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De Bem TH, Chiaratti MR, Rochetti R, Bressan FF, Sangalli JR, Miranda MS, Pires PR, Schwartz KR, Sampaio RV, Fantinato-Neto P, Pimentel JR, Perecin F, Smith LC, Meirelles FV, Adona PR, Leal CL. Viable Calves Produced by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Using Meiotic-Blocked Oocytes. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:419-29. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago H.C. De Bem
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. Chiaratti
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Rochetti
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana F. Bressan
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano R. Sangalli
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moysés S. Miranda
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro R.L. Pires
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia R.L. Schwartz
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael V. Sampaio
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fantinato-Neto
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R.V. Pimentel
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Perecin
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lawrence C. Smith
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centre de recherche en reproduction animale, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Flávio V. Meirelles
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Adona
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade do Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Cláudia L.V. Leal
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Saada A. The use of individual patient's fibroblasts in the search for personalized treatment of nuclear encoded OXPHOS diseases. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:39-47. [PMID: 21835663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases, are a prevalent but diverse group of inherited disorders affecting the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Vast amount of information with respect to pathomechanism and the assembly of the various OXPHOS complexes has been accumulated by studying the different variants of these diseases. Conversely, the investigation of therapeutic strategies has been hampered by this extreme variability. Individual patient's fibroblast may therefore provide a suitable platform in the search for personalized treatments, of nuclear encoded defects, when the phenotype is expressed in multiple tissues. Examples and different approaches in the search for treatment options, while using fibroblasts from patients with nuclear encoded OXPHOS defects as model systems, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Saada
- Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases and the Monique and Jacques Roboh, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 1200, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
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53
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Chang LJ, Chen SU, Tsai YY, Hung CC, Fang MY, Su YN, Yang YS. An update of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in gene diseases, chromosomal translocation, and aneuploidy screening. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2011; 38:126-34. [PMID: 22384431 PMCID: PMC3283069 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2011.38.3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is gradually widely used in prevention of gene diseases and chromosomal abnormalities. Much improvement has been achieved in biopsy technique and molecular diagnosis. Blastocyst biopsy can increase diagnostic accuracy and reduce allele dropout. It is cost-effective and currently plays an important role. Whole genome amplification permits subsequent individual detection of multiple gene loci and screening all 23 pairs of chromosomes. For PGD of chromosomal translocation, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is traditionally used, but with technical difficulty. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) can detect translocation and 23 pairs of chromosomes that may replace FISH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms array with haplotyping can further distinguish between normal chromosomes and balanced translocation. PGD may shorten time to conceive and reduce miscarriage for patients with chromosomal translocation. PGD has a potential value for mitochondrial diseases. Preimplantation genetic haplotyping has been applied for unknown mutation sites of single gene disease. Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) using limited FISH probes in the cleavage-stage embryo did not increase live birth rates for patients with advanced maternal age, unexplained recurrent abortions, and repeated implantation failure. Polar body and blastocyst biopsy may circumvent the problem of mosaicism. PGS using blastocyst biopsy and array CGH is encouraging and merit further studies. Cryopreservation of biopsied blastocysts instead of fresh transfer permits sufficient time for transportation and genetic analysis. Cryopreservation of embryos may avoid ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and possible suboptimal endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jung Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shee-Uan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yi Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Hung
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Genomics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ya Fang
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Genomics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shih Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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54
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Quarato G, Piccoli C, Scrima R, Capitanio N. Functional imaging of membrane potential at the single mitochondrion level: Possible application for diagnosis of human diseases. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:764-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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55
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Chiaratti MR, Meirelles FV, Wells D, Poulton J. Therapeutic treatments of mtDNA diseases at the earliest stages of human development. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:820-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yanicostas C, Soussi-Yanicostas N, El-Khoury R, Bénit P, Rustin P. Developmental aspects of respiratory chain from fetus to infancy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 16:175-80. [PMID: 21640674 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reviewing the recent literature on the role of mitochondria during fetal development paradoxically reveals two features: the importance of mitochondria in these early developmental phases, and the scarcity of information available for humans. Indeed, most of the available information on the role of mitochondria during development comes from studies of animal models that do not necessarily strictly apply to humans. In this paper, we attempted to collect information existing on humans, together with data from animal studies essentially presented as corroboration. This makes clear that a complex interacting network of energetic, genetic and epigenetic factors governs the impact of mitochondrial function on early development in humans. This complexity presumably also accounts for our poor understanding of the consequences of impaired mitochondrial function on prenatal development, or conversely, of the impact of development on the expression of such deficiencies.
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Wolff JN, White DJ, Woodhams M, White HE, Gemmell NJ. The strength and timing of the mitochondrial bottleneck in salmon suggests a conserved mechanism in vertebrates. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20522. [PMID: 21655224 PMCID: PMC3105079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In most species mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited maternally in an apparently clonal fashion, although how this is achieved remains uncertain. Population genetic studies show not only that individuals can harbor more than one type of mtDNA (heteroplasmy) but that heteroplasmy is common and widespread across a diversity of taxa. Females harboring a mixture of mtDNAs may transmit varying proportions of each mtDNA type (haplotype) to their offspring. However, mtDNA variants are also observed to segregate rapidly between generations despite the high mtDNA copy number in the oocyte, which suggests a genetic bottleneck acts during mtDNA transmission. Understanding the size and timing of this bottleneck is important for interpreting population genetic relationships and for predicting the inheritance of mtDNA based disease, but despite its importance the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Empirical studies, restricted to mice, have shown that the mtDNA bottleneck could act either at embryogenesis, oogenesis or both. To investigate whether the size and timing of the mitochondrial bottleneck is conserved between distant vertebrates, we measured the genetic variance in mtDNA heteroplasmy at three developmental stages (female, ova and fry) in chinook salmon and applied a new mathematical model to estimate the number of segregating units (N(e)) of the mitochondrial bottleneck between each stage. Using these data we estimate values for mtDNA Ne of 88.3 for oogenesis, and 80.3 for embryogenesis. Our results confirm the presence of a mitochondrial bottleneck in fish, and show that segregation of mtDNA variation is effectively complete by the end of oogenesis. Considering the extensive differences in reproductive physiology between fish and mammals, our results suggest the mechanism underlying the mtDNA bottleneck is conserved in these distant vertebrates both in terms of it magnitude and timing. This finding may lead to improvements in our understanding of mitochondrial disorders and population interpretations using mtDNA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonci N. Wolff
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel J. White
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Centre for Reproduction and Genomics, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Michael Woodhams
- School of Information Technology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen E. White
- National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Gemmell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Centre for Reproduction and Genomics, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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Castellana S, Vicario S, Saccone C. Evolutionary patterns of the mitochondrial genome in Metazoa: exploring the role of mutation and selection in mitochondrial protein coding genes. Genome Biol Evol 2011; 3:1067-1079. [PMID: 21551352 PMCID: PMC3229188 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evr040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome is a fundamental component of the eukaryotic domain of life, encoding for several important subunits of the respiratory chain, the main energy production system in cells. The processes by means of which mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replicates, expresses itself and evolves have been explored over the years, although various aspects are still debated. In this review, we present several key points in modern research on the role of evolutionary forces in affecting mitochondrial genomes in Metazoa. In particular, we assemble the main data on their evolution, describing the contributions of mutational pressure, purifying, and adaptive selection, and how they are related. We also provide data on the evolutionary fate of the mitochondrial synonymous variation, related to the nonsynonymous variation, in comparison with the pattern detected in the nucleus. Elevated mutational pressure characterizes the evolution of the mitochondrial synonymous variation, whereas purging selection, physiologically due to phenomena such as cell atresia and intracellular mtDNA selection, guarantees coding sequence functionality. This enables mitochondrial adaptive mutations to emerge and fix in the population, promoting mitonuclear coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Castellana
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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Bredenoord AL, Dondorp W, Pennings G, De Wert G. Nuclear transfer to prevent mitochondrial DNA disorders: revisiting the debate on reproductive cloning. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 22:200-7. [PMID: 21169063 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical experiments are currently performed to examine the feasibility of several types of nuclear transfer to prevent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders. Whereas the two most promising types of nuclear transfer to prevent mtDNA disorders, spindle transfer and pronuclear transfer, do not amount to reproductive cloning, one theoretical variant, blastomere transfer does. This seems the most challenging both technically and ethically. It is prohibited by many jurisdictions and also the scientific community seems to avoid it. Nevertheless, this paper examines the moral acceptability of blastomere transfer as a method to prevent mtDNA disorders. The reason for doing so is that most objections against reproductive cloning refer to reproductive adult cloning, while blastomere transfer would amount to reproductive embryo cloning. After clarifying this conceptual difference, this paper examines whether the main non-safety objections brought forward against reproductive cloning also apply in the context of blastomere transfer. The conclusion is that if this variant were to become safe and effective, dismissing it because it would involve reproductive cloning is unjustified. Nevertheless, as it may lead to more complex ethical appraisals than the other variants, researchers should initially focus on the development of the other types of nuclear transfer to prevent mtDNA disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bredenoord
- Maastricht University and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) involves testing of single cells biopsied from oocytes and/or embryos generated in vitro. As only embryos unaffected for a given genetic condition are transferred to the uterus, it avoids prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy. Follow-up data from PGD pregnancies, deliveries and children show an acceptable live birth rate and, so far, no detrimental effects of the procedure have been observed. Of course, the long-term health outcome is currently unknown. PGD was first performed in 1990 and remained an experimental procedure for a number of years. Now, two decades later, it is regarded as an established alternative to prenatal diagnosis: its use has expanded, the range of applications has broadened, and continuous technical progress in single-cell testing has led to high levels of efficiency and accuracy. The current gold standard methods (single-cell multiplex-PCR for monogenic diseases and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosomal aberrations) are being replaced by single-cell whole genome amplification and array technology. These generalized methods substantially reduce the pre-PGD workload and allow more automated genome-wide analysis. The implementation of laboratory accreditation schemes brings the field at the same level of routine diagnostics. This article reviews the state of the art and considers indications, accuracy and current technical changes in the field of PGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine De Rycke
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, Brussels, Belgium.
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