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Sabart M, Misson B, Jobard M, Bronner G, Donnadieu-Bernard F, Duffaud E, Salençon MJ, Amblard C, Latour D. Genetic diversity along the life cycle of the cyanobacteriumMicrocystis: highlight on the complexity of benthic and planktonic interactions. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:901-11. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Sabart
- Clermont Université; LMGE; Université Blaise Pascal; BP 10448 Clermont-Ferrand F-63000 France
- LMGE; CNRS UMR 6023; BP 80026 Aubiere Cedex F-63171 France
| | - Benjamin Misson
- Clermont Université; LMGE; Université Blaise Pascal; BP 10448 Clermont-Ferrand F-63000 France
- LMGE; CNRS UMR 6023; BP 80026 Aubiere Cedex F-63171 France
| | - Marlène Jobard
- Clermont Université; LMGE; Université Blaise Pascal; BP 10448 Clermont-Ferrand F-63000 France
- LMGE; CNRS UMR 6023; BP 80026 Aubiere Cedex F-63171 France
| | - Gisèle Bronner
- Clermont Université; LMGE; Université Blaise Pascal; BP 10448 Clermont-Ferrand F-63000 France
- LMGE; CNRS UMR 6023; BP 80026 Aubiere Cedex F-63171 France
| | - Florence Donnadieu-Bernard
- Clermont Université; LMGE; Université Blaise Pascal; BP 10448 Clermont-Ferrand F-63000 France
- LMGE; CNRS UMR 6023; BP 80026 Aubiere Cedex F-63171 France
| | - Emilie Duffaud
- Clermont Université; LMGE; Université Blaise Pascal; BP 10448 Clermont-Ferrand F-63000 France
- LMGE; CNRS UMR 6023; BP 80026 Aubiere Cedex F-63171 France
| | | | - Christian Amblard
- Clermont Université; LMGE; Université Blaise Pascal; BP 10448 Clermont-Ferrand F-63000 France
- LMGE; CNRS UMR 6023; BP 80026 Aubiere Cedex F-63171 France
| | - Delphine Latour
- Clermont Université; LMGE; Université Blaise Pascal; BP 10448 Clermont-Ferrand F-63000 France
- LMGE; CNRS UMR 6023; BP 80026 Aubiere Cedex F-63171 France
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Hahn MW, Koll U, Jezberová J, Camacho A. Global phylogeography of pelagic Polynucleobacter bacteria: restricted geographic distribution of subgroups, isolation by distance and influence of climate. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:829-40. [PMID: 24920455 PMCID: PMC4361717 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The free-living planktonic freshwater bacterium Polynucleobacter necessarius subspecies asymbioticus (> 99% 16S rRNA similarity) represents a taxon with a cosmopolitan distribution and apparently ubiquitous occurrence in lentic freshwater habitats. We tested for intra-taxon biogeographic patterns by combining cultivation-independent and cultivation methods. A culture collection of 204 strains isolated from globally distributed freshwater habitats (Arctic to Antarctica) was investigated for phylogeographic patterns based on sequences of two markers, the 16S–23S internal transcribed spacers and the glutamine synthetase gene (glnA). Genetic distance between isolates showed significant geographic distance-decay patterns for both markers, suggesting that an isolation-by-distance mechanism influences the global phylogeography. Furthermore, a couple of subgroups showed restricted geographic distributions. Strains of one subgroup were exclusively obtained from tropical sites on four continents (pantropical subgroup). Cultivation-independent methods were used to confirm the restricted geographic distributions of two subgroups. The pantropical taxon could be detected in 63% of investigated tropical habitats but not in any of 121 European freshwater samples. Physiological tests indicated that almost all strains of the pantropical subgroup failed to grow at temperatures of 4°C, while strains affiliated with other subgroups showed good growth at this temperature. This suggests that thermal adaptation is involved in phylogeographic structuring of the global Polynucleobacter population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Hahn
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310, Mondsee, Austria
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53
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Moreira C, Spillane C, Fathalli A, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. African origin and europe-mediated global dispersal of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:628-33. [PMID: 24952206 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is a bloom-forming cyanobacteria, which currently has a cosmopolitan distribution. Since M. aeruginosa can produce toxic compounds across all continents that it inhabits, it is of major public health relevance to assess its origin and dispersal. Thus, we conducted a worldwide study using 29 isolates representative of all the main continents, and used a concatenated genetic system for phylogenetic analyses consisting of four genetic markers (spanning ca. 3,485 bp). Our results support an early origin of M. aeruginosa in the African continent, with a subsequent dispersal to establish a second genetic pool in the European continent, from where M. aeruginosa then colonized the remaining continental regions. Our findings indicate that the European population has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is genetically closer to populations from Africa and North America. Our study also highlights the utility of using a concatenated dataset for phylogenetic inferences in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
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54
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de Morais P, Stoichev T, Basto MCP, Ramos V, Vasconcelos VM, Vasconcelos MTSD. Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa response to pentachlorophenol and comparison with that of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 52:63-72. [PMID: 24462928 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) effects on a strain of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated at laboratory scale. This is the first systematic ecotoxicity study of the effects of PCP on an aquatic cyanobacterium. The microalga Chlorella vulgaris was studied in the same conditions as the cyanobacterium, in order to compare the PCP toxicity and its removal by the species. The cells were exposed to environmental levels of PCP during 10 days, in Fraquil culture medium, at nominal concentrations from 0.01 to 1000 μg L(-1), to the cyanobacterium, and 0.01 to 5000 μg L(-1), to the microalga. Growth was assessed by area under growth curve (AUC, optical density vs time) and chlorophyll a content (chla). The toxicity profiles of the two species were very different. The calculated effective concentrations EC20 and EC50 were much lower to M. aeruginosa, and its growth inhibition expressed by chla was concentration-dependent while by AUC was not concentration-dependent. The cells might continue to divide even with lower levels of chla. The number of C. vulgaris cells decreased with the PCP concentration without major impact on the chla. The effect of PCP on M. aeruginosa is hormetic: every concentration studied was toxic except 1 μg L(-1), which promoted its growth. The legal limit of PCP set by the European Union for surface waters (1 μg L(-1)) should be reconsidered since a toxic cyanobacteria bloom might occur. The study of the removal of PCP from the culture medium by the two species is an additional novelty of this work. M. aeruginosa could remove part of the PCP from the medium, at concentrations where toxic effects were observed, while C. vulgaris stabilized it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo de Morais
- CIIMAR/CIMAR and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teodor Stoichev
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - M Clara P Basto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - V Ramos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - V M Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Teresa S D Vasconcelos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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55
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Sandrini G, Matthijs HCP, Verspagen JMH, Muyzer G, Huisman J. Genetic diversity of inorganic carbon uptake systems causes variation in CO2 response of the cyanobacterium Microcystis. THE ISME JOURNAL 2014; 8:589-600. [PMID: 24132080 PMCID: PMC3930318 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rising CO2 levels may act as an important selective factor on the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) of cyanobacteria. We investigated genetic diversity in the CCM of Microcystis aeruginosa, a species producing harmful cyanobacterial blooms in many lakes worldwide. All 20 investigated Microcystis strains contained complete genes for two CO2 uptake systems, the ATP-dependent bicarbonate uptake system BCT1 and several carbonic anhydrases (CAs). However, 12 strains lacked either the high-flux bicarbonate transporter BicA or the high-affinity bicarbonate transporter SbtA. Both genes, bicA and sbtA, were located on the same operon, and the expression of this operon is most likely regulated by an additional LysR-type transcriptional regulator (CcmR2). Strains with only a small bicA fragment clustered together in the phylogenetic tree of sbtAB, and the bicA fragments were similar in strains isolated from different continents. This indicates that a common ancestor may first have lost most of its bicA gene and subsequently spread over the world. Growth experiments showed that strains with sbtA performed better at low inorganic carbon (Ci) conditions, whereas strains with bicA performed better at high Ci conditions. This offers an alternative explanation of previous competition experiments, as our results reveal that the competition at low CO2 levels was won by a specialist with only sbtA, whereas a generalist with both bicA and sbtA won at high CO2 levels. Hence, genetic and phenotypic variation in Ci uptake systems provide Microcystis with the potential for microevolutionary adaptation to changing CO2 conditions, with a selective advantage for bicA-containing strains in a high-CO2 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sandrini
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C P Matthijs
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M H Verspagen
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Muyzer
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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56
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Signatures of Natural Selection and Ecological Differentiation in Microbial Genomes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 781:339-59. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7347-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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57
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D'Alelio D, Salmaso N, Gandolfi A. Frequent recombination shapes the epidemic population structure of Planktothrix (Cyanoprokaryota) in Italian subalpine lakes. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2013; 49:1107-1117. [PMID: 27007631 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The planktonic genus Planktothrix, as other cyanobacteria, shows signals of both homologous and nonhomologous recombination. However, the frequency of recombination and its effect on Planktothrix population structuring is unknown. We isolated 290 Planktothrix strains from seven neighboring lakes in the subalpine Italian region and analyzed these using multilocus sequence typing. Four of six loci analyzed were polymorphic, resulting in 20 distinct multilocus genotypes. Association indices among alleles at different loci were suggestive of an "epidemic population structure," resulting from an explosive (and temporary) dominance of one genotype against a panmictic background. ClonalFrame analyses supported this view by detecting: (i) three major clades affected by three distinct recombination events, (ii) a recombination rate about equal to the mutation rate, and (iii) the fact that recombination had an impact on introducing molecular diversity more than double the mutation rate. Furthermore, analysis of molecular variance over an annual cycle in three of seven lakes revealed that both local clonal expansion and recombination processes affected among-lake diversity. Our observations suggest that recombination affects microevolution of Planktothrix and that an epidemic structure can emerge in populations of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico D'Alelio
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige (TN), I-38010, Italy
| | - Nico Salmaso
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige (TN), I-38010, Italy
| | - Andrea Gandolfi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige (TN), I-38010, Italy
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58
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Moreira C, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Phylogeny and biogeography of cyanobacteria and their produced toxins. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4350-69. [PMID: 24189276 PMCID: PMC3853732 DOI: 10.3390/md11114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogeny is an evolutionary reconstruction of the past relationships of DNA or protein sequences and it can further be used as a tool to assess population structuring, genetic diversity and biogeographic patterns. In the microbial world, the concept that everything is everywhere is widely accepted. However, it is much debated whether microbes are easily dispersed globally or whether they, like many macro-organisms, have historical biogeographies. Biogeography can be defined as the science that documents the spatial and temporal distribution of a given taxa in the environment at local, regional and continental scales. Speciation, extinction and dispersal are proposed to explain the generation of biogeographic patterns. Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms that inhabit a wide range of ecological niches and are well known for their toxic secondary metabolite production. Knowledge of the evolution and dispersal of these microorganisms is still limited, and further research to understand such topics is imperative. Here, we provide a compilation of the most relevant information regarding these issues to better understand the present state of the art as a platform for future studies, and we highlight examples of both phylogenetic and biogeographic studies in non-symbiotic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.M.); (V.V.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.M.); (V.V.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.M.); (V.V.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
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Tesson SVM, Edelaar P. Dispersal in a changing world: opportunities, insights and challenges. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2013; 1:10. [PMID: 25709824 PMCID: PMC4337764 DOI: 10.1186/2051-3933-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been long recognised that dispersal is an important life-history trait that plays a key role in the demography and evolution of populations and species. This then suggests that dispersal play a central role in the response of populations and species to ever-increasing global change, including climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, and biological invasions. During a symposium held at Lund University (Sweden), the causes and consequences of dispersal were discussed, and here we provide an overview of the talks. As the discussions often gravitated towards the role and our understanding of dispersal in a changing world and given the urgent challenges posed by it, we place this overview in the context of global change. We draw and discuss four conclusions: (i) methodological advances provide opportunities for improved future studies, (ii) dispersal distances can be much greater than previously thought (examples in plants and vertebrates), but also much more restricted (examples in micro-organisms), (iii) dispersal is more dynamic than we often care to admit (e.g. due to individual variation, effects of parasites, variation in life history, developmental and evolutionary responses, community impacts), (iv) using results of dispersal research for detailed prediction of outcomes under global change is currently mostly out of reach - nevertheless, that should not stop us from showing the many negative consequences of global change, and how dispersal is often a limiting factor in adapting to this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pim Edelaar
- />Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemical Engineering, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- />Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana – CSIC, Seville, Spain
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60
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Cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin synthetase genes in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains from Brazilian freshwater. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74238. [PMID: 24015317 PMCID: PMC3756036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii population from Brazilian freshwater is known to produce saxitoxin derivatives (STX), while cylindrospermopsin (CYN), which is commonly detected in isolates from Australia and Asia continents, has thus far not been detected in South American strains. However, during the investigation for the presence of cyrA, cyrB, cyrC and cyrJ CYN synthetase genes in the genomes of four laboratory-cultured C. raciborskii Brazilian strains, the almost complete cyrA gene sequences were obtained for all strains, while cyrB and cyrC gene fragments were observed in two strains. These nucleotide sequences were translated into amino acids, and the predicted protein functions and domains confirmed their identity as CYN synthetase genes. Attempts to PCR amplify cyrJ gene fragments from the four strains were unsuccessful. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the nucleotide sequences together with their homologues found in known CYN synthetase clusters of C. raciborskii strains with high bootstrap support. In addition, fragments of sxtA, sxtB and sxtI genes involved in STX production were also obtained. Extensive LC-MS analyses were unable to detect CYN in the cultured strains, whereas the production of STX and its analogues was confirmed in CENA302, CENA305 and T3. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the presence of cyr genes in South American strains of C. raciborskii and the presence of sxt and cyr genes in a single C. raciborskii strain. This discovery suggests a shift in the type of cyanotoxin production over time of South American strains of C. raciborskii and contributes to the reconstruction of the evolutionary history and diversification of cyanobacterial toxins.
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A tribute to disorder in the genome of the bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70747. [PMID: 23950996 PMCID: PMC3741299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the most common bloom-forming cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. This species produces numerous secondary metabolites, including microcystins, which are harmful to human health. We sequenced the genomes of ten strains of M. aeruginosa in order to explore the genomic basis of their ability to occupy varied environments and proliferate. Our findings show that M. aeruginosa genomes are characterized by having a large open pangenome, and that each genome contains similar proportions of core and flexible genes. By comparing the GC content of each gene to the mean value of the whole genome, we estimated that in each genome, around 11% of the genes seem to result from recent horizontal gene transfer events. Moreover, several large gene clusters resulting from HGT (up to 19 kb) have been found, illustrating the ability of this species to integrate such large DNA molecules. It appeared also that all M. aeruginosa displays a large genomic plasticity, which is characterized by a high proportion of repeat sequences and by low synteny values between the strains. Finally, we identified 13 secondary metabolite gene clusters, including three new putative clusters. When comparing the genomes of Microcystis and Prochlorococcus, one of the dominant picocyanobacteria living in marine ecosystems, our findings show that they are characterized by having almost opposite evolutionary strategies, both of which have led to ecological success in their respective environments.
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62
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Ohbayashi K, Hodoki Y, Kobayashi Y, Okuda N, Nakano SI. Genotypic composition and the relationship between genotypic composition and geographical proximity of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in western Japan. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:266-72. [PMID: 23586751 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2012-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the bloom-forming harmful algae in freshwater ecosystems. We genetically characterized Microcystis populations during bloom-forming periods in various reservoirs, lakes, and ponds in Japan during 2009. Using phylogenetic analysis, we evaluated the relationship between current genotype expansions and geographic location within western Japan and intraspecific variation. Microcystis aeruginosa colonies were isolated at 15 sites and were analyzed by sequencing the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal operon, and the potential to produce toxins was assessed by PCR-based detection of the microcystin synthetase gene mcyG. In total, 171 colonies were separated into 41 genotypes. The highest genotypic composition was detected in the south basin of Lake Biwa and the lowest in Lagoon Iba. Cluster analysis indicated no obvious association between genotypic composition and geographic distance. Thus, clear genetic differentiation accompanied by geographic origins was not found in western Japan. The resulting neighbor-joining tree revealed 3 clusters, 2 of which contained strains that showed both nonamplification and amplification of the mcyG gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kako Ohbayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113 Japan
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63
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Moreira C, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Phylogeny of Microcystins: Evidence of a Biogeographical Trend? Curr Microbiol 2012; 66:214-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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64
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Rigonato J, Kent AD, Alvarenga DO, Andreote FD, Beirigo RM, Vidal-Torrado P, Fiore MF. Drivers of cyanobacterial diversity and community composition in mangrove soils in south-east Brazil. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:1103-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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65
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Dvořák P, Hašler P, Poulíčková A. Phylogeography of the Microcoleus vaginatus (Cyanobacteria) from three continents--a spatial and temporal characterization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40153. [PMID: 22761955 PMCID: PMC3384635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been assumed that cyanobacteria have, as with other free-living microorganisms, a ubiquitous occurrence. Neither the geographical dispersal barriers nor allopatric speciation has been taken into account. We endeavoured to examine the spatial and temporal patterns of global distribution within populations of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus, originated from three continents, and to evaluate the role of dispersal barriers in the evolution of free-living cyanobacteria. Complex phylogeographical approach was applied to assess the dispersal and evolutionary patterns in the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus (Oscillatoriales). We compared the 16S rRNA and 16S-23S ITS sequences of strains which had originated from three continents (North America, Europe, and Asia). The spatial distribution was investigated using a phylogenetic tree, network, as well as principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). A temporal characterization was inferred using molecular clocks, calibrated from fossil DNA. Data analysis revealed broad genetic diversity within M. vaginatus. Based on the phylogenetic tree, network, and PCoA analysis, the strains isolated in Europe were spatially separated from those which originated from Asia and North America. A chronogram showed a temporal limitation of dispersal barriers on the continental scale. Dispersal barriers and allopatric speciation had an important role in the evolution of M. vaginatus. However, these dispersal barriers did not have a permanent character; therefore, the genetic flow among populations on a continental scale was only temporarily present. Furthermore, M. vaginatus is a recently evolved species, which has been going through substantial evolutionary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dvořák
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hašler
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aloisie Poulíčková
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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66
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Cai Y, Kong F, Shi L, Yu Y. Spatial heterogeneity of cyanobacterial communities and genetic variation of microcystis populations within large, shallow eutrophic lakes (Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, China). J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:1832-42. [PMID: 23520854 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)61007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, specifically Microcystis, usually form massive blooms in eutrophic freshwater lakes. Cyanobacterial samples were collected from eight sites of both Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu in late summer to determine the diversity and distribution pattern of cyanobacteria and Microcystis in large, shallow, entropic lakes with significant spatial heterogeneity and long-term Microcystis bloom. Molecular methods based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analysis were used. A similar heterogeneous distribution pattern of cyanobacteria in both lakes was observed. Most parts of these two lakes with high trophic level were dominated by Microcystis. However, in the regions with low trophic levels as well as low concentrations of chlorophyll a, Synechococcus occupied a considerable percentage. Different morphospecies and genotypes dominated the bloom-forming Microcystis populations in these two lakes. Microcystis viridis and Microcystis novacekii were dominant in Lake Chaohu, whereas Microcystis flos-aquae was dominant in Lake Taihu. Only 2 of thel3 Microcystis operational taxonomic units were shared between these two lakes. Analysis of molecular variance based on 16S to 23S internal transcribed spacer sequences indicated the significAnt genetic differentiation of Microcystis between these two lakes (F(ST) = 0.19, p < 0.001). However, only 19.46% of the genetic variability was explained by the population variation between lakes, whereas most (80.54%) of the genetic variability occurred within the lakes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no phylogeographic structure of Microcystis population in these two lakes, as illustrated by their cosmopolitan nature. Our results revealed that spatial heterogeneity within lakes has more impact on the cyanobacterial diversity than geographical isolation in a local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Freel KC, Edlund A, Jensen PR. Microdiversity and evidence for high dispersal rates in the marine actinomycete 'Salinispora pacifica'. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:480-93. [PMID: 22117917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In July of 2006 and January of 2008, a total of 671 marine sediment samples were collected at depths from 5 to 2012 m throughout the Fijian islands and selectively processed for the cultivation of marine actinomycetes belonging to the genus Salinispora. The primary objectives were to assess the diversity, distribution and phylogeny of 'S. pacifica', the least well studied of the three species in the genus. Employing a sequential screening method based on antibiotic sensitivity, RFLP patterns, and 16S rRNA and ITS sequence analyses, 42 of 750 isolates with Salinispora-like features were identified as 'S. pacifica'. These strains represent the first report of 'S. pacifica' from Fiji and include 15 representatives of 4 new 'S. pacifica' 16S rRNA sequence types. Among the 'S. pacifica' strains isolated, little evidence for geographical isolation emerged based on 16S, ITS or secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene fingerprinting. The inclusion of isolates from additional collection sites and other Salinispora spp. revealed a high degree of dispersal among 'S. pacifica' populations and phylogenetic support for the delineation of this lineage as a third species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelle C Freel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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