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Sun LO, Brady CM, Cahill H, Al-Khindi T, Sakuta H, Dhande OS, Noda M, Huberman AD, Nathans J, Kolodkin AL. Functional assembly of accessory optic system circuitry critical for compensatory eye movements. Neuron 2015; 86:971-984. [PMID: 25959730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Accurate motion detection requires neural circuitry that compensates for global visual field motion. Select subtypes of retinal ganglion cells perceive image motion and connect to the accessory optic system (AOS) in the brain, which generates compensatory eye movements that stabilize images during slow visual field motion. Here, we show that the murine transmembrane semaphorin 6A (Sema6A) is expressed in a subset of On direction-selective ganglion cells (On DSGCs) and is required for retinorecipient axonal targeting to the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the AOS. Plexin A2 and A4, two Sema6A binding partners, are expressed in MTN cells, attract Sema6A(+) On DSGC axons, and mediate MTN targeting of Sema6A(+) RGC projections. Furthermore, Sema6A/Plexin-A2/A4 signaling is required for the functional output of the AOS. These data reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the assembly of AOS circuits critical for moving image perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu O Sun
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Colleen M Brady
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hugh Cahill
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Timour Al-Khindi
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hiraki Sakuta
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Onkar S Dhande
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Andrew D Huberman
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Codina-Solà M, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Homs A, Santoyo J, Rigau M, Aznar-Laín G, Del Campo M, Gener B, Gabau E, Botella MP, Gutiérrez-Arumí A, Antiñolo G, Pérez-Jurado LA, Cuscó I. Integrated analysis of whole-exome sequencing and transcriptome profiling in males with autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 2015; 6:21. [PMID: 25969726 PMCID: PMC4427998 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with high heritability. Recent findings support a highly heterogeneous and complex genetic etiology including rare de novo and inherited mutations or chromosomal rearrangements as well as double or multiple hits. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) and blood cell transcriptome by RNAseq in a subset of male patients with idiopathic ASD (n = 36) in order to identify causative genes, transcriptomic alterations, and susceptibility variants. RESULTS We detected likely monogenic causes in seven cases: five de novo (SCN2A, MED13L, KCNV1, CUL3, and PTEN) and two inherited X-linked variants (MAOA and CDKL5). Transcriptomic analyses allowed the identification of intronic causative mutations missed by the usual filtering of WES and revealed functional consequences of some rare mutations. These included aberrant transcripts (PTEN, POLR3C), deregulated expression in 1.7% of mutated genes (that is, SEMA6B, MECP2, ANK3, CREBBP), allele-specific expression (FUS, MTOR, TAF1C), and non-sense-mediated decay (RIT1, ALG9). The analysis of rare inherited variants showed enrichment in relevant pathways such as the PI3K-Akt signaling and the axon guidance. CONCLUSIONS Integrative analysis of WES and blood RNAseq data has proven to be an efficient strategy to identify likely monogenic forms of ASD (19% in our cohort), as well as additional rare inherited mutations that can contribute to ASD risk in a multifactorial manner. Blood transcriptomic data, besides validating 88% of expressed variants, allowed the identification of missed intronic mutations and revealed functional correlations of genetic variants, including changes in splicing, expression levels, and allelic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Codina-Solà
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), C/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain
| | | | - Aïda Homs
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), C/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain
| | - Javier Santoyo
- Medical Genome Project, Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform of Andalusia (GBPA), C/Albert Einstein, Cartuja Scientific and Technology Park, INSUR Builiding, Sevilla, 41092 Spain
| | - Maria Rigau
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain
| | - Gemma Aznar-Laín
- Pediatric Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29, Barcelona, 08003 Spain
| | - Miguel Del Campo
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain ; Servicio de Genética, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, Barcelona, 08015 Spain
| | - Blanca Gener
- Genetics Service, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Plaza de Cruces 12, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48093 Spain
| | - Elisabeth Gabau
- Pediatrics Service, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Parc Taulí 1, Sabadell, 08208 Spain
| | - María Pilar Botella
- Pediatric Neurology, Hospital de Txagorritxu, C/José de Atxotegui s/n, Victoria-Gasteiz, 01009 Spain
| | - Armand Gutiérrez-Arumí
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), C/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain
| | - Guillermo Antiñolo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain ; Medical Genome Project, Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform of Andalusia (GBPA), C/Albert Einstein, Cartuja Scientific and Technology Park, INSUR Builiding, Sevilla, 41092 Spain ; Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Fetal Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Avda Manuel Siurot s/n, Sevilla, 41013 Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Pérez-Jurado
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), C/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain
| | - Ivon Cuscó
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), C/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain
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Martinez E, Tran TS. Vertebrate spinal commissural neurons: a model system for studying axon guidance beyond the midline. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:283-97. [PMID: 25619385 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For bilaterally symmetric organisms, the transfer of information between the left and right side of the nervous system is mediated by commissures formed by neurons that project their axons across the body midline to the contralateral side of the central nervous system (CNS). After crossing the midline, many of these axons must travel long distances to reach their targets, including those that extend from spinal commissural neurons. Owing to the highly stereotyped trajectories of spinal commissural neurons that can be divided into several segments as these axons project to their targets, it is an ideal system for investigators to ask fundamental questions related to mechanisms of short- and long-range axon guidance, fasciculation, and choice point decisions at the midline intermediate target. In addition, studies of patterning genes of the nervous system have revealed complex transcription factor codes that function in a combinatorial fashion to specify individual classes of spinal neurons including commissural neurons. Despite these advances and the functional importance of spinal commissural neurons in mediating the transfer of external sensory information from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the CNS, only a handful of studies have begun to elucidate the mechanistic logic underlying their long-range pathfinding and the characterization of their synaptic targets. Using in vitro assays, in vivo labeling methodologies, in combination with both loss- and gain-of-function experiments, several studies have revealed that the molecular mechanisms of long-range spinal commissural axon pathfinding involve an interplay between classical axon guidance cues, morphogens and cell adhesion molecules. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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