51
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Yang KR, Song HS. A Comparative study of Warm needling and Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture on Osteoarthritis of the Knee - a Randomized Controlled Trial -. J Pharmacopuncture 2008. [DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2008.11.2.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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52
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Yin CS, Jeong HS, Park HJ, Baik Y, Yoon MH, Choi CB, Koh HG. A proposed transpositional acupoint system in a mouse and rat model. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:159-65. [PMID: 17559895 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In acupuncture, the specificity of the point and the reproducibility of the location of the point are prerequisite to the specificity and reproducibility of research involving acupuncture stimulation. The transpositional method, which locates animal acupoints (AAs) on the surface of animal skin corresponding to the anatomic site of a human acupoint, has been generally adopted for research modeling. However, there remains a lack of consensus on the specific location of AA among researchers. The potential problems that the discrepancy in acupoint locating methods causes include the attempt to compare research results. This report is a conceptual study that calls attention to the problems of inconsistency in AA location, and proposes a transpositional 121 AA system in a mouse and rat model. Further discussion, and the establishment of reproducible transpositional AA systems, will prompt further quantitative research and exchange of scientific ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shik Yin
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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53
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54
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Lee YJ, Kang SJ, Kim BM, Kim YJ, Woo HD, Chung HW. Cytotoxicity of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom in normal human lymphocytes and HL-60 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 169:189-97. [PMID: 17658502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whole bee venom (BV) is used to treat inflammatory diseases in Korean traditional medicine. Various studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of BV. The toxicity of individual components of BV has been widely studied, although few studies have reported on the toxicity of BV. We sought to evaluate the cytotoxicity of BV in normal human lymphocytes and HL-60 cells. When cells were treated with BV at concentrations of 1 or 5 microg/ml, BV induced cell death in a time-dependent manner until 24 h, but these cytotoxic effects ended thereafter. When cells were treated with BV at a concentration of 10 microg/ml, however, viability decreased until 72 h, which may have been due to the half-life of BV. Whole BV also inhibited proliferation in these cells. BV induced DNA fragmentation and micronuclei in HL-60 cells and DNA fragmentation in human lymphocytes. Phosphate and tensin homolog (PTEN) up-regulation in HL-60 cells may induce S-phase cell cycle arrest. Forkhead transcription factor (FKHR and FKHRL1) up-regulation in human lymphocytes by whole BV treatment may be involved in the repair of damaged DNA and reduce genotoxicity. Based on these results, whole BV may exert cytotoxicity in these two cells in a different fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Lee
- School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Republic of Korea
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55
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Mirshafiey A. Venom therapy in multiple sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2007; 53:353-61. [PMID: 17583756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To date many people with multiple sclerosis (MS) seek complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) to treat their symptoms as an adjunct to conventionally used therapies. Among the common CAM therapies, there is a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of venoms in MS. The efficacy of this therapeutic method remains unclear. However, venom-based therapy using bee, snakes and scorpions venom and/or sea anemones toxin has been recently developed because current investigations have identified the various components and molecular mechanism of the effects of venoms under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The aim of this review is to describe the recent findings regarding the role of venoms and their components in treatment of MS disease and that whether venom therapy could be recommended as a complementary treatment or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Medical Sciences, University of Tehran, Box 6446, Tehran 14155, Iran.
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56
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Han S, Lee K, Yeo J, Kweon H, Woo S, Lee M, Baek H, Kim S, Park K. Effect of honey bee venom on microglial cells nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production stimulated by LPS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 111:176-81. [PMID: 17166679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of microglial cells has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Results showed that venom (KBV) produced and purified in Korea regulated lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the murine microglia, BV-2 cell line. The production of proinflammatory cytokines, NO, and TNF-alpha was examined by LPS in BV-2 cell. The effect of KBV on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-alpha was investigated by Western blot and RT-PCR in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. KBV suppressed the NO, iNOS, and TNF-alpha production, and decreased the levels of iNOS and TNF-alpha mRNA. These results suggest that KBV has anti-inflammatory properties that inhibit iNOS and TNF-alpha expression. KBV could be useful in inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokine and NO production in neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies on the pharmacological aspects of the individual components of KBV are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangMi Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, South Korea.
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57
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Langevin HM, Hammerschlag R, Lao L, Napadow V, Schnyer RN, Sherman KJ. Controversies in acupuncture research: selection of controls and outcome measures in acupuncture clinical trials. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 12:943-53. [PMID: 17212566 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2006.12.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène M Langevin
- Departments of Neurology, Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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58
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Kang JM, Park HJ, Choi YG, Choe IH, Park JH, Kim YS, Lim S. Acupuncture inhibits microglial activation and inflammatory events in the MPTP-induced mouse model. Brain Res 2007; 1131:211-9. [PMID: 17173870 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a mouse model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD), this study investigated on the neuroprotective effects of acupuncture by examining whether acupuncture contributed to inhibiting microglial activation and inflammatory events. C57BL/6 mice were treated with MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 consecutive days. Acupuncture was then applied to acupoints Yanglingquan (GB34) and Taichong (LR3) starting 2 h after the first MPTP administration and then at 48 h intervals until the mice were sacrificed for analyses at 1, 3, and 7 days after the last MPTP injection. These experiments demonstrated that acupuncture inhibited the decreased of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity (IR) and generated a neuroprotective effects in the striatum (ST) and the substantia nigra (SN) on days 1, 3, and 7 post-MPTP injections. Acupuncture attenuated the increase of macrophage antigen complex-1 (MAC-1), a marker of microglial activation, at 1 and 3 days and reduced the increases in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression on days 1, 3, and 7. In MPTP group, striatal dopamine (DA) was measured by 46% at 7 days, whereas DA in the acupuncture group was 78%. On the basis of these results, we suggest that acupuncture could be used as a neuroprotective intervention for the purpose of inhibiting microglial activation and inflammatory events in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mo Kang
- Department of Meridian and Acupoints, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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59
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Han S, Lee K, Yeo J, Kweon H, Woo S, Lee M, Baek H, Park K. Inhibitory effect of bee venom against ultraviolet B induced MMP-11 and MMP-3 in human dermal fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH 2007; 46:94-98. [DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2007.11101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
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60
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Roh DH, Kim HW, Yoon SY, Kang SY, Kwon YB, Cho KH, Han HJ, Ryu YH, Choi SM, Lee HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Bee venom injection significantly reduces nociceptive behavior in the mouse formalin test via capsaicin-insensitive afferents. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2006; 7:500-12. [PMID: 16814689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peripheral bee venom (BV) administration produces 2 contrasting effects, nociception and antinociception. This study was designed to evaluate whether the initial nociceptive effect induced by BV injection into the Zusanli acupoint is involved in producing the more prolonged antinociceptive effect observed in the mouse formalin test, and whether capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents are involved in these effects. BV injection into the Zusanli point increased spinal Fos expression but not spontaneous nociceptive behavior. BV pretreatment 10 minutes before intraplantar formalin injection dose-dependently attenuated nociceptive behavior associated with the second phase of the formalin test. The destruction of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents by resiniferatoxin (RTX) pretreatment selectively decreased BV-induced spinal Fos expression but did not affect BV-induced antinociception. Furthermore, BV injection increased Fos expression in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the locus caeruleus, and this expression was unaltered by RTX pretreatment. Finally, BV's antinociception was blocked by intrathecal injection of 10 microg idazoxan, and this effect was not modified by RTX pretreatment. These findings suggest that subcutaneous BV stimulation of the Zusanli point activates central catecholaminergic neurons via capsaicin-insensitive afferent fibers without induction of nociceptive behavior. This in turn leads to the activation of spinal alpha2-adrenoceptors, which ultimately reduces formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviors. PERSPECTIVE This study demonstrates that BV acupuncture produces a significant antinociception without nociceptive behavior in rodents, which is mediated by capsaicin-insensitive afferents and involves activation of central adrenergic circuits. These results further suggest that BV stimulation into this acupuncture point might be a valuable alternative to traditional electrical or mechanical acupoint stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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61
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Kwon YB, Kim HW, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Baek RM, Kim JY, Kweon H, Lee KG, Park YH, Lee JH. Topical application of epidermal growth factor accelerates wound healing by myofibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in rat. J Vet Sci 2006; 7:105-9. [PMID: 16645332 PMCID: PMC3242099 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) stimulates the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells in human cell culture systems and animal models of partial-thickness skin wounds. This study investigated the effect of a topical rhEGF ointment on the rate of wound healing and skin re-epithelialization in a rat full thickness wound model, and verified whether or not the rhEGF treatment affected both myofibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in the dermis. When rhEGF (10 µg/g ointment) was applied topically twice a day for 14 days, there was significantly enhanced wound closure from the 5th to the 12th day compared with the control (ointment base treatment) group. A histological examination at the postoperative 7th day revealed that the rhEGF treatment increased the number of proliferating nuclear antigen immunoreactive cells in the epidermis layer. In addition, the immunoreactive area of alpha-smooth muscle actin and the expression of prolyl 4-hydroxylase were significantly higher than those of the control group. Overall, a topical treatment of rhEGF ointment promotes wound healing by increasing the rate of epidermal proliferation and accelerating the level of wound contraction related to myofibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Bae Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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62
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Han S, Lee K, Yeo J, Kweon H, Woo S, Lee M, Baek H, Park K. Effect of venom from the Asian honeybee ( Apis ceranaFab.) on LPS-induced nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α production in RAW 264.7 Cell Line. JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH 2006; 45:131-136. [DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2006.11101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
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63
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Yin CS, Lee HJ, Hong SJ, Chung JH, Koh HG. Microarray analysis of gene expression in chondrosarcoma cells treated with bee venom. Toxicon 2005; 45:81-91. [PMID: 15581686 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2004] [Revised: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bee venom (BV) has a broad array of clinical applications in Korean medicine, including treatment of inflammatory conditions such as arthritis. The final common pathway of many arthropathies is the destruction of articular cartilage and consequent loss of articular function. Chondrocyte dysfunction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of such disorders. To explore the global gene expression profiles in a human chondrocyte-like cell line treated with BV, microarray analysis was performed. The HTB-94 human chondrosarcoma cells were treated with BV, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or both. Of the 344 genes profiled in this study, with a cut-off level of 4-fold change in the expression, (1) 35 were downregulated following BV treatment, (2) 16 were upregulated and 7 downregulated following LPS treatment, and (3) 32 were downregulated following co-stimulation of BV and LPS. The results of the present study shows that treatment of BV reversed the LPS-induced upregulation of such genes as interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor, matrix metalloproteinase 15 (MMP-15), tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily-10, caspase-6 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). It is thought that microarrays will play an ever-growing role in the advance of our understanding of the pharmacologic actions of BV in the treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shik Yin
- Department of Acupuncture, Kyung Hee University Hospital, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-702, South Korea
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64
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Lee JD, Park HJ, Chae Y, Lim S. An Overview of Bee Venom Acupuncture in the Treatment of Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 2:79-84. [PMID: 15841281 PMCID: PMC1062163 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bee venom acupuncture (BVA), as a kind of herbal acupuncture, exerts not only pharmacological actions from the bioactive compounds isolated from bee venom but also a mechanical function from acupuncture stimulation. BVA is growing in popularity, especially in Korea, and is used primarily for pain relief in many kinds of diseases. We aimed to summarize and evaluate the available evidence of BVA for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Computerized literature searches for experimental studies and clinical trials of BVA for arthritis were performed on the databases from PUBMED, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. In addition, two leading Korean journals (The Journal of Korean Society for Acupuncture and Moxibustion and The Journal of Korean Oriental Medicine) were searched for relevant studies. The search revealed 67 studies, 15 of which met our criteria. The anti-inflammation and analgesic actions of BVA were proved in various kinds of animal arthritic models. Two randomized controlled trials and three uncontrolled clinical trials showed that BVA was effective in the treatment of arthritis. It is highly likely that the effectiveness of BVA for arthritis is a promising area of future research. However, there is limited evidence demonstrating the efficacy of BVA in arthritis. Rigorous trials with large sample size and adequate design are needed to define the role of BVA for these indications. In addition, studies on the optimal dosage and concentration of BVA are recommended for future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Dong Lee
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Seoul College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Meridian and Acupuncture, Seoul College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Younbyoung Chae
- Department of Meridian and Acupuncture, Seoul College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sabina Lim
- Department of Meridian and Acupuncture, Seoul College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- For reprints and all correspondence: Sabina Lim, Department of Meridian and Acupuncture, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung-Hee University, 1 Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 130–701, South Korea. Tel: +822 961 0324. Fax: +822 961 7831; E-mail:
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65
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Roh DH, Kwon YB, Kim HW, Ham TW, Yoon SY, Kang SY, Han HJ, Lee HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Acupoint stimulation with diluted bee venom (apipuncture) alleviates thermal hyperalgesia in a rodent neuropathic pain model: Involvement of spinal alpha2-adrenoceptors. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2004; 5:297-303. [PMID: 15336634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chemical acupuncture with diluted bee venom (DBV), termed apipuncture, has been traditionally used in oriental medicine to treat several inflammatory diseases and chronic pain conditions. In the present study we investigated the potential antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects of apipuncture in a rat neuropathic pain model. DBV (0.25 mg/kg, subcutaneous) was injected into the Zusanli acupoint 2 weeks after chronic constrictive injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Between 5 and 45 minutes after DBV injection, we observed a significant reduction in the thermal hyperalgesia induced by CCI, but apipuncture failed to reduce CCI-induced mechanical allodynia. We subsequently examined whether this antihyperalgesic effect of apipuncture was related to the activation of spinal opioid receptors and/or alpha2-adrenoceptors. Intrathecal pretreatment with naloxone (10 microg/rat), an opioid receptor antagonist, did not reverse the antihyperalgesic effect of apipuncture, whereas pretreatment with idazoxan (40 microg/rat), an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, completely blocked the effect of apipuncture. These results indicate that DBV-induced apipuncture significantly reduces the thermal hyperalgesia generated by CCI and also suggest that this antihyperalgesic effect is dependent on the activation of alpha2-adrenoceptors, but not opioid receptors, in the spinal cord. PERSPECTIVE The antinociceptive effect of apipuncture was evaluated in a rodent neuropathic pain model. The relieving effect of apipuncture on thermal hyperalgesia was found to be mediated by spinal alpha2-adrenoceptors, but not opioid receptors. These data suggest that apipuncture might be an effective alternative therapy for patients with painful peripheral neuropathy, especially for those who are poorly responsive to opioid analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, South Korea
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66
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Rajendra W, Armugam A, Jeyaseelan K. Toxins in anti-nociception and anti-inflammation. Toxicon 2004; 44:1-17. [PMID: 15225557 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of toxins as novel molecular probes to study the structure-function relationship of ion-channels and receptors as well as potential therapeutics in the treatment of wide variety of diseases is well documented. The high specificity and selectivity of these toxins have attracted a great deal of interest as candidates for drug development. This review highlights the involvement of the proteins and peptide toxins as well as non-proteinaceous compounds derived from both venomous and non-venomous animals, in anti-nociception and anti-inflammation. The possible mechanisms of these potential therapeutic agents and possible clinical applications in the treatment of pain and inflammation are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudayagiri Rajendra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8, Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117597
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67
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Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression in Chondrosarcoma Cells Stimulated with Bee Venom. J Pharmacopuncture 2004. [DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2004.7.2.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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