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Hinton RJ, Serrano M, So S. Differential gene expression in the perichondrium and cartilage of the neonatal mouse temporomandibular joint. Orthod Craniofac Res 2009; 12:168-77. [PMID: 19627518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2009.01450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to discover genes differentially expressed in the perichondrium (PC) of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) that might enhance regenerative medicine or orthopaedic therapies directed at the tissues of the temporomandibular joint. We used targeted gene arrays (osteogenesis, stem cell) to identify genes preferentially expressed in the PC and the cartilaginous (C) portions of the MCC in 2-day-old mice. Genes with higher expression in the PC sample related to growth factor ligand-receptor interactions [FGF-13 (6.4x), FGF-18 (4x), NCAM (2x); PGDF receptors, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and IGF-1], the Notch isoforms (especially Notch 3 and 4) and their ligands or structural proteins/proteoglycans [collagen XIV (21x), collagen XVIII (4x), decorin (2.5x)]. Genes with higher expression in the C sample consisted mostly of known cartilage-specific genes [aggrecan (11x), procollagens X (33x), XI (14x), IX (4.5x), Sox 9 (4.4x) and Indian hedgehog (6.7x)]. However, the functional or structural roles of several genes that were expressed at higher levels in the PC sample are unclear [myogenic factor (Myf) 9 (9x), tooth-related genes such as tuftelin (2.5x) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (1.6x), VEGF-B (2x) and its receptors (3-4x) and sclerostin (1.7x)]. FGF, Notch and TGF-beta signalling may be important regulators of MCC proliferation and differentiation; the relatively high expression of genes such as Myf6 and VEGF-B and its receptors suggests a degree of unsuspected plasticity in PC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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Abstract
The metastatic process, i.e. the dissemination of cancer cells throughout the body to seed secondary tumors at distant sites, requires cancer cells to leave the primary tumor and to acquire migratory and invasive capabilities. In a process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), besides changing their adhesive repertoire, cancer cells employ developmental processes to gain migratory and invasive properties that involve a dramatic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the concomitant formation of membrane protrusions required for invasive growth. The molecular processes underlying such cellular changes are still only poorly understood, and the various migratory organelles, including lamellipodia, filopodia, invadopodia and podosomes, still require a better functional and molecular characterization. Notably, direct experimental evidence linking the formation of migratory membrane protrusions and the process of EMT and tumor metastasis is still lacking. In this review, we have summarized recent novel insights into the molecular processes and players underlying EMT on one side and the formation of invasive membrane protrusions on the other side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Yilmaz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Polanska UM, Fernig DG, Kinnunen T. Extracellular interactome of the FGF receptor-ligand system: complexities and the relative simplicity of the worm. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:277-93. [PMID: 18985724 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) regulate a multitude of biological functions in embryonic development and in adult. A major question is how does one family of growth factors and their receptors control such a variety of functions? Classically, specificity was thought to be imparted by alternative splicing of the FGFRs, resulting in isoforms that bind specifically to a subset of the FGFs, and by different saccharide sequences in the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) co-receptor. A growing number of noncanonical co-receptors such as integrins and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) are now recognized as imparting additional complexity to classic FGFR signaling. This review will discuss the noncanonical FGFR ligands and speculate on the possibility that they provide additional and alternative means to determining the functional specificity of FGFR signaling. We will also discuss how invertebrate models such as C. elegans may advance our understanding of noncanonical FGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula M Polanska
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Gross JC, Schreiner A, Engels K, Starzinski-Powitz A. E-cadherin surface levels in epithelial growth factor-stimulated cells depend on adherens junction protein shrew-1. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3598-607. [PMID: 19515834 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-12-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain- and loss-of-function studies indicate that the adherens junction protein shrew-1 acts as a novel modulator of E-cadherin internalization induced by epithelial growth factor (EGF) or E-cadherin function-blocking antibody during epithelial cell dynamics. Knocking down shrew-1 in MCF-7 carcinoma cells preserves E-cadherin surface levels upon EGF stimulation. Overexpression of shrew-1 leads to preformation of an E-cadherin/EGF receptor (EGFR) HER2/src-kinase/shrew-1 signaling complex and accelerated E-cadherin internalization. Shrew-1 is not sufficient to stimulate E-cadherin internalization, but facilitates the actions of EGFR and thus may promote malignant progression in breast cancer cells with constitutive EGFR stimulation by reducing surface E-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Christina Gross
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
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Mao Y, Freeman M. Fasciclin 2, the Drosophila orthologue of neural cell-adhesion molecule, inhibits EGF receptor signalling. Development 2009; 136:473-81. [PMID: 19141676 DOI: 10.1242/dev.026054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion proteins not only control the degree to which cells adhere to each other but are increasingly recognised as regulators of intercellular signalling. Using genetic screening in Drosophila, we have identified Fasciclin 2 (Fas2), the Drosophila orthologue of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), as a physiologically significant and specific inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling in development. We find that loss of fas2 genetically interacts with multiple genetic conditions that perturb EGFR signalling. Fas2 is expressed in dynamic patterns during imaginal disc development, and in the eye we have shown that this depends on EGFR activity, implying participation in a negative-feedback loop. Loss of fas2 causes characteristic EGFR hyperactivity phenotypes in the eye, notum and wing, and also leads to downregulation of Yan, a transcriptional repressor targeted for degradation by EGFR activity. No significant genetic interactions were detected with the Notch, Wingless, Hedgehog or Dpp pathways, nor did Fas2 inhibit the FGF receptor or Torso, indicating specificity in the inhibitory role of Fas2 in EGFR signalling. Our results introduce a new regulatory interaction between an adhesion protein and a Drosophila signalling pathway and highlight the extent to which the EGFR pathway must be regulated at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Navaratna D, Guo S, Arai K, Lo EH. Mechanisms and targets for angiogenic therapy after stroke. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:216-23. [PMID: 19363301 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.2.8396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major health problem worldwide, and is the leading cause of serious long-term disability. Recent findings now suggest that strategies to enhance angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia may provide unique opportunities to improve clinical outcomes during stroke recovery. In this mini-review, we survey emerging mechanisms and potential targets for angiogenic therapies in brain after stroke. Multiple elements may be involved, including growth factors, adhesion molecules and progenitor cells. Furthermore, cross talk between angiogenesis and neurogenesis may also provide additional substrates for plasticity and remodeling in the recovering brain. A better understanding of the molecular interplay between all these complex pathways may lead to novel therapeutic avenues for tackling this difficult disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Navaratna
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA.
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Lehembre F, Yilmaz M, Wicki A, Schomber T, Strittmatter K, Ziegler D, Kren A, Went P, Derksen PWB, Berns A, Jonkers J, Christofori G. NCAM-induced focal adhesion assembly: a functional switch upon loss of E-cadherin. EMBO J 2008; 27:2603-15. [PMID: 18772882 PMCID: PMC2567408 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of expression of the cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin is a hallmark of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in development and in the progression from epithelial tumours to invasive and metastatic cancers. Here, we demonstrate that the loss of E-cadherin function upregulates expression of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Subsequently, a subset of NCAM translocates from fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) complexes outside lipid rafts into lipid rafts where it stimulates the non-receptor tyrosine kinase p59(Fyn) leading to the phosphorylation and activation of focal adhesion kinase and the assembly of integrin-mediated focal adhesions. Ablation of NCAM expression during EMT inhibits focal adhesion assembly, cell spreading and EMT. Conversely, forced expression of NCAM induces epithelial cell delamination and migration, and high NCAM expression correlates with tumour invasion. These results establish a mechanistic link between the loss of E-cadherin expression, NCAM function, focal adhesion assembly and cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Lehembre
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mahmut Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wicki
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tibor Schomber
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karin Strittmatter
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Ziegler
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Kren
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Phillip Went
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick W B Derksen
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Berns
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Christofori
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Wang PY, Seabold GK, Wenthold RJ. Synaptic adhesion-like molecules (SALMs) promote neurite outgrowth. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 39:83-94. [PMID: 18585462 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SALMs are a family of five adhesion molecules whose expression is largely restricted to the CNS. Initial reports showed that SALM1 functions in neurite outgrowth while SALM2 is involved in synapse formation. To investigate the function of SALMs in detail, we asked if all five are involved in neurite outgrowth. Expression of epitope-tagged proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons showed that SALMs are distributed throughout neurons, including axons, dendrites, and growth cones. Over-expression of each SALM resulted in enhanced neurite outgrowth, but with different phenotypes. Neurite outgrowth could be reduced by applying antibodies targeting the extracellular leucine rich regions of SALMs and with RNAi. Through over-expression of deletion constructs, we found that the C-terminal PDZ binding domains of SALMs 1-3 are required for most aspects of neurite outgrowth. In addition, by using a chimera of SALMs 2 and 4, we found that the N-terminus is also involved in neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Y Wang
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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The Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor: Signaling Crosstalk. Neurochem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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60
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Zecchini S, Bianchi M, Colombo N, Fasani R, Goisis G, Casadio C, Viale G, Liu J, Herlyn M, Godwin AK, Nuciforo PG, Cavallaro U. The Differential Role of L1 in Ovarian Carcinoma and Normal Ovarian Surface Epithelium. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1110-8. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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