complex. An apc10 Arabidopsis knockout mutant strongly impaired female gametogenesis. Surprisingly, constitutive overexpression of APC10 enhanced leaf size. Through kinematic analysis, the increased leaf size was found to be due to enhanced rates of cell division during the early stages of leaf development and, at the molecular level, by increased APC/C activity as measured by an amplification of the proteolysis rate of the mitotic cyclin, CYCB1;1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubia B Eloy
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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52
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Vanneste S, Coppens F, Lee E, Donner TJ, Xie Z, Van Isterdael G, Dhondt S, De Winter F, De Rybel B, Vuylsteke M, De Veylder L, Friml J, Inzé D, Grotewold E, Scarpella E, Sack F, Beemster GTS, Beeckman T. Developmental regulation of CYCA2s contributes to tissue-specific proliferation in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 2011; 30:3430-41. [PMID: 21772250 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, morphogenesis relies on a strict coordination in time and space of cell proliferation and differentiation. In contrast to animals, plant development displays continuous organ formation and adaptive growth responses during their lifespan relying on a tight coordination of cell proliferation. How developmental signals interact with the plant cell-cycle machinery is largely unknown. Here, we characterize plant A2-type cyclins, a small gene family of mitotic cyclins, and show how they contribute to the fine-tuning of local proliferation during plant development. Moreover, the timely repression of CYCA2;3 expression in newly formed guard cells is shown to require the stomatal transcription factors FOUR LIPS/MYB124 and MYB88, providing a direct link between developmental programming and cell-cycle exit in plants. Thus, transcriptional downregulation of CYCA2s represents a critical mechanism to coordinate proliferation during plant development.
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53
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Kevei Z, Baloban M, Da Ines O, Tiricz H, Kroll A, Regulski K, Mergaert P, Kondorosi E. Conserved CDC20 cell cycle functions are carried out by two of the five isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20618. [PMID: 21687678 PMCID: PMC3110789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CDC20 and Cdh1/CCS52 proteins are substrate determinants and activators of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ubiquitin ligase and as such they control the mitotic cell cycle by targeting the degradation of various cell cycle regulators. In yeasts and animals the main CDC20 function is the destruction of securin and mitotic cyclins. Plants have multiple CDC20 gene copies whose functions have not been explored yet. In Arabidopsis thaliana there are five CDC20 isoforms and here we aimed at defining their contribution to cell cycle regulation, substrate selectivity and plant development. Methodology/Principal Findings Studying the gene structure and phylogeny of plant CDC20s, the expression of the five AtCDC20 gene copies and their interactions with the APC/C subunit APC10, the CCS52 proteins, components of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) and mitotic cyclin substrates, conserved CDC20 functions could be assigned for AtCDC20.1 and AtCDC20.2. The other three intron-less genes were silent and specific for Arabidopsis. We show that AtCDC20.1 and AtCDC20.2 are components of the MCC and interact with mitotic cyclins with unexpected specificity. AtCDC20.1 and AtCDC20.2 are expressed in meristems, organ primordia and AtCDC20.1 also in pollen grains and developing seeds. Knocking down both genes simultaneously by RNAi resulted in severe delay in plant development and male sterility. In these lines, the meristem size was reduced while the cell size and ploidy levels were unaffected indicating that the lower cell number and likely slowdown of the cell cycle are the cause of reduced plant growth. Conclusions/Significance The intron-containing CDC20 gene copies provide conserved and redundant functions for cell cycle progression in plants and are required for meristem maintenance, plant growth and male gametophyte formation. The Arabidopsis-specific intron-less genes are possibly “retrogenes” and have hitherto undefined functions or are pseudogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kevei
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Bay Zoltan Foundation for Applied Research, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mikhail Baloban
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Da Ines
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hilda Tiricz
- Institute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Bay Zoltan Foundation for Applied Research, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Kroll
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Krzysztof Regulski
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eva Kondorosi
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Bay Zoltan Foundation for Applied Research, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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54
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Lindsay DL, Bonham-Smith PC, Postnikoff S, Gray GR, Harkness TAA. A role for the anaphase promoting complex in hormone regulation. PLANTA 2011; 233:1223-1235. [PMID: 21327815 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To increase our knowledge of anaphase promoting complex (APC/C) function during plant development, we characterized an Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA-insertion line where the T-DNA fell within the 5' regulatory region of the APC10 gene. The insert disrupted endogenous expression, resulting in overexpression of APC10 mRNA from the T-DNA- internal CaMV 35S promoter, and increased APC10 protein. Overexpression of APC10 produced phenotypes resembling those of known auxin and ethylene mutants, and increased expression of two tested auxin-regulated genes, small auxin up RNA (SAUR) 15 and SAUR24. Taken together, our data suggests that elevated APC10 likely mimics auxin and ethylene sensitive phenotypes, expanding our understanding of proteolytic processes in hormone regulation of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Lindsay
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5, Canada
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55
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Zheng B, Chen X, McCormick S. The anaphase-promoting complex is a dual integrator that regulates both MicroRNA-mediated transcriptional regulation of cyclin B1 and degradation of Cyclin B1 during Arabidopsis male gametophyte development. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1033-46. [PMID: 21441434 PMCID: PMC3082252 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an essential ubiquitin protein ligase, regulates mitotic progression and exit by enhancing degradation of cell cycle regulatory proteins, such as CYCB1;1, whose transcripts are upregulated by DUO POLLEN1 (DUO1). DUO1 is required for cell division in male gametophytes and is a target of microRNA 159 (miR159) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Whether APC/C is required for DUO1-dependent CYCB1;1 regulation is unknown. Mutants in both APC8 and APC13 had pleiotrophic phenotypes resembling those of mutants affecting microRNA biogenesis. We show that these apc/c mutants had reduced miR159 levels and increased DUO1 and CYCB1;1 transcript levels and that APC/C is required to recruit RNA polymerase II to MIR159 promoters. Thus, in addition to its role in degrading CYCB1;1, APC/C stimulates production of miR159, which downregulates DUO1 expression, leading to reduced CYCB1;1 transcription. Both MIR159 and APC8-yellow fluorescent protein accumulated in unicellular microspores and bicellular pollen but decreased in tricellular pollen, suggesting that spatial and temporal regulation of miR159 by APC/C ensures mitotic progression. Consistent with this, the percentage of mature pollen with no or single sperm-like cells increased in apc/c mutants and plants overexpressing APC8 partially mimicked the duo1 phenotype. Thus, APC/C is an integrator that regulates both microRNA-mediated transcriptional regulation of CYCB1;1 and degradation of CYCB1;1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglian Zheng
- Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Albany, California 94710
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Sheila McCormick
- Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Albany, California 94710
- Address correspondence to
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56
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Inagaki S, Umeda M. Cell-Cycle Control and Plant Development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 291:227-61. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386035-4.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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57
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Marrocco K, Bergdoll M, Achard P, Criqui MC, Genschik P. Selective proteolysis sets the tempo of the cell cycle. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 13:631-9. [PMID: 20810305 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is one of the key mechanisms underlying cell cycle control in all eukaryotes. This is achieved by the action of ubiquitin ligases (E3s), which remove both negative and positive regulators of the cell cycle. Though our current understanding of the plant cell cycle has improved a lot these recent years, the identity of the E3s regulating it and their mode of action is still in its infancy. Nevertheless, recent research in Arabidopsis revealed some novel findings in this area. Thus the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) not only controls mitotic events, but is also important in post-mitotic cells for normal plant development and cell differentiation. Moreover conserved and novel E3s were identified that target cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors at different plant developmental stages. Finally, environmental constrains and stress hormones negatively impact on the cell cycle by processes that also include E3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Marrocco
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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58
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Lima MDF, Eloy NB, Pegoraro C, Sagit R, Rojas C, Bretz T, Vargas L, Elofsson A, de Oliveira AC, Hemerly AS, Ferreira PCG. Genomic evolution and complexity of the Anaphase-promoting Complex (APC) in land plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:254. [PMID: 21087491 PMCID: PMC3095333 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The orderly progression through mitosis is regulated by the Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC), a large multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets key cell-cycle regulators for destruction by the 26 S proteasome. The APC is composed of at least 11 subunits and associates with additional regulatory activators during mitosis and interphase cycles. Despite extensive research on APC and activator functions in the cell cycle, only a few components have been functionally characterized in plants. RESULTS Here, we describe an in-depth search for APC subunits and activator genes in the Arabidopsis, rice and poplar genomes. Also, searches in other genomes that are not completely sequenced were performed. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that some APC subunits and activator genes have experienced gene duplication events in plants, in contrast to animals. Expression patterns of paralog subunits and activators in rice could indicate that this duplication, rather than complete redundancy, could reflect initial specialization steps. The absence of subunit APC7 from the genome of some green algae species and as well as from early metazoan lineages, could mean that APC7 is not required for APC function in unicellular organisms and it may be a result of duplication of another tetratricopeptide (TPR) subunit. Analyses of TPR evolution suggest that duplications of subunits started from the central domains. CONCLUSIONS The increased complexity of the APC gene structure, tied to the diversification of expression paths, suggests that land plants developed sophisticated mechanisms of APC regulation to cope with the sedentary life style and its associated environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo de F Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, CCS, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Núbia B Eloy
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, CCS, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Camila Pegoraro
- Centro de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n - Capão do Leão, CEP 90001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Rauan Sagit
- Stockholm Bioinformatics Center, Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106, 91,Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristian Rojas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, CCS, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Thiago Bretz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, CCS, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lívia Vargas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, CCS, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Arne Elofsson
- Stockholm Bioinformatics Center, Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106, 91,Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Costa de Oliveira
- Centro de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n - Capão do Leão, CEP 90001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Adriana S Hemerly
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, CCS, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Paulo CG Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, CCS, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Abstract
The APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) discovered exactly 15 years ago by Avram Heshko and Marc Kirschner is by far the most complex ubiquitin ligase discovered so far. The APC/C is composed of roughly a dozen subunits and measures a massive 1.5 MDa. This huge complex, as well as its multiple modes of regulation, boasts impressive evolutionary conservation. One of its most puzzling features is its split personality: regulation of mitotic exit events on the one hand, and its ongoing activity during G(1)-phase, G(0)-phase and in terminally differentiated cells. The present short review is intended to provide a basic description of our current understanding of the APC/C, focusing on recent findings concerning its role in G(1)-phase and in differentiated cells.
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SIAMESE cooperates with the CDH1-like protein CCS52A1 to establish endoreplication in Arabidopsis thaliana trichomes. Genetics 2010; 185:257-68. [PMID: 20194967 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.113274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoreplication, also known as endoreduplication, is a phyogenetically widespread modified version of the cell cycle in which DNA replication is not followed by cell division. The SIAMESE (SIM) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes the founding member of a novel class of plant-specific cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors and is a key regulator of endoreplication during the development of trichomes (shoot epidermal hairs). Here, we have identified mutations in the CCS52A1 gene as genetic modifiers of the multicellular trichome phenotype of sim mutants. Loss-of-function ccs52A1 mutations dramatically enhance the multicellularity of sim mutants trichomes in double mutants, whereas overexpression of CCS52A1 completely suppresses the sim mutant phenotype. CCS52A1 encodes a CDH1/FZR-like protein, a class of proteins that function as activators of the anaphase-promoting complex. Unicellular ccs52A1 trichomes become multicellular upon overexpression of B-type cyclin, consistent with repression of the accumulation of mitotic cyclins in the developing trichome by CCS52A1. As these M-phase-specific cyclins are known to accumulate in sim mutant trichomes, our data suggest that CCS52A1 and SIM cooperate in repressing accumulation of mitotic cyclins to establish the trichome endocycle. Comparison with endoreplication pathways in Drosophila and mammals indicates that while these organisms all use similar components to initiate endoreplication, the components are deployed differently in each organism.
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