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Luzina IG, Kopach P, Lockatell V, Kang PH, Nagarsekar A, Burke AP, Hasday JD, Todd NW, Atamas SP. Interleukin-33 potentiates bleomycin-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:999-1008. [PMID: 23837438 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0093oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of interstitial lung disease (ILD) remain incompletely understood, although recent observations have suggested an important contribution by IL-33. Substantial elevations in IL-33 expression were found in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and scleroderma lung disease, as well as in the bleomycin injury mouse model. Most of the observed IL-33 expression was intracellular and intranuclear, suggesting involvement of the full-length (fl) protein, but not of the proteolytically processed mature IL-33 cytokine. The effects of flIL-33 on mouse lungs were assessed independently and in combination with bleomycin injury, using recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. Bleomycin-induced changes were not affected by gene deficiency of the IL-33 receptor T1/ST2. Combined flIL-33 expression and bleomycin injury exerted a synergistic effect on pulmonary lymphocyte and collagen accumulation, which could be explained by synergistic regulation of the cytokines transforming growth factor-β, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein\x{2013}1α, and tumor necrosis factor-α. By contrast, no increase in the levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, or IL-13 was evident. Moreover, flIL-33 was found to increase the expression of several heat shock proteins (HSPs) significantly, and in particular HSP70, which is known to be associated with ILD. Thus, flIL-33 is a synergistic proinflammatory and profibrotic regulator that acts by stimulating the expression of several non-Th2 cytokines, and activates the expression of HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- 1 Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and
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Ishiguro Y, Ishiguro H, Miyamoto H. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition up-regulates interleukin-6 in cancer cells and induces subsequent development of interstitial pneumonia. Oncotarget 2013; 4:550-9. [PMID: 23592411 PMCID: PMC3720603 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute interstitial pneumonia is one of serious side effects of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, while it often has significant clinical benefit in cancer patients. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify underlying mechanisms for the development of the adverse effects by EGFR-TKI. In the present study, we attempted to determine how EGFR-TKI treatment in cancer cells induced interstitial pneumonia. The growth of tongue cancer HSC-3 and lung cancer A549 cell lines treated with EGFR-TKI was assessed by MTT assay. Cytokines and growth factors in conditioned medium obtained from EGFR-TKI-treated cancer cells were analyzed using cytokine membrane array and ELISA. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoter activity was measured by luciferase assay. We found that EGFR-TKI treatment significantly decreased the cell viability yet increased expression levels of IL-6 protein and mRNA, IL-6 secretion, and IL-6 transcriptional activity in these lines. In addition, using the co-culture model and IL-6 treatment was found to increase the expression of collagen and α-actin, which were markers for fibrosis, in lung fibroblast cells. These results suggest that up-regulated IL-6 plays an important role in the development of EGFR-TKI-induced interstitial fibroblastic proliferation. Therefore, blocking of IL-6 signaling could be beneficial to cancer patients undergoing EGFR-TKI treatment for reducing the risk of its unfavorable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Ishiguro
- Department of Biology and Function in the Head and Neck, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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McCarthy CG, Goulopoulou S, Wenceslau CF, Spitler K, Matsumoto T, Webb RC. Toll-like receptors and damage-associated molecular patterns: novel links between inflammation and hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H184-96. [PMID: 24163075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00328.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade systemic inflammation is a common manifestation of hypertension; however, the exact mechanisms that initiate this pathophysiological response, thereby contributing to further increases in blood pressure, are not well understood. Aberrant vascular inflammation and reactivity via activation of the innate immune system may be the first step in the pathogenesis of hypertension. One of the functions of the innate immune system is to recognize and respond to danger. Danger signals can arise from not only pathogenic stimuli but also endogenous molecules released following cell injury and/or death [damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)]. In the short-term, activation of the innate immune system is beneficial in the vasculature by providing cytoprotective mechanisms and facilitating tissue repair following injury or infection. However, sustained or excessive immune system activation, such as in autoimmune diseases, may be deleterious and can lead to maladaptive, irreversible changes to vascular structure and function. An initial source of DAMPs that enter the circulation to activate the innate immune system could arise from modest elevations in peripheral vascular resistance. These stimuli could subsequently lead to ischemic- or pressure-induced events aggravating further cell injury and/or death, providing more DAMPs for innate immune system activation. This review will address and critically evaluate the current literature on the role of the innate immune system in hypertension pathogenesis. The role of Toll-like receptor activation on somatic cells of the vasculature in response to the release of DAMPs and the consequences of this activation on inflammation, vasoreactivity, and vascular remodeling will be specifically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia; and
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Calvillo M, Diaz A, Limon DI, Mayoral MA, Chánez-Cárdenas ME, Zenteno E, Montaño LF, Guevara J, Espinosa B. Amyloid-β(25-35) induces a permanent phosphorylation of HSF-1, but a transitory and inflammation-independent overexpression of Hsp-70 in C6 astrocytoma cells. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:339-46. [PMID: 23850171 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two hallmarks of Alzheimer diseases are the continuous inflammatory process, and the brain deposit of Amyloid b (Aβ), a cytotoxic protein. The intracellular accumulation of Aβ(25-35) fractions, in the absence of Heat Shock proteins (Hsṕs), could be responsible for its cytotoxic activity. As, pro-inflammatory mediators and nitric oxide control the expression of Hsṕs, our aim was to investigate the effect of Aβ(25-35) on the concentration of IL-1β, TNF-α and nitrite levels, and their relation to pHSF-1, Hsp-60, -70 and -90 expressions, in the rat C6 astrocyte cells. Interleukin-specific ELISA kits, immunohistochemistry with monoclonal anti-Hsp and anti pHSF-1 antibodies, and histochemistry techniques, were used. Our results showed that Aβ25-35 treatment of C6 cells increased, significantly and consistently the concentration of IL-1β, TNF-α and nitrite 3 days after initiating treatment. The immunoreactivity of C6 cells to Hsp-70 reached its peak after 3 days of treatment followed by an abrupt decrease, as opposed to Hsp-60 and -90 expressions that showed an initial and progressive increase after 3 days of Aβ(25-35) treatment. pHSF-1 was identified throughout the experimental period. Nevertheless, progressive and sustained cell death was observed during all the treatment times and it was not caspase-3 dependent. Our results suggest that Hsp-70 temporary expression serves as a trigger to inhibit casapase-3 pathway and allow the expression of Hsp-60 and -90 in C6 astrocytoma cells stimulated with Aβ(25-35).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Calvillo
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico D.F. 14059, Mexico
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Douglas JJ, Walley KR. Metabolic changes in cardiomyocytes during sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2013; 17:186. [PMID: 24053782 PMCID: PMC4056895 DOI: 10.1186/cc13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Different types of shock induce distinct metabolic changes. The myocardium at rest utilizes free fatty acids as its primary energy source, a mechanism that changes to aerobic glycolysis during sepsis and is in contrast to hemorrhagic shock. The immune system also uses this mechanism, changing its substrate utilization to activate innate and adaptive cells. Cardiomyocytes share a number of features similar to antigen-presenting cells and may use this mechanism to augment the immune response at the reversible expense of cardiac function.
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Trial J, Cieslik KA, Haudek SB, Duerrschmid C, Entman ML. Th1/M1 conversion to th2/m2 responses in models of inflammation lacking cell death stimulates maturation of monocyte precursors to fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2013; 4:287. [PMID: 24065967 PMCID: PMC3776235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that cardiac fibrosis arises from the differentiation of monocyte-derived fibroblasts. We present here evidence that this process requires sequential Th1 and Th2 induction promoting analogous M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated) macrophage polarity. Our models are: (1) mice subjected to daily repetitive ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) without infarction and (2) the in vitro transmigration of human mononuclear leukocytes through human cardiac microvascular endothelium. In the mouse heart, leukocytes entered after I/R in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which is the major cytokine induced by this protocol. Monocytes within the heart then differentiated into fibroblasts making collagen while bearing the markers of M2 macrophages. T cells were seen in these hearts as well as in the human heart with cardiomyopathy. In the in vitro model, transmigration of the leukocytes was likewise induced by MCP-1 and some monocytes matured into fibroblasts bearing M2 markers. In this model, the MCP-1 stimulus induced a transient Th1 and M1 response that developed into a predominantly Th2 and M2 response. An increase in the Th2 product IL-13 was present in both the human and the mouse models, consistent with its known role in fibrosis. In these simplified models, in which there is no cell death to stimulate an anti-inflammatory response, there is nonetheless a resolution of inflammation enabling a profibrotic environment. This induces the maturation of monocyte precursors into fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann Trial
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, DeBakey Heart Center, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Houston Methodist , Houston, TX , USA
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Smeding L, Kuiper JW, Plötz FB, Kneyber MC, Groeneveld AJ. Aggravation of myocardial dysfunction by injurious mechanical ventilation in LPS-induced pneumonia in rats. Respir Res 2013; 14:92. [PMID: 24047433 PMCID: PMC3848739 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation (MV) may cause ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and may thereby contribute to fatal multiple organ failure. We tested the hypothesis that injurious MV of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pre-injured lungs induces myocardial inflammation and further dysfunction ex vivo, through calcium (Ca2+)-dependent mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS N = 35 male anesthetized and paralyzed male Wistar rats were randomized to intratracheal instillation of 2 mg/kg LPS or nothing and subsequent MV with lung-protective settings (low tidal volume (Vt) of 6 mL/kg and 5 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)) or injurious ventilation (high Vt of 19 mL/kg and 1 cmH2O PEEP) for 4 hours. Myocardial function ex vivo was evaluated in a Langendorff setup and Ca2+ exposure. Key mediators were determined in lung and heart at the mRNA level. RESULTS Instillation of LPS and high Vt MV impaired gas exchange and, particularly when combined, increased pulmonary wet/dry ratio; heat shock protein (HSP)70 mRNA expression also increased by the interaction between LPS and high Vt MV. For the heart, C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)1 and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 mRNA expression increased, and ventricular (LV) systolic pressure, LV developed pressure, LV +dP/dtmax and contractile responses to increasing Ca2+ exposure ex vivo decreased by LPS. High Vt ventilation aggravated the effects of LPS on myocardial inflammation and dysfunction but not on Ca2+ responses. CONCLUSIONS Injurious MV by high Vt aggravates the effects of intratracheal instillation of LPS on myocardial dysfunction, possibly through enhancing myocardial inflammation via pulmonary release of HSP70 stimulating cardiac TLR2, not involving Ca2+ handling and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke Smeding
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Di Battista AP, Locke M. Isolated hearts treated with skeletal muscle homogenates exhibit altered function. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:675-81. [PMID: 23526129 PMCID: PMC3745262 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fiber damage and necrosis can result in the release of intracellular molecules into the extracellular environment. These molecules, termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), can act as signals capable of initiating immune and/or inflammatory responses through interactions with pattern recognition receptors. To investigate whether skeletal muscle DAMPs interact with the heart and alter cardiac function, isolated rat hearts were perfused for 75 min with buffer containing 1 μg/ml of either soleus (slow), white gastrocnemius (WG, fast), or heat-stressed white gastrocnemius (HSWG) skeletal muscle homogenates. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and rates of pressure increase/decrease (± dP/dt) were measured using the Langendorff technique. Compared to controls, no changes in LVDP or +dP/dt were observed over the 75-min perfusion when homogenates from the WG muscles were added. In contrast, at 30 min and thereafter, a decreased LVDP and +dP/dt was observed in the hearts treated with soleus muscle homogenates. The hearts treated with HSWG homogenates also showed a decrease in LVDP from 45 min until the end of perfusion. These results suggest that molecules present in slow muscle and heat-stressed muscle are capable of altering cardiac function. Thus, muscle fiber type and/or heat shock protein content of skeletal muscles may be factors that influence cardiac function following skeletal muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P. Di Battista
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2W6 Canada
| | - Marius Locke
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2W6 Canada
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Yang ZW, Chen JK, Ni M, Zhao T, Deng YP, Tao X, Jiang GJ, Shen FM. Role of Kir6.2 subunits of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in endotoxemia-induced cardiac dysfunction. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:75. [PMID: 23659427 PMCID: PMC3654940 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac dysfunction is well-described in endotoxemia and diagnosed in up to 60% of patients with endotoxic shock. ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are critical to cardiac function. This study investigates the role of Kir6.2 subunits of KATP channels on cardiac dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia. Methods Kir6.2 subunits knockout (Kir6.2−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice were injected with LPS to induce endotoxemia. Cardiac function was monitored by echocardiography. Left ventricles were taken for microscopy (both light and electron) and TUNEL examination. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in both serum and left ventricular tissues were determined. Results Compared to WT, Kir6.2−/− mice showed significantly declined cardiac function 360 min after LPS administration, aggravated myocardial damage and elevated serum LDH and CK activities. Apoptotic cells were obviously increased in heart tissues from Kir6.2−/− mice at 90, 180 and 360 min. TNF-α expression in both serum and heart tissues of Kir6.2−/− mice was significantly increased. Conclusions We conclude that Kir6.2 subunits are critical in resistance to endotoxemia-induced cardiac dysfunction through reducing myocardial damage by inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation. KATP channels blockers are extensively used in the treatment of diabetes, their potential role should therefore be considered in the clinic when patients treated with antidiabetic sulfonylureas are complicated by endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Barratt-Due A, Pischke SE, Brekke OL, Thorgersen EB, Nielsen EW, Espevik T, Huber-Lang M, Mollnes TE. Bride and groom in systemic inflammation--the bells ring for complement and Toll in cooperation. Immunobiology 2013; 217:1047-56. [PMID: 22964230 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attenuating the sepsis-induced systemic inflammatory response, with subsequent homeostatic imbalance, has for years been one of the main tasks in sepsis related research. Complement and the TLR family constitute two important upstream sensor and effector-systems of innate immunity. Although they act as partly independent branches of pattern recognition, recent evidence indicate a considerable cross-talk implying that they can either compensate, synergize or antagonize each other. Combined inhibition of these pathways is therefore a particularly interesting approach with a profound anti-inflammatory potential. In previous preclinical studies, we demonstrated that targeting the key molecules C3 or C5 of complement and CD14 of the TLR family had a vast anti-inflammatory effect on Gram-negative bacteria-induced inflammation and sepsis. In this review, we elucidate the significance of these key molecules as important targets for intervention in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Finally, we argue that a combined inhibition of complement and CD14 represent a potential general treatment regimen, beyond the limit of sepsis, including non-infectious systemic inflammation and ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Barratt-Due
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Norway.
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62
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Modulation of the unfolded protein response during hepatocyte and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in trauma/hemorrhagic shock. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1187. [PMID: 23378918 PMCID: PMC3561621 DOI: 10.1038/srep01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma with hemorrhagic shock (T/HS), has been shown to result in liver injury marked by hepatocyte apoptosis and heart failure marked by cardiomyocyte apoptosis, both of which we have shown to be prevented by IL-6 administration at resuscitation, and Stat3 largely mediated this. As specific mediators have not been delineated, we investigated the unfolded protein response (UPR), which, with marked activation, can lead to apoptosis. Prior studies of hepatic and cardiac injury examined limited repertoires of UPR elements, making it difficult to assess the role of the UPR in T/HS. This study describes the first global examination of the UPR transcriptome in the liver and heart following T/HS, demonstrating organ-specific UPR transcriptome changes. The non-canonical UPR chaperone, Hsp70, was most dysregulated following T/HS and may contribute to hepatocyte protection via an IL-6-mediated pathway, identifying a potential new therapeutic strategy to prevent hepatocyte death and organ dysfunction in T/HS.
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Oarada M, Miki T, Kohno S, Sakai K, Nikawa T, Yoneyama M, Gonoi T. Refeeding with a standard diet after a 48-h fast elicits an inflammatory response in the mouse liver. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1314-23. [PMID: 23333091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy eating behaviors increase the risk of metabolic diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Because inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, it is important to understand the effects of unhealthy eating on the inflammatory state. The objective of our present study was to address the effects of a fasting-refeeding regime, a model of irregular eating, on the hepatic inflammatory responses in mouse. The animals were fasted for 48 h and then refed either a standard or low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet. Inflammatory gene expression in the liver was then sequentially measured for the first 17 h after initiation of refeeding. To assess the roles of dietary carbohydrates and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the refeeding-induced inflammatory changes, gene expression levels in mice refed only carbohydrates (α-corn starch and sucrose) at different doses and in TLR2-deficient mice refed a standard diet were also analyzed. Refeeding with a standard diet increased the liver expression of Tlr2, proinflammatory mediators (Cxcl10, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Icam-1) and negative regulators of TLR-signaling (A20 and Atf3). These increases were attenuated in mice refed a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet. Refeeding only α-corn starch and sucrose also increased the expression of these inflammatory pathway genes depending on the doses. TLR2 deficiency significantly attenuated the refeeding-induced increase in the liver expression of Cxcl10, Cxcl1, Icam-1 and A20. These findings suggest that an irregular eating behavior can elicit a liver inflammatory response, which is at least partly mediated by TLR2, and that dietary carbohydrates play critical roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Oarada
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan.
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64
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The promotion of HL-1 cardiomyocyte beating using anisotropic collagen-GAG scaffolds. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8812-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Serious infection and the patient's response (sepsis) is a serious health problem that, even today, is associated with a mortality rate of 30 %-50 %. The phases of severe sepsis include an early hyperinflammatory response to pathogens and a late immunosuppressed phase. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of transmembrane innate immune receptors that play a major role in both phases of sepsis. Here, their physiology and the therapeutic strategies employed to date are reviewed. Currently, there are no approved therapies targeting TLRs, but it is anticipated that in the future, the less-studied TLRs, such as TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9, will evolve therapeutic targets, perhaps predominantly with agonists, versus the usual antagonist strategies. Furthermore, accurately characterizing the stage of sepsis will be essential to directing appropriate therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Boyd
- Critical Care Research Laboratories, Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6Z 1Y6,
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66
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Stoecklein VM, Osuka A, Lederer JA. Trauma equals danger--damage control by the immune system. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:539-51. [PMID: 22654121 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injuries induce a complex host response that disrupts immune system homeostasis and predisposes patients to opportunistic infections and inflammatory complications. The response to injuries varies considerably by type and severity, as well as by individual variables, such as age, sex, and genetics. These variables make studying the impact of trauma on the immune system challenging. Nevertheless, advances have been made in understanding how injuries influence immune system function as well as the immune cells and pathways involved in regulating the response to injuries. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about how traumatic injuries affect immune system phenotype and function. We discuss the current ideas that traumatic injuries induce a unique type of a response that may be triggered by a combination of endogenous danger signals, including alarmins, DAMPs, self-antigens, and cytokines. Additionally, we review and propose strategies for redirecting injury responses to help restore immune system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit M Stoecklein
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Heil M. Damaged-self recognition as a general strategy for injury detection. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:576-80. [PMID: 22516811 PMCID: PMC3419023 DOI: 10.4161/psb.19921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive endogenous molecules or their fragments as signals of danger when these appear at increased concentrations in the extracellular space, and they respond with increased endogenous levels of jasmonic acid. The wound hormone jasmonic acid represents a central player in the induced resistance of plants to herbivore feeding and infection by necrotrophic pathogens. This 'damaged self recognition' mechanism of plants exhibits astonishing similarities to the perception of 'damage-associated molecular patterns' (DAMPs) by the human immune system: endogenous cell constituents, or their fragments, that can be released into the extracellular milieu during states of cellular stress or damage function as 'stress signals' and trigger inflammatory and other immunity-related responses. Multicellular organisms use endogenous molecules as danger signals to mount adequate healing and resistance-related responses without depending on exogenous signals and to place exogenous, enemy-derived molecular signals into the adequate functional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.
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Calderwood SK, Murshid A, Gong J. Heat shock proteins: conditional mediators of inflammation in tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:75. [PMID: 22566956 PMCID: PMC3342006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP)-based anticancer vaccines have undergone successful preclinical testing and are now entering clinical trial. Questions still remain, however regarding the immunological properties of HSPs. It is now accepted that many of the HSPs participate in tumor immunity, at least in part by chaperoning tumor antigenic peptides, introducing them into antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DC) that display the antigens on MHC class I molecules on the cell surface and stimulate cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL). However, in order for activated CD8+ T cells to function as effective CTL and kill tumor cells, additional signals must be induced to obtain a sturdy CTL response. These include the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on the DC surface and inflammatory events that can induce immunogenic cytokine cascades. That such events occur is indicated by the ability of Hsp70 vaccines to induce antitumor immunity and overcome tolerance to tumor antigens such as mucin1. Secondary activation of CTL can be induced by inflammatory signaling through Toll-like receptors and/or by interaction of antigen-activated T helper cells with the APC. We will discuss the role of the inflammatory properties of HSPs in tumor immunity and the potential role of HSPs in activating T helper cells and DC licensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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de Koning HD, Simon A, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Pattern recognition receptors in immune disorders affecting the skin. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:225-40. [PMID: 22398307 DOI: 10.1159/000335900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) evolved to protect organisms against pathogens, but excessive signaling can induce immune responses that are harmful to the host. Putative PRR dysfunction is associated with numerous immune disorders that affect the skin, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, and primary inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. As yet, the evidence is often confined to genetic association studies without additional proof of a causal relationship. However, insight into the role of PRRs in the pathophysiology of some disorders has already resulted in new therapeutic approaches based on immunomodulation of PRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen D de Koning
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Coelho V, Faria AMC. HSP60: issues and insights on its therapeutic use as an immunoregulatory agent. Front Immunol 2012; 2:97. [PMID: 22566886 PMCID: PMC3342027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 60 (HSP60) is one of the most well studied member of the HSP family. Although found to be a target self antigen in pathological autoimmunity and HSP60-reactive T and B cells are part of immune responses in several infectious diseases, there is consistent experimental evidence that HSP60 displays dominant immunoregulatory properties. There are a series of reports on animal models showing that the administration of HSP60 can modulate inflammatory diseases. However, HSP60 has both immune-regulatory and inflammatory properties placing it as an essentially homeostatic antigen, but with potentially harmful effects as well. There have been a series of reports on the successful use of HSP60 and its peptides as immune-modulatory agent for several models of autoimmune diseases and in some clinical trials as well. We believe that the potential risks of HSP60 as a therapeutic agent can be controlled by addressing important factors determining its effects. These factors would be route of administration, appropriate peptides, time point of administration in the course of the disease, and possible association with other modulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Coelho
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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