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Baek SK, Lee MC, Hah JH, Ahn SH, Son YI, Rho YS, Chung PS, Lee YS, Koo BS, Jung KY, Lee BJ. Role of surgery in the management of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: Korean nationwide multicenter study of 329 patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, 2000 to 2012. Head Neck 2016; 39:133-139. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kuk Baek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Myung-Chul Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Korea Cancer Center Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - J. Hun Hah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Soon-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Young-Ik Son
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Young-Soo Rho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Hallym University College of Medicine; Gangwon-do Korea
| | - Phil-Sang Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Dankook University College of Medicine; Chungnam Korea
| | - Yoon-Se Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Ulsan University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Bon Seok Koo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Chungnam National University College of Medicine; Daejeon 305-764 Korea
| | - Kwang-Yoon Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute; Busan Korea
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Kwon J, Kim BH, Jung HW, Besic N, Sugitani I, Wu HG. The prognostic impacts of postoperative radiotherapy in the patients with resected anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2016; 59:34-45. [PMID: 27014798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal postoperative managements for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) have not yet been sufficiently clarified. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis focussing on the impact of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in the patients with resected ATC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, a comprehensive search was performed in the several databases. We included the studies that reported survival outcome in the patients with or without PORT following any type of surgical resection except biopsy only. Hazard ratio (HR) was extracted, and the random-effects model was used for the pooled analysis. RESULTS Seventeen retrospective studies including 1147 analysable patients met all inclusion criteria. The overall research quality was relatively low with considerable methodological limitations. The pooled results showed that PORT significantly reduced the risk of death in all the patients with resected ATC compared with those with surgery alone (HR, 0.556; 95% confidence interval, 0.419-0.737; p < 0.001). Exploratory analyses demonstrated that patients with stage IVA (HR, 0.364; p = 0.012) and IVB (HR, 0.460; p = 0.059) may also have survival benefit from PORT, whereas stage IVC may not. No evidence of publication bias was found (p = 0.352). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first meta-analysis assessing PORT in patients with ATC and provides convincing evidence that adequate resection followed by PORT may offer the prolonged survival. However, without evidence based on prospective randomised trials, it is still not known which subset of patients can really benefit from PORT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanny Kwon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Hyuck Kim
- Division of Biological Warfare Preparedness and Response, Armed Forces Medical Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Won Jung
- Geriatric Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikola Besic
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iwao Sugitani
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Research Consortium of Japan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gyun Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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53
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Lee DY, Won JK, Lee SH, Park DJ, Jung KC, Sung MW, Wu HG, Kim KH, Park YJ, Hah JH. Changes of Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Survival Outcomes of Anaplastic and Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2016; 26:404-13. [PMID: 26541309 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyze the temporal changes of the clinicopathologic characteristics, and the long-term outcomes, of various types of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC). METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with ATC and PDTC who were treated from 1985 to 2013. The outcome measures included the clinical response to treatment and the survival rates of three separate thyroid cancer groups: ATC, PDTC, and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) with anaplastic foci. RESULTS The five-year disease-specific survival rate was significantly higher, both in DTC with anaplastic foci and in PTDC (81.3% and 65.8%, respectively), than it was in ATC (14.3%; p < 0.001). The proportion of cases of DTC with anaplastic foci has been increasing over time, while that of ATC has decreased. The survival rate was found to be significantly higher in resectable tumors (71.4% and 26.5%, respectively; p < 0 .001). In ATC, external beam radiation therapy showed longer survival rates than did surgery-based treatment in unresectable tumors (19.2 vs. 7.7 months, p = 0.006). Adjuvant treatment with external beam radiation or radioactive iodine increased survival duration in PDTC and in DTC with anaplastic foci. Lymphatic invasion was the most significant postoperative prognosticator in ATC (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS The choice of treatment of ATC and PDTC could be modified according to resectability and lymphatic invasion of the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doh Young Lee
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Won
- 2 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- 3 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Joon Park
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Cheon Jung
- 2 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Whun Sung
- 5 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Gyun Wu
- 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Kim
- 5 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - J Hun Hah
- 5 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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54
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Glaser SM, Mandish SF, Gill BS, Balasubramani GK, Clump DA, Beriwal S. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: Prognostic factors, patterns of care, and overall survival. Head Neck 2016; 38 Suppl 1:E2083-90. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.24384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Glaser
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Steven F. Mandish
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine; Marshall University; Huntington West Virginia
| | - Beant S. Gill
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | | | - David A. Clump
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Sushil Beriwal
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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Lennon P, Deady S, Healy ML, Toner M, Kinsella J, Timon CI, O'Neill JP. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: Failure of conventional therapy but hope of targeted therapy. Head Neck 2016; 38 Suppl 1:E1122-9. [PMID: 26879282 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid cancer has a median survival between 1.2 and 10 months. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer in Ireland. METHODS We carried out a retrospective analysis of the Irish National Cancer Database for patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer between 2000 and 2010. RESULTS Of a total of 64 patients (40 women, 24 men), the median age was 69 years, and 29.7% of the patients had distant metastases. The overall median survival was 2.3 months and the 1, 2, and 5-year survival was 12.5%, 6.25%, and 4.69%, respectively. On univariate analysis age, sex, metastases at diagnosis, and multimodality treatment were statistically significant indicators of prognosis, and metastases at diagnosis remained statistically significant on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION These results correlate with the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines, in which, when possible, multimodality therapy offers a survival advantage to a select group of patients. Novel therapies may offer the greatest hope for these patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1122-E1129, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lennon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra Deady
- National Cancer Registry - Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maire L Healy
- Department of Endocrinology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Toner
- Department of Histopathology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Kinsella
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conrad I Timon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James P O'Neill
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare malignancy of the thyroid with a high mortality rate. Conventional therapy has not been effective. Several biological agents are being investigated. The purpose of the review is to highlight the current standards for treatment and review new targets for treating ATC. RECENT FINDINGS Retrospective studies have led to formulation of guidelines for management, including those by the American Thyroid Association. An expansion in the understanding of the genetic mutations has led to several newer biological agents being tested to treat ATC. Aurora kinase inhibitors, PPAR γ agonists, and vascular targeting agents are some of the latest therapeutic agents that have shown promise and could become standard of therapy with further supporting research. SUMMARY Further well coordinated preclinical and clinical research is needed to support the emerging treatments for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Ranganath
- aMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York bMercy Catholic Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
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Haghpanah V, Fallah P, Tavakoli R, Naderi M, Samimi H, Soleimani M, Larijani B. Antisense-miR-21 enhances differentiation/apoptosis and reduces cancer stemness state on anaplastic thyroid cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1299-308. [PMID: 26289851 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most aggressive malignancy in thyroid cancers. Resistance to current therapies is still a challenge. MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs, regulating gene expression. MiR-21 is an oncomiR that is overexpressed in nearly all cancers including ATC. Accumulating evidence suggested that miR-21 has a role in cancer stemness state, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and differentiation. Therefore, we evaluated the application of Off-miR-21 to sequester the microRNA for therapeutic purposes on ATC cell lines. In this study, C643 and SW1736 were transducted by hsa-miR-21 antagomir (Off-miR-21). PTEN gene expression was performed as a known target of miR-21. Stemness state in cancer stem cells (CSCs) was evaluated by the changes of CSC biomarkers including Oct-4 and ABCG2. Apoptosis was assessed by PDCD4 and Mcl-1 gene expression and flow cytometry. Sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroglobulin (TG) were measured as ATC differentiation markers. In addition, cell cycle progression was investigated via the alterations of p21 gene expression and flow cytometry. Specific downregulation of miR-21 induced the differentiation and apoptosis in C643 and SW1736. Inversely, the treatment inhibited stemness state and cell cycle progression. Knockdown of miR-21 significantly increased the expression of PDCD4, p21, NIS, and TG while leading to decreased expression of Oct-4, ABCG2, and Mcl-1.Taken together, the results suggest that miR-21, as an oncomiR, has a role not only in stemness state but also in tumor growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Hence, suppression of miR-21 could pave the way for ATC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Haghpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave., Tehran, 14114, Iran
| | - Parviz Fallah
- Department of Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rezvan Tavakoli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Naderi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hilda Samimi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave., Tehran, 14114, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave., Tehran, 14114, Iran.
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Chiang KC, Kuo SF, Chen CH, Ng S, Lin SF, Yeh CN, Chen LW, Takano M, Chen TC, Juang HH, Kittaka A, Lin JD, Pang JHS. MART-10, the vitamin D analog, is a potent drug to inhibit anaplastic thyroid cancer cell metastatic potential. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:76-85. [PMID: 26282787 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The survival rate of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is still very poor due to its fast growth and high metastatic potential. Currently, no effective treatment is available. The active form of vitamin D3, 1α,25(OH)2D3, has been shown to have a anti-metastatic effect in pre-clinical studies, however induction of hypercalcemia hampered its clinical application. The new class of less-calcemic vitamin D analog, 19-nor-2α-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (MART-10), is much more potent than 1α,25(OH)2D3 to repress cancer growth and metastasis in a variety of cancers. In this study, we demonstrated that both 1α,25(OH)2D3 and MART-10 could effectively inhibit the migration and invasion of ATC cells, 8305C and 8505C, with MART-10 much more potent than 1α,25(OH)2D3. The anti-metastatic effect of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and MART-10 on ATC cells is mediated by reversal of cadherin switch (upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin), which led to the attenuation of EMT process, and decrease of F-actin formation. We further showed that the expressions of Slug, the EMT-related transcriptional factor, and MMP-9 were inhibited by 1α,25(OH)2D3 and MART-10 in 8505C cells, but not in 8303C cells. Since metastasis is the important cause of ATC-related death, our results strongly encourage the further in vivo study of MART-10 application against ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chun Chiang
- General Surgery Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chung Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Thyroid Cancer Team, Keelung Chang Gung Cancer Center, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fong Kuo
- Thyroid Cancer Team, Keelung Chang Gung Cancer Center, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chung Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chen
- Thyroid Cancer Team, Keelung Chang Gung Cancer Center, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chung Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Sohching Ng
- Thyroid Cancer Team, Keelung Chang Gung Cancer Center, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chung Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- General Surgery Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chung Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chung Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Masashi Takano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tai C Chen
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jen-Der Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Jong-Hwei S Pang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Koussis H, Giorgi CA, Di Liso E, Carlucci MC, Fassina A, Marioni G, Conte PF. Complete response to weekly carboplatin-docetaxel chemotherapy in a 91-year-old woman with anaplastic thyroid cancer. Am J Otolaryngol 2015; 36:268-72. [PMID: 25681954 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an unusual tumor with the worst prognosis among thyroid malignancies. Treatment of the patients diagnosed with ATC is not standardized and the feasible options include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. ATC cannot be regarded as a very chemo-sensitive tumor. Herein, we reported a case of a 91-year-old woman with complete response after induction chemotherapy (weekly carboplatin and docetaxel) that underwent subsequent radiotherapy.
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60
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Wu H, Sun Y, Ye H, Yang S, Lee SL, de las Morenas A. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: outcome and the mutation/expression profiles of potential targets. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:695-701. [PMID: 25588542 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy of the thyroid. No effective treatment modalities are currently available. Targeted therapy against protein kinases showed promising results in preclinical studies. Our goal was to assess the mutational status of potential therapeutic targets, as well as the biomarker for immunotherapy in the clinical context. Using allele specific PCR, Sanger sequencing, fragment analysis and immunohistochemistry, we assessed BRAF, KRAS, EGFR mutations and protein overexpression of C-KIT and PDL1 in anaplastic thyroid cancer specimens. Results were compared to clinical information and patient outcome to assess the utility of these biomarkers. There were 13 patients in our study with a median overall survival of 19 weeks. Of the 13 ATC patients, 3 (23 %) had BRAF V600E mutation. C-KIT overexpression was found in 1 (8 %) patient who responded well to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. PDL1 expression was seen in 3 (23 %) patients, none of them were surgical candidates due to unresectability and poor performance status. KRAS codon 12/13 and EGFR exon 18, 19, 20 and 21 were all wild type in our patients. Protein kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy may be useful adjuvant therapies for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, AB190.11, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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61
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Thyroid Cancer. Surg Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1423-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common type of endocrine malignancy and accounts for nearly 3 % of all malignancies. The incidence of TC in Spain was 5/100,000 in women and 1.9/100,000 in men in 2013. The diagnosis of TC usually follows the identification of a thyroid nodule on physical examination or as an incidental finding on diagnostic imaging performed for other reasons. In most of the cases, the prognosis is excellent but despite low mortality rates, local recurrence occurs in up to 20 %, and distant metastases can occur in approximately 10 % at 10 years. The better knowledge of molecular biology of TC has allowed to the development of new targeted agents directed to the main pathways involved in TC pathogenesis. Knowing all these new strategies will help us face the therapeutic management of TC more effectively.
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63
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Steggink LC, van Dijk BAC, Links TP, Plukker JTM. Survival in anaplastic thyroid cancer in relation to pre-existing goiter: a population-based study. Am J Surg 2014; 209:1013-9. [PMID: 25242682 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether pre-existent goiter and well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) are associated with survival in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). METHODS We analyzed medical records from 94 ATC patients, drawn from the Netherlands Cancer Registry, diagnosed in 17 hospitals between 1989 and 2009. RESULTS The 29 patients (31%) with pre-existent goiter, including 8 with WDTC, were younger than those without (median, 69 vs. 76 years; P = .02). One-year overall survival was 9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3% to 14%) with no difference between pre-existent goiter or not (overall survival, 14%; 95% CI, 1% to 26% vs overall survival, 6%; 95% CI, 0% to 13%]). Higher age was associated with a worse survival (hazard rate, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.06]), whereas the hazard to die was lower after surgery and/or radiotherapy (hazard rate, .37; 95% CI, .21 to .67 and hazard rate, .22; 95% CI, .12 to .41, respectively). CONCLUSIONS ATC patients with pre-existent goiter were younger, yet survival was not significantly different between those with or without pre-existent goiter or WDTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Steggink
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Boukje A C van Dijk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Comprehensive Cancer Centre The Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thera P Links
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John Th M Plukker
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
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Perros P, Boelaert K, Colley S, Evans C, Evans RM, Gerrard Ba G, Gilbert J, Harrison B, Johnson SJ, Giles TE, Moss L, Lewington V, Newbold K, Taylor J, Thakker RV, Watkinson J, Williams GR. Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81 Suppl 1:1-122. [PMID: 24989897 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 732] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petros Perros
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
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65
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Treatment of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer during the last 20 years: whether any progress has been made? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:1553-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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66
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ACR Appropriateness Criteria® thyroid carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:577-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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67
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Efficacy of combined treatment for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: results of a multinstitutional retrospective analysis. Int J Surg 2014; 12 Suppl 1:S178-82. [PMID: 24866070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a killer tumor, characterized by local invasiveness, risk of recurrence and very poor prognosis. Due to its rarity, clinical case studies concerning management are lacking. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed a multinstitutional clinical series of 114 consecutive patients treated between 1996 and 2012 for ATC. The outcomes of a combined treatment were analyzed considering the impact of surgery and radiotherapy on survival. RESULTS Patients were divided in groups A and B considering tumor size (tumor lesser and larger than 5 cm). Surgery was carried out in 71 patients, radiotherapy in 89 patients. Tracheostomy and endoprothesis were used respectively in 48.7% and in 25.6% of patients. The mean survival was 5.35 (±3.2) months with no significant difference in group A vs group B. A better survival was observed in both groups of patients undergone a surgical treatment compared to no treated patients (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0001) or to patients undergone radiotherapy alone (p = 0.047 and p = 0.0001). Combination of surgery and radiotherapy significantly improved outcome (p = 0.017). DISCUSSION Despite disappointing results from single therapeutic approach, multimodal strategy has progressively become the treatment of choice in ATC, with surgery being the cornerstone of the management. CONCLUSION Although dismal prognosis, the combined treatment might significantly improves locoregional disease control, achieving acceptable survival in selected patients and adequate palliation of the symptoms.
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Influence of risk grouping on therapeutic decisions in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:985-993. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-2937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yoshida A, Sugino K, Sugitani I, Miyauchi A. Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas Incidentally Found on Postoperative Pathological Examination. World J Surg 2014; 38:2311-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-014-2536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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70
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Lastra RR, LiVolsi VA, Baloch ZW. Aggressive variants of follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas: a cytopathologist's perspective. Cancer Cytopathol 2014; 122:484-503. [PMID: 24664970 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Follicular cell-derived carcinomas of the thyroid gland comprise a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland with varied histologic appearance and molecular profiles. In most patients, these tumors represent relatively indolent neoplasms; however, certain subtypes/variants behave in an aggressive manner, and the recognition of this subset of tumors is essential because of their variable response to therapy and significant morbidity and mortality. Fine-needle aspiration is considered an essential tool for the diagnosis of suspicious thyroid nodules. In this review, the authors discuss the clinical, histologic, and molecular findings and the prognostic implications of aggressive thyroid neoplasms with emphasis on the characteristic cytomorphologic features on fine-needle aspiration smears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo R Lastra
- Division of Cytopathology and Cytometry, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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71
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Mohebati A, DiLorenzo M, Palmer F, Patel SG, Pfister D, Lee N, Tuttle RM, Shaha AR, Shah JP, Ganly I. Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: A 25-year Single-Institution Experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:1665-70. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Anaplastic thyroid cancer: the addition of systemic chemotherapy to radiotherapy led to an observed improvement in survival--a single centre experience and review of the literature. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:674583. [PMID: 25184150 PMCID: PMC3947878 DOI: 10.1155/2014/674583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is rare yet accounts for up to 50% of all thyroid cancer deaths. This study reviews outcomes of patients with confirmed ATC referred to a tertiary oncology centre plus reviews the literature to explore how poor outcomes may be improved. Materials and Methods. The management and outcomes of 20 patients with ATC were reviewed. Results. Median age at diagnosis was 69.5 years. 19 patients died due to ATC, 40% of whom died from asphyxiation. Median survival for all cases was 59 days. Patients who had previous surgery prior to other treatment modalities had a longer median survival overall compared to those who had not had previous surgery (142 days compared to 59 days) and produced the one long-term survivor. Chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (without previous surgery) was associated with longer median survival (220 days). Palliative radiotherapy alone did not decrease the rate of death by asphyxiation when compared to other single modality treatments. Conclusion. Multimodality treatment including surgery when feasible remains the best strategy to improve survival and prevent death from asphyxiation in the management of ATC. The addition of chemotherapy to our institutional protocol led to improved survival but prognosis remains very poor.
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Mohammadzadeh M, Pourzand A, Eftekhar-Sadat AT, Alikhah H, Naghavi-Behzad M. A case of concurrent several forms of thyroid cancer. Niger Med J 2014; 54:351-3. [PMID: 24403717 PMCID: PMC3883239 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous occurrence of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer, known as differentiated thyroid cancer, has been reported with various presentations, but presence of an anaplastic cancer, as an undifferentiated cancer, in addition to differentiated thyroid cancer is rarely reported. We here report a 40-year-old man with papillary thyroid cancer on his right thyroid lobe and metastasized to the right posterior triangle of the neck. Survey on the mass in the right posterior triangle revealed presence of simultaneous papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. The patient underwent right thyroid lobectomy and he received adjuvant radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Radiology-Radiotherapy-Nuclear Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Pourzand
- Department of Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Alikhah
- Department of Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naghavi-Behzad
- Department of Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Parenti R, Salvatorelli L, Magro G. Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Current Treatments and Potential New Therapeutic Options with Emphasis on TfR1/CD71. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:685396. [PMID: 25097549 PMCID: PMC4102021 DOI: 10.1155/2014/685396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most aggressive human cancers. Actually, ATC is refractory to conventional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and radioiodine ((131)I) therapy. Accordingly, genetic and molecular characterizations of ATC have been frequently and periodically reviewed in order to identify potential biological markers exploitable for target therapy. This review briefly focuses on main molecular events that characterize ATC and provides an update about preclinical studies. In addition, the overexpression of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1/CD71) by neoplastic cells of ATC is emphasized in that it could represent a potential therapeutic target. In this regard, new therapeutic approaches based on the use of monoclonal or recombinant antibodies, or transferrin-gallium-TfR1/CD71 molecular complexes, or lastly small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- *Rosalba Parenti:
| | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Sun C, Li Q, Hu Z, He J, Li C, Li G, Tao X, Yang A. Treatment and prognosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: experience from a single institution in China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80011. [PMID: 24224029 PMCID: PMC3818277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), a highly aggressive malignancy, has a poor prognosis, and the consensus on the most effective treatment is needed. Methods Clinical data from all ATC patients treated in our institution over a 30-year period (between May 1980 and May 2010) were analyzed retrospectively with regard to mortality and survival rates (Kaplan–Meier). Multivariate analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results Sixty cases were analyzed. The overall 1- and 3-year survival rates were 35.0% and 22.9%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the best prognosis was seen in patients younger than 55 years, those without distant metastases, those with white blood cell (WBC) counts < 10.0 × 109/L or blood platelet (PLT) counts < 300.0 × 109/L at presentation, those who did not receive chemotherapy, and those who received radiotherapy doses ≥ 40 Gy or underwent surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy. According to multivariate analysis, the WBC count at first presentation and the type of therapeutic regimen independently influenced survival. Conclusions We found that the elevated peripheral PLT count may be an adverse prognostic factor of ATC patients. The prognosis for ATC is especially poor for patients with distant metastasis, a WBC count ≥ 10.0×109/L, a PLT count ≥ 300.0 × 109/L, or age ≥ 55 years. WBC count at presentation and surgery with or without postoperative radiotherapy independently influenced the prognosis. Intensive treatment combining surgery with postoperative radiotherapy is recommended for ATC patients with stage IVA/B disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzheng Sun
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuli Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zedong Hu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiehua He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Tao
- Radiology Department of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: cjr.taoxiaofeng.@vip.163.com (XFT); (AKY)
| | - Ankui Yang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: cjr.taoxiaofeng.@vip.163.com (XFT); (AKY)
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Denaro N, Nigro CL, Russi EG, Merlano MC. The role of chemotherapy and latest emerging target therapies in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 9:1231-41. [PMID: 24092989 PMCID: PMC3787923 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s46545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer represents 1%–2% of thyroid cancers. For its aggressiveness, it
is considered a systemic disease at the time of diagnosis. Surgery remains the cornerstone of
therapy in resectable tumor. Traditional chemotherapy has little effect on metastatic disease. A
multimodality approach, incorporating cytoreductive surgical resection, chemoradiation, either
concurrently or sequentially, and new promising target therapies is advisable. Doxorubicin is the
most commonly used agent, with a response rate of 22%. Recently, other chemotherapy agents have been
used, such as paclitaxel and gemcitabine, with superimposable activity and response rates of
10%–20%. However, survival of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer has changed little in
the past 50 years, despite more aggressive systemic and radiotherapies. Several new agents are
currently under investigation. Some of them, such as sorafenib, imatinib, and axitinib have been
tested in small clinical trials, showing promising disease control rates ranging from
35%–75%. Referral of patients for participation in clinical trials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerina Denaro
- Oncology Department, AO S Croce e Carle, Messina, Italy ; Human Pathology Department, Messina University, Messina, Italy
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Sun X, Sun S, Guevara N, Fakhry N, Marcy P, Lassalle S, Peyrottes I, Bensadoun R, Lacout A, Santini J, Cals L, Bosset J, Garden A, Thariat J. Chemoradiation in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 86:290-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Sugitani I, Hasegawa Y, Sugasawa M, Tori M, Higashiyama T, Miyazaki M, Hosoi H, Orita Y, Kitano H. Super-radical surgery for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: A large cohort study using the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma research consortium of Japan database. Head Neck 2013; 36:328-33. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Sugitani
- Division of Head and Neck; Cancer Institute Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Hasegawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; Aichi Cancer Center; Aichi Japan
| | - Masashi Sugasawa
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology; Saitama Medical University International Medical Center; Saitama Japan
| | - Masayuki Tori
- Department of Surgery; Osaka Police Hospital; Osaka Japan
| | | | - Masakazu Miyazaki
- Head and Neck Surgery Division; National Cancer Center Hospital East; Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Nara Medical University; Nara Japan
| | - Yorihisa Orita
- Department of Otolaryngology; Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital; Okayama Japan
| | - Hiroya Kitano
- Division of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Tottori University; Tottori Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a lethal disease causing a global disproportionate number of thyroid cancer-related deaths. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) has recently produced clear and comprehensive guidelines to assist physicians treating ATC. METHODS The recent ATA guideline publication was reviewed. A systematic review of studies indexed in Medline and Pubmed was also undertaken using search terms relevant to ATC. RESULTS Patients with ATC have a median survival of 5 months and less than 20% survive 1 year. Early tumor dissemination results in 20-50% percent of patients having distant metastases and 90% having adjacent tissue invasion on presentation. This highlights the necessity for effective combined therapy. Stage IVA/ IVB, resectable disease may benefit from a multimodal (surgery, IMRT for loco regional control, and systemic therapy) approach. However, a majority of patients present with unresectable locoregional disease. Early palliative care involvement is inclusive of life-prolonging therapies. ATC management demands rapid, complex and integrated multidisciplinary decision making. CONCLUSION In this article we discuss the multidisciplinary strategies that exist to optimize the management of these patients in accordance with the recent guidelines from The American Thyroid Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Paul O'Neill
- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin, Ireland.
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Dralle H, Musholt TJ, Schabram J, Steinmüller T, Frilling A, Simon D, Goretzki PE, Niederle B, Scheuba C, Clerici T, Hermann M, Kußmann J, Lorenz K, Nies C, Schabram P, Trupka A, Zielke A, Karges W, Luster M, Schmid KW, Vordermark D, Schmoll HJ, Mühlenberg R, Schober O, Rimmele H, Machens A. German Association of Endocrine Surgeons practice guideline for the surgical management of malignant thyroid tumors. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2013; 398:347-75. [PMID: 23456424 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-013-1057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past years, the incidence of thyroid cancer has surged not only in Germany but also in other countries of the Western hemisphere. This surge was first and foremost due to an increase of prognostically favorable ("low risk") papillary thyroid microcarcinomas, for which limited surgical procedures are often sufficient without loss of oncological benefit. These developments called for an update of the previous practice guideline to detail the surgical treatment options that are available for the various disease entities and tumor stages. METHODS The present German Association of Endocrine Surgeons practice guideline was developed on the basis of clinical evidence considering current national and international treatment recommendations through a formal expert consensus process in collaboration with the German Societies of General and Visceral Surgery, Endocrinology, Nuclear Medicine, Pathology, Radiooncology, Oncological Hematology, and a German thyroid cancer patient support organization. RESULTS The practice guideline for the surgical management of malignant thyroid tumors includes recommendations regarding preoperative workup; classification of locoregional nodes and terminology of surgical procedures; frequency, clinical, and histopathological features of occult and clinically apparent papillary, follicular, poorly differentiated, undifferentiated, and sporadic and hereditary medullary thyroid cancers, thyroid lymphoma and thyroid metastases from primaries outside the thyroid gland; extent of thyroidectomy; extent of lymph node dissection; aerodigestive tract resection; postoperative follow-up and surgery for recurrence and distant metastases. CONCLUSION These evidence-based recommendations for surgical therapy reflect various "treatment corridors" that are best discussed within multidisciplinary teams and the patient considering tumor type, stage, progression, and inherent surgical risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Dralle
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06097, Halle, Saale, Germany.
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[Radiation therapy in thyroid cancer]. Cancer Radiother 2013; 17:233-43; quiz 255-6, 258. [PMID: 23763764 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancers represent 1-2% of all thyroid tumours and are of very poor prognosis even with multimodality treatment including external beam radiation therapy. Conversely, differentiated thyroid carcinomas (at least 80% of thyroid cancers) hamper good prognosis with surgery with or without radioiodine and there is hardly any room for external beam radiation therapy. Insular and medullar carcinomas have intermediary prognosis and are rarely irradiated. We aimed to update recommendations for external beam irradiation in these different clinical situations and put in light the benefits of new irradiations techniques. A search of the French and English literature was performed using the following keywords: thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic, chemoradiation, radiation therapy, surgery, histology and prognostic. Non-mutilating surgery (often limited to debulking) followed by systematic external beam radiation therapy is the standard of care in anaplastic thyroid cancers (hyperfractionated-accelerated radiation therapy with low-dose weekly doxorubicin with or without cisplatin if possible). Given anaplastic thyroid cancers' median survival of 10 months or less, neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy may also be discussed. Ten-year survival rates for patients with papillary, follicular and Hürthle-cell carcinomas are 93%, 85%, and 76%, respectively. Massive primary incompletely resected iodine-negative disease indicates external beam radiation therapy. Older age (45 or 60-year-old), poor-prognosis histological variants (including tall cell cancers) and insular cancers are increasingly reported as criteria for external beam radiation therapy. Massive extracapsular incompletely resected nodal medullary disease suggests external beam radiation therapy. Radiation therapy morbidity has been an important limitation. However, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) offers clear dosimetric advantages on tumour coverage and organ sparing, reducing late toxicities to less than 5%. The role of radiation therapy is evolving for anaplastic thyroid cancers using multimodal strategies and new chemotherapy molecules, and for differentiated cancers using minor criteria, such as histological variants, with IMRT becoming a standard of care.
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Smallridge RC, Ain KB, Asa SL, Bible KC, Brierley JD, Burman KD, Kebebew E, Lee NY, Nikiforov YE, Rosenthal MS, Shah MH, Shaha AR, Tuttle RM. American Thyroid Association guidelines for management of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2012; 22:1104-39. [PMID: 23130564 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but highly lethal form of thyroid cancer. Rapid evaluation and establishment of treatment goals are imperative for optimum patient management and require a multidisciplinary team approach. Here we present guidelines for the management of ATC. The development of these guidelines was supported by the American Thyroid Association (ATA), which requested the authors, members the ATA Taskforce for ATC, to independently develop guidelines for ATC. METHODS Relevant literature was reviewed, including serial PubMed searches supplemented with additional articles. The quality and strength of recommendations were adapted from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians, which in turn was developed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation workshop. RESULTS The guidelines include the diagnosis, initial evaluation, establishment of treatment goals, approaches to locoregional disease (surgery, radiotherapy, systemic therapy, supportive care during active therapy), approaches to advanced/metastatic disease, palliative care options, surveillance and long-term monitoring, and ethical issues including end of life. The guidelines include 65 recommendations. CONCLUSIONS These are the first comprehensive guidelines for ATC and provide recommendations for management of this extremely aggressive malignancy. Patients with stage IVA/IVB resectable disease have the best prognosis, particularly if a multimodal approach (surgery, radiation, systemic therapy) is used, and some stage IVB unresectable patients may respond to aggressive therapy. Patients with stage IVC disease should be considered for a clinical trial or hospice/palliative care, depending upon their preference.
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Prognostic factors and treatment outcomes for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: ATC Research Consortium of Japan cohort study of 677 patients. World J Surg 2012; 36:1247-54. [PMID: 22311136 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-012-1437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) accounts for only 1 to 2% of all thyroid carcinomas, but it is one of the most lethal neoplasms in humans. To date, most findings about ATC have been derived from single-institution studies with limited numbers of cohorts. To obtain further insights into this "orphan disease," we have established a multicenter registry, the ATC Research Consortium of Japan (ATCCJ). We analyzed prognostic factors and treatment outcomes using the large cohort database of the ATCCJ. METHODS Most of the Japanese centers involved in the treatment of thyroid cancer were invited to join the ATCCJ and have provided information on ATC patients treated between 1995 and 2008. The database includes 677 cases from 38 registered institutions. Survival curves were determined using Kaplan-Meier methods and were compared using the log-rank test. Cox's proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS Clinical varieties of ATC were classified into four types: common type (n = 547); incidental type (n = 29); anaplastic transformation at the neck (n = 95); anaplastic transformation at a distant site (n = 6). The incidental type followed by anaplastic transformation at the neck showed better outcomes than the other types. Anaplastic transformation at a distant site showed the worst outcomes. The 6-month and 1-year cause-specific survival (CSS) rates for common-type ATC were 36 and 18%, respectively. In all, 84 (15%) achieved long-term (>1 year) survival. Multivariate analysis identified age ≥70 years, presence of acute symptoms, leukocytosis (white blood cell count ≥10,000/mm(3)), large tumor >5 cm, T4b tumor, and distant metastasis as significant risk factors for lower survival. CSS rates also differed significantly depending on UICC stages, with 6-month CSSs of 60% for stage IVA, 45% for IVB, and 19% for IVC. For 36 of 69 (52%) stage IVA patients who underwent radical surgery, adjuvant therapies, including radiation therapy (RTX) and chemotherapy (CTX) did not show additional benefit statistically. Conversely, among 242 stage IVB patients, 80 (33%) underwent radical surgery. For those patients, therapies combining RTX with CTX significantly improved CSS. CONCLUSIONS Long-term survival is possible for selected patients with ATC. To determine the treatment strategy, UICC stage (disease extent) and other prognostic factors (e.g., biologic malignancy grade) should be considered.
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84
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Oh EM, Lee KE, Kwon H, Kim EY, Bae DS, Youn YK. Analysis of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer expected to have curative surgery. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 83:123-9. [PMID: 22977757 PMCID: PMC3433547 DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2012.83.3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is rare and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients diagnosed with ATC expected to undergo curative thyroidectomy, with the goal of finding differences between patients surviving ≥6 months and <6 months. Methods From 1981 to 2010, 24 patients underwent thyroidectomy due to ATC. Among those patients, 12 suspected of distant metastasis preoperatively were excluded. The remaining 12 patients were analyzed by retrospective review of electronic medical records. Results Median age was 55 years, and the male to female ratio was 1:5. All patients presented with neck mass at initial diagnosis. Five patients lived <6 months and seven patients lived ≥6 months after operation. In patients surviving ≥6 months, all lesions were <5 cm and all patients underwent total thyroidectomy. In patients surviving <6 months, two of the four lesions were >5 cm, and two of the five patients underwent less than total thyroidectomy (P = 0.287 and 0.152, respectively). All patients with lesion size <5 cm underwent total thyroidectomy and showed a shorter median operation time (P = 0.182 and 0.033, respectively). Conclusion ATC showed female predominance. Patients initially presented with neck mass, and median age was 55 years. In patients with ATC who are expected to undergo curative thyroidectomy, surgery should actively be considered as primary therapy for patient survival when the size is <5 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mee Oh
- Department of Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
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Smallridge RC. Approach to the patient with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:2566-72. [PMID: 22869844 PMCID: PMC3410281 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is the least common but most lethal of thyroid cancers. All patients are classified as stage IV, with the primary lesion restricted to the thyroid gland in stage IVA; locoregional lymph nodes may exist in IVA/IVB; and IVC disease is defined by distant metastases. Prognosis is highly dependent on disease extent at presentation, and staging and establishing a plan of care must be accomplished quickly. Although almost all studies are biased due to their retrospective nature, the most important factors associated with longer survival are completeness of surgical resection (achievable in only a minority of patients) and high-dose (>40 Gy) external beam radiotherapy (preferably intensity modulated radiation therapy). Recent reports suggest that a multimodal approach (surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy) is beneficial. Given the high lethality even with apparent local disease, combination systemic therapy (cytotoxics and/or targeted agents) may improve outcomes in stage IVA/IVB patients. Newer, more effective drug combinations are urgently needed for IVC patients who want aggressive therapy. A candid discussion of the prognosis and management options, including palliative care/hospice, should be held with the patient and caregiver as soon as possible after diagnosis to clarify the patient's preference and expectations. Prospective multicenter clinical trials, incorporating molecular analyses of tumors, are required if we are to improve survival in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Smallridge
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
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86
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Lim SM, Shin SJ, Chung WY, Park CS, Nam KH, Kang SW, Keum KC, Kim JH, Cho JY, Hong YK, Cho BC. Treatment outcome of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer: a single center experience. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53:352-7. [PMID: 22318823 PMCID: PMC3282954 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2012.53.2.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaplastic thyroid cancer is known to have a poor prognosis due to its aggressive and rapid metastasis with median survival of less than 6 months. Multimodal treatment involving surgery and chemoradiotherapy has been used to improve the survival of patients. Here, we retrospectively review of treatment outcome of 13 consecutive patients who were treated at a single center. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 13 anaplastic thyroid cancer patients who received multidisciplinary treatment between 2006 and 2010. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to analyze progression-free survival and overall survival of patients. RESULTS The median patient age at diagnosis was 69 years, and six patients had stage IVc diseases. Eight patients received primary surgery followed by radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Five patients received weekly doxorubicin-based definitive CCRT, but only one patient's condition remained stable, while the rest experienced rapid disease progression. The median progression-free survival was 2.8 months (95% CI, 1.2-4.4 months), and the median overall survival was 3.8 months (95% CI, 3.0-4.6 months). CONCLUSION Patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer showed poor prognosis despite multimodality treatment. Therefore, identification of novel therapeutic targets is warranted to take an effective mode of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong Youn Chung
- Department of General Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheong Soo Park
- Department of General Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Hyun Nam
- Department of General Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kang
- Department of General Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Chang Keum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hang Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gangnam Severance Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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87
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Most research reporting the management of advanced thyroid cancer focuses on major aerodigestive system or vessel involvement. In the present study, we investigated patients with locally advanced thyroid cancers who presented with malignant skin infiltration. The term fungating thyroid cancer (fTC) has been used to describe such a condition. METHODS The study was based on prospective collection of clinical, laboratory, imaging, and pathological data of all patients admitted to the head and neck and endocrine surgery unit, Main University Hospital, Alexandria School of Medicine, during the period April 2005-March 2011. RESULTS Eleven patients were referred with fTC, eight of whom had undergone subtotal thyroidectomy for an undiagnosed well-differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in another institution. The final pathological diagnosis showed (DTC, n = 3), poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (n = 5), anaplastic cancer (n = 2), and medullary thyroid cancer (n = 1). Extensive resections and reconstruction using flaps (pectoralis major, n = 6; deltopectoral, n = 1; sternocleidomastoid, n = 1) were undertaken. Complete tumor clearance (R0) was achieved in one patient and the others had microscopic (R1, n = 6) or macroscopic (R2, n = 1) residual disease. The three patients who did not undergo operation died within one month of presentation. The latest review of the eight patients who did undergo operation ranged from 3 to 6 months, but their survival remains unknown as access for follow-up was limited.
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88
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Akaishi J, Sugino K, Kitagawa W, Nagahama M, Kameyama K, Shimizu K, Ito K, Ito K. Prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of 100 cases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2011; 21:1183-9. [PMID: 21936674 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a malignancy with one of the highest fatality rates. Here we report a retrospective study of the treatment and other factors associated with its outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of 100 patients diagnosed with ATC at Ito Hospital between 1993 and 2009 were reviewed and pertinent information was extracted and analyzed. RESULTS There were 80 women and 20 men, and their median age at diagnosis was 68 years (range, 41-90 years). Thirteen patients had a history of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Six patients had a small ATC focus within a differentiated carcinoma. All cases were retrospectively staged according to the Union for International Cancer Control classification system, and the results were stage IVA in 11 cases, stage IVB in 31 cases, and stage IVC in 58 cases. Seventy patients underwent surgical treatment, and complete resection was performed in 24 of them. Seventy-eight patients received radiotherapy, and 58 of them received a total dose of ≥40 Gy. Twenty-seven patients received chemotherapy. Only 15 patients received multimodal therapy (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy). The 1-year survival rates according to stage were as follows: stage IVA, 72.7%; stage IVB, 24.8%; and stage IVC, 8.2%. Multivariate analysis identified age ≥70 years, white blood cell ≥10,000 mm(3), extrathyroidal invasion, and distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis as prognostic factors. Survival after complete resection was significantly better than after incomplete resection or no resection. The results also suggested that radiation doses of ≥40 Gy were associated with significantly longer survival. CONCLUSION Although the prognosis of most patients with ATC continues to be poor, surgery, radiotherapy, and a combination of both improved the survival of patients with ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Akaishi
- Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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89
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Abstract
This article reviews most common types of thyroid cancer focusing on older males worldwide. Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy. It includes tumour types that range from localised papillary carcinomas to lethal anaplastic disease. Among elderly population, male gender seems to be highly correlated with the risk and aggressiveness of thyroid cancer. Early diagnosis and urgent aggressive treatment are important for aging patients. This article includes numerous studies which evaluate prevalence, morbidity and mortality of thyroid cancer in older males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Rukhman
- Department of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA
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90
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Siironen P, Hagström J, Mäenpää HO, Louhimo J, Heikkilä A, Heiskanen I, Arola J, Haglund C. Anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: therapeutic strategies and treatment outcome of 52 consecutive patients. Oncology 2011; 79:400-8. [PMID: 21455012 DOI: 10.1159/000322640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most lethal malignancies; poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a new diagnosis for rare aggressive thyroid tumours. Surgery is often considered the only chance for survival, but the benefit of surgery and subsequent multimodal therapy is unclear. We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of 44 ATC and 8 PDTC consecutive patients treated at Helsinki University Central Hospital between 1990 and 2008. All ATC and PDTC cases were re-examined and reclassified histologically. Median survival was only 3.1 months for ATC, but 3.7 years for PDTC. Most patients in both groups eventually died of cancer. ATC patients were older than PDTC patients (74 vs. 66 years). Nodal and distant metastases had a negative impact on survival (ATC; p = 0.038, p = 0.008). Long-term survivors in both groups were stage N0M0 at presentation. Multimodal therapy was successful for 9 (20%) ATC patients, and their median survival was the longest (11.6 months) among treatment groups. Most PDTC patients (88%) underwent total thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine ablation; the only 2 who received chemotherapy survived longest. Although ATC and PDTC are both aggressive thyroid carcinomas, multimodal therapy for both can provide a chance of prolonged survival in patients with locoregional disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Siironen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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91
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Perri F, Lorenzo GD, Scarpati GDV, Buonerba C. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: A comprehensive review of current and future therapeutic options. World J Clin Oncol 2011; 2:150-7. [PMID: 21611089 PMCID: PMC3100480 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v2.i3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the rarest, but deadliest histologic type among thyroid malignancies, with a dismal median survival of 3-9 mo. Even though ATC accounts for less than 2% of all thyroid tumors, it is responsible for 14%-39% of thyroid carcinoma-related deaths. ATC clinically presents as a rapidly growing mass in the neck, associated with dyspnoea, dysphagia and vocal cord paralysis. It is usually locally advanced and often metastatic at initial presentation. For operable diseases, the combination of radical surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy, using agents such as doxorubicin and cisplatin, is the best treatment strategy. Cytotoxic drugs for advanced/metastatic ATC are poorly effective. On the other hand, targeted agents might represent a viable therapeutic option. Axitinib, combretastatin A4, sorafenib and imatinib have been tested in small clinical trials of ATC, with a promising disease control rate ranging from 33% to 75%. Other clinical trials of targeted therapy for thyroid carcinoma are currently ongoing. Biological agents that are under investigation include pazopanib, gefitinib and everolimus. With the very limited therapeutic armamentarium available at the present time, targeted therapy constitutes an exciting new horizon for ATC. In future, biological agents will probably represent the standard of care for this aggressive malignancy, in the same fashion as it has recently occurred for other chemo-refractory tumors, such as kidney and hepatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Perri
- Francesco Perri, Department of Skin, Musculoskeletal System and Head-neck, INT Foundation G. Pascale, Napoli 80131, Italy
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92
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Abraham T, Schöder H. Thyroid Cancer—Indications and Opportunities for Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:121-38. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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93
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94
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Smallridge RC, Copland JA. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010; 22:486-97. [PMID: 20418080 PMCID: PMC3905320 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma ranges from 1.3 to 9.8% of all thyroid cancers globally. Mutations, amplifications, activation of oncogenes and silencing of tumour suppressor genes contribute to its aggressive behaviour, and recent studies (e.g. microarrays, microRNAs) have provided further insights into its complex molecular dysregulation. Preclinical studies have identified numerous proteins over- or underexpressed that affect critical cellular processes, including transcription, signalling, mitosis, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and adhesion, and a variety of agents that effectively inhibit these processes and tumour growth. In clinical studies of 1771 patients, 64% were women, the median survival was 5 months, and 1-year survival was 20%. The variables associated with survival in some series included age, tumour size, extent of surgery, higher dose radiotherapy, absence of distant metastases at presentation, co-existence of differentiated thyroid cancer and multimodality therapy. However, considerable bias exists in these non-randomised studies. Although more aggressive radiotherapy has reduced locoregional recurrences, the median overall survival has not improved in over 50 years. Newer systemic therapies are being tried, and more effective combinations are needed to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Smallridge
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
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95
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Nonconventional papillary thyroid carcinomas with pleomorphic tumor giant cells: a diagnostic pitfall with anaplastic carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2010; 456:661-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-0919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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96
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Higashiyama T, Ito Y, Hirokawa M, Fukushima M, Uruno T, Miya A, Matsuzuka F, Miyauchi A. Induction chemotherapy with weekly paclitaxel administration for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2010; 20:7-14. [PMID: 20025538 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) has a very dire prognosis and no effective therapeutic strategies have been established for ATC patients, especially those with stage IVB or IVC. Our objective was to investigate the effectiveness of weekly paclitaxel administered as induction chemotherapy and to establish novel therapeutic strategies for ATC. METHODS We performed induction chemotherapy by weekly paclitaxel administration for patients with stage IVB (nine patients) and IVC (four patients) disease. Clinical and histological responses were assessed. Overall survival was compared with that of ATC patients with stage IVB (n = 50) and IVC (n = 13) treated without paclitaxel. RESULTS One patient demonstrated complete response (CR) and two demonstrated partial response (PR) in the stage IVB group (response rate: 33%), and one patient showed PR in stage IVC (response rate: 25%). Curative surgery and adjuvant therapy were performed for four patients with stage IVB, and 32 months after treatment, all the four are alive and free of disease. One CR patient and one stable disease patient were assessed as grade IV (complete remission) and grade III (nearly CR) on histological response, respectively. All four patients with stage IVC died of carcinoma within 8 months. Overall survival of stage IVB patients with induction chemotherapy was better (p = 0.0213) than that without the chemotherapy and also better (p = 0.0467) than those with chemotherapy other than paclitaxel. However, induction chemotherapy did not improve the overall survival of stage IVC patients (p = 0.2002). CONCLUSIONS Induction chemotherapy by weekly paclitaxel is a promising therapeutic strategy for stage IVB ATC patients. Responders can be expected to achieve long-term survival. We could not get significant difference of overall survival between stage IVC patients with or without weekly induction paclitaxel, although there were some cases that responded well.
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97
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Roche B, Larroumets G, Dejax C, Kwiatkowsi F, Desbiez F, Thieblot P, Tauveron I. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment and prognosis of a regional series of 26 anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATC). Comparison with the literature. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2009; 71:38-45. [PMID: 19959159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to retrospectively describe the epidemiological and clinical features, therapeutic modalities, prognostic factors and survival figures in a population of patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) observed in Auvergne, France. We compared these data with those in the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS The analysis was conducted based on a computer database containing a regional register recorded by health professionals treating ATC. RESULTS Of the 1500 cancers observed over 16 years, 26 were identified as ATC. The male/female ratio was 1/2.7 and the average age: 72.1; 76.9% of the cases had thyroid medical history, average tumor size at diagnosis was 7.35 cm with N1 in the course of illness in 61.5% of cases, M1 in 34.6% of cases. Surgery was performed in 84.6% of cases, radiotherapy in 53.8% and chemotherapy in 19.2%. The average survival was 9 months, the survival median: 4 months. CONCLUSION Our results show that, in univariate analysis, age above 75, capsular invasion, lymph nodes metastasis, tumor residue after surgery and lack of multimodal treatment (particularly radiotherapy in patients without tumor residue) are factors of poor prognosis. In a multivariate analysis only age above 75, followed by node invasion, capsular invasion, and finally female gender are factors of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roche
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie, maladies métaboliques, faculté de médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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98
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Anaplastic thyroid cancer, tumorigenesis and therapy. Ir J Med Sci 2009; 179:9-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-009-0364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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99
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Friedman S, Lu M, Schultz A, Thomas D, Lin RY. CD133+ anaplastic thyroid cancer cells initiate tumors in immunodeficient mice and are regulated by thyrotropin. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5395. [PMID: 19404394 PMCID: PMC2671400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies. Its rapid onset and resistance to conventional therapeutics contribute to a mean survival of six months after diagnosis and make the identification of thyroid-cancer-initiating cells increasingly important. Methodology/Principal Findings In prior studies of ATC cell lines, CD133+ cells exhibited stem-cell-like features such as high proliferation, self-renewal and colony-forming ability in vitro. Here we show that transplantation of CD133+ cells, but not CD133− cells, into immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice is sufficient to induce growth of tumors in vivo. We also describe how the proportion of ATC cells that are CD133+ increases dramatically over three months of culture, from 7% to more than 80% of the total. This CD133+ cell pool can be further separated by flow cytometry into two distinct populations: CD133+/high and CD133+/low. Although both subsets are capable of long-term tumorigenesis, the rapidly proliferating CD133+/high cells are by far the most efficient. They also express high levels of the stem cell antigen Oct4 and the receptor for thyroid stimulating hormone, TSHR. Treating ATC cells with TSH causes a three-fold increase in the numbers of CD133+ cells and elicits a dose-dependent up-regulation of the expression of TSHR and Oct4 in these cells. More importantly, immunohistochemical analysis of tissue specimens from ATC patients indicates that CD133 is highly expressed on tumor cells but not on neighboring normal thyroid cells. Conclusions/Significance To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that CD133+ ATC cells are solely responsible for tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. Our data also give a unique insight into the regulation of CD133 by TSH. These highly tumorigenic CD133+ cells and the activated TSH signaling pathway may be useful targets for future ATC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Atara Schultz
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dolly Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Reigh-Yi Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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100
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Smallridge RC, Marlow LA, Copland JA. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: molecular pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16:17-44. [PMID: 18987168 PMCID: PMC2829440 DOI: 10.1677/erc-08-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare malignancy. While external beam radiation therapy has improved locoregional control, the median survival of approximately 4 months has not changed in more than half a century due to uncontrolled systemic metastases. The objective of this study was to review the literature in order to identify potential new strategies for treating this highly lethal cancer. PubMed searches were the principal source of articles reviewed. The molecular pathogenesis of ATC includes mutations in BRAF, RAS, catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, PIK3CA, TP53, AXIN1, PTEN, and APC genes, and chromosomal abnormalities are common. Several microarray studies have identified genes and pathways preferentially affected, and dysregulated microRNA profiles differ from differentiated thyroid cancers. Numerous proteins involving transcription factors, signaling pathways, mitosis, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, adhesion, migration, epigenetics, and protein degradation are affected. A variety of agents have been successful in controlling ATC cell growth both in vitro and in nude mice xenografts. While many of these new compounds are in cancer clinical trials, there are few studies being conducted in ATC. With the recent increased knowledge of the many critical genes and proteins affected in ATC, and the extensive array of targeted therapies being developed for cancer patients, there are new opportunities to design clinical trials based upon tumor molecular profiling and preclinical studies of potentially synergistic combinatorial novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Smallridge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
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