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Zheng L, Zhai Y, Li N, Wu C, Zhu H, Wei Z, Bai C, Li G, Hua J. Modification of Tet1 and histone methylation dynamics in dairy goat male germline stem cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:163-72. [PMID: 26988797 PMCID: PMC6495914 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tet (ten-eleven translocation) protein 1 is a key enzyme for DNA demethylation, which modulates DNA methylation and gene transcription. DNA methylation and histone methylation are critical elements in self-renewal of male germline stem cells (mGSCs) and spermatogenesis. mGSCs are the only type of adult stem cells able to achieve intergenerational transfer of genetic information, which is accomplished through differentiated sperm cells. However, numerous epigenetic obstacles including incomplete DNA methylation and histone methylation dynamics make establishment of stable livestock mGSC cell lines difficult. The present study was conducted to detect effects of DNA methylation and histone methylation dynamics in dairy goat mGSCs self-renewal and proliferation, through overexpression of Tet1. MATERIALS AND METHODS An immortalized dairy goat mGSC cell line bearing mouse Tet1 (mTet1) gene was screened and characteristics of the cells were assayed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence assay, western blotting, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and use of the cell counting kit (CCK8) assay. RESULTS The screened immortalized dairy goat mGSC cell line bearing mTet1, called mGSC-mTet1 cells was treated with optimal doxycycline (Dox) concentration to maintain Tet1 gene expression. mGSC-mTet1 cells proliferated at a significantly greater rate than wild-type mGSCs, and mGSCs-specific markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclinD1 (CCND1), GDNF family receptor alpha 1 (Gfra1) and endogenic Tet1, Tet2 were upregulated. The cells exhibited not only reduction in level of histone methylation but also changes in nuclear location of that methylation marker. While H3K9me3 was uniformly distributed throughout the nucleus of mGSC-mTet1 cells, it was present in only particular locations in mGSCs. H3K27me3 was distributed surrounding the edges of nuclei of mGSC-mTet1 cells, while it was uniformly distributed throughout nuclei of mGSCs. Our results conclusively demonstrate that modification of mGSCs with mTet1 affected mGSC maintenance and seemed to promote establishment of stable goat mGSC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that Tet1 had novel and dynamic roles for regulating maintenance of pluripotency and proliferation of mGSCs by forming complexes with PCNA and histone methylation dynamics. This may provide new solutions for mGSCs stability and livestock mGSC cell line establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuanxin Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chongyang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Haijing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Life Science, Yulin University, Yulin, Shaanxi, 719000, China
| | - Zhuying Wei
- Key Laboratory for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Chunling Bai
- Key Laboratory for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Marholz LJ, Wang W, Zheng Y, Wang X. A Fluorescence Polarization Biophysical Assay for the Naegleria DNA Hydroxylase Tet1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:167-171. [PMID: 27980707 PMCID: PMC5141568 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
The discovery of the 5-methylcytosine
(5mC) oxidation by the ten–eleven
translocation (Tet) protein family was an important advancement in
our understanding of DNA-modified epigenetics. Potent inhibitors of
these proteins are greatly desired for both the understanding of the
functions of these enzymes and to serve as eventual therapeutic leads.
So far, the discovery of such small molecules with high affinity has
been quite limited. Original tools to screen for activity are greatly
needed in order to accelerate this process. Here we present a novel
fluorescent probe, and the results of a fluorescence polarization-based
binding assay for Naegleria Tet1, a homologue to
mammalian Tet. A fluorescence polarization-based competition assay
was also established and applied to the rapid and quantitative measurement
of the binding affinity of the cofactor αKG and several known
Tet1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Marholz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yu Zheng
- RGENE Inc., 953 Indiana Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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53
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Zheng L, Zhu H, Mu H, Wu J, Song W, Zhai Y, Peng S, Li G, Hua J. CD49f promotes proliferation of male dairy goat germline stem cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:27-35. [PMID: 26841372 PMCID: PMC6495884 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CD49f enhances multipotency and maintains stemness in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), however, whether it would be effective in mGSCs has remained unclear. Moreover, better standards for mGSC enrichment and purification are necessary. The present study was conducted to determine roles of CD49f in mGSC enrichment and regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD49f expression patterns were investigated in dairy goats. CD49f positive cells were purified and enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), and characteristics of the cultured cells were assayed using alkaline phosphatase (AP) analysis, quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence analysis. Furthermore, the exogenous CD49f gene was transfected into mGSCs and its effects were analysed. RESULTS CD49f was found to be conserved in both mRNA and amino acid sequences and that it was an efficient marker for dairy goat mGSC identification, enrichment and purification. CD49f positive cells expressed higher levels of mGSC-specific markers, and proliferated faster than CD49f negative cells. Overexpression CD49f promoted proliferation of dairy goat mGSCs, and Oct4 expression was upregulated; histone H3-lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) was reduced. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that CD49f plays novel and dynamic roles in regulating maintenance of pluripotency in mGSCs via Oct4 crosstalk and histone methylation dynamics,which may provide new solutions for mGSCs stability in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Haijing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Life Science, Yulin University, Shaanxi, 719000, China
| | - Hailong Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Wencong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuanxin Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Sha Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Munari E, Chaux A, Vaghasia AM, Taheri D, Karram S, Bezerra SM, Gonzalez Roibon N, Nelson WG, Yegnasubramanian S, Netto GJ, Haffner MC. Global 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Levels Are Profoundly Reduced in Multiple Genitourinary Malignancies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146302. [PMID: 26785262 PMCID: PMC4718593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are characterized by a plethora of epigenetic changes. In particular, patterns methylation of cytosines at the 5-position (5mC) in the context of CpGs are frequently altered in tumors. Recent evidence suggests that 5mC can get converted to 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC) in an enzymatic process involving ten eleven translocation (TET) protein family members, and this process appears to be important in facilitating plasticity of cytosine methylation. Here we evaluated the global levels of 5hmC using a validated immunohistochemical staining method in a large series of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (n = 111), urothelial cell carcinoma (n = 55) and testicular germ cell tumors (n = 84) and matched adjacent benign tissues. Whereas tumor-adjacent benign tissues were mostly characterized by high levels of 5hmC, renal cell carcinoma and urothelial cell carcinoma showed dramatically reduced staining for 5hmC. 5hmC levels were low in both primary tumors and metastases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and showed no association with disease outcomes. In normal testis, robust 5hmC staining was only observed in stroma and Sertoli cells. Seminoma showed greatly reduced 5hmC immunolabeling, whereas differentiated teratoma, embryonal and yolk sack tumors exhibited high 5hmC levels. The substantial tumor specific loss of 5hmC, particularly in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and urothelial cell carcinoma, suggests that alterations in pathways involved in establishing and maintaining 5hmC levels might be very common in cancer and could potentially be exploited for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Munari
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
| | - Alcides Chaux
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
- Department of Scientific Research, Norte University; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC) Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Ajay M. Vaghasia
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
| | - Diana Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarah Karram
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
| | - Stephania M. Bezerra
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
| | - Nilda Gonzalez Roibon
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
| | - William G. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
| | - George J. Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MCH); (GJN)
| | - Michael C. Haffner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MCH); (GJN)
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Sharma N, Kubaczka C, Kaiser S, Nettersheim D, Mughal SS, Riesenberg S, Hölzel M, Winterhager E, Schorle H. Tpbpa mediated deletion of Tfap2c leads to deregulation of MAPK, P21, AKT and subsequent placental growth arrest. Development 2016; 143:787-98. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.128553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Loss of Tfap2c leads to developmental defects in the extra-embryonic compartment with embryonic lethality at E7.5. To investigate requirement of Tfap2c in later placental development, deletion of Tfap2c was induced throughout extra-embryonic ectoderm at E6.5 leading to severe placental abnormalities caused by reduced trophoblast population resulting in embryonic retardation by E8.5. Deletion of Tfap2c in Tpbpa+ progenitors at E8.5 results in growth arrest of junctional zone. TFAP2C regulates its target genes p21/Cdkn1a and Dusp6, involved in repression of MAPK signaling. Loss of TFAP2C reduces activation of ERK1/2 in the placenta. Downregulation of Akt and reduced activation of pAKT in the mutant placenta are accompanied by impaired glycogen synthesis. Loss of Tfap2c led to upregulation of imprinted gene H19 and downregulation of Tex19.1 and Ascl2. The placental insufficiency post E16.5 causes fetal growth restriction with 19% lighter mutant pups. TFAP2C knockdown in human trophoblast choriocarcinoma JAr cells inhibited MAPK and AKT signaling. Thus, we present a model where Tfap2c in trophoblasts controls proliferation by repressing P21 and activating MAPK pathway and further supporting differentiation of glycogen cells via activating Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Kubaczka
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kaiser
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Nettersheim
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sadaf S. Mughal
- Div. Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Riesenberg
- Unit of RNA Biology, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Unit of RNA Biology, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Elke Winterhager
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University of Bonn, Germany
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56
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Strand SH, Hoyer S, Lynnerup AS, Haldrup C, Storebjerg TM, Borre M, Orntoft TF, Sorensen KD. High levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an adverse predictor of biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy in ERG-negative prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:111. [PMID: 26478752 PMCID: PMC4608326 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PC) can be stratified into distinct molecular subtypes based on TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion status, but its potential prognostic value remains controversial. Likewise, routine clinicopathological features cannot clearly distinguish aggressive from indolent tumors at the time of diagnosis; thus, new prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed. The DNA methylation variant 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC, an oxidized derivative of 5-methylcytosine) has recently emerged as a new diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker candidate for several human malignancies. However, this remains to be systematically investigated for PC. In this study, we determined 5hmC levels in 311 PC (stratified by ERG status) and 228 adjacent non-malignant (NM) prostate tissue specimens by immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue microarray, representing a large radical prostatectomy (RP) cohort with long clinical follow-up. We investigated possible correlations between 5hmC and routine clinicopathological variables and assessed the prognostic potential of 5hmC by Kaplan-Meier and uni- and multivariate Cox regression analyses in ERG+ (n = 178) vs. ERG− (n = 133) PCs using biochemical recurrence (BCR) as endpoint. Results We observed a borderline significant (p = 0.06) reduction in 5hmC levels in PC compared to NM tissue samples, which was explained by a highly significant (p < 0.001) loss of 5hmC in ERG− PCs. ERG status was not predictive of BCR in this cohort (p = 0.73), and no significant association was found between BCR and 5hmC levels in ERG+ PCs (p = 0.98). In contrast, high 5hmC immunoreactivity was a significant adverse predictor of BCR after RP in ERG− PCs, independent of Gleason score, pathological tumor stage, surgical margin status, and pre-operative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (hazard ratio (HR) (95 % confidence interval (CI)): 1.62 (1.15–2.28), p = 0.006). Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate a prognostic potential for 5hmC in PC. Our findings highlight the importance of ERG stratification in PC biomarker studies and suggest that epigenetic mechanisms involving 5hmC are important for the development and/or progression of ERG− PC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0146-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri H Strand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Soren Hoyer
- Department of Histopathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sofie Lynnerup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark ; Department of Histopathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark ; Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christa Haldrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tine Maj Storebjerg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark ; Department of Histopathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark ; Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Borre
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben F Orntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karina D Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Nettersheim D, Jostes S, Sharma R, Schneider S, Hofmann A, Ferreira HJ, Hoffmann P, Kristiansen G, Esteller MB, Schorle H. BMP Inhibition in Seminomas Initiates Acquisition of Pluripotency via NODAL Signaling Resulting in Reprogramming to an Embryonal Carcinoma. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005415. [PMID: 26226633 PMCID: PMC4520454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II germ cell cancers (GCC) can be subdivided into seminomas and non-seminomas. Seminomas are similar to carcinoma in situ (CIS) cells, the common precursor of type II GCCs, with regard to epigenetics and expression, while embryonal carcinomas (EC) are totipotent and differentiate into teratomas, yolk-sac tumors and choriocarcinomas. GCCs can present as seminomas with a non-seminoma component, raising the question if a CIS gives rise to seminomas and ECs at the same time or whether seminomas can be reprogrammed to ECs. In this study, we utilized the seminoma cell line TCam-2 that acquires an EC-like status after xenografting into the murine flank as a model for a seminoma to EC transition and screened for factors initiating and driving this process. Analysis of expression and DNA methylation dynamics during transition of TCam-2 revealed that many pluripotency- and reprogramming-associated genes were upregulated while seminoma-markers were downregulated. Changes in expression level of 53 genes inversely correlated to changes in DNA methylation. Interestingly, after xenotransplantation 6 genes (GDF3, NODAL, DNMT3B, DPPA3, GAL, AK3L1) were rapidly induced, followed by demethylation of their genomic loci, suggesting that these 6 genes are poised for expression driving the reprogramming. We demonstrate that inhibition of BMP signaling is the initial event in reprogramming, resulting in activation of the pluripotency-associated genes and NODAL signaling. We propose that reprogramming of seminomas to ECs is a multi-step process. Initially, the microenvironment causes inhibition of BMP signaling, leading to induction of NODAL signaling. During a maturation phase, a fast acting NODAL loop stimulates its own activity and temporarily inhibits BMP signaling. During the stabilization phase, a slow acting NODAL loop, involving WNTs re-establishes BMP signaling and the pluripotency circuitry. In parallel, DNMT3B-driven de novo methylation silences seminoma-associated genes and epigenetically fixes the EC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nettersheim
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sina Jostes
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Schneider
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Hofmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Humberto J Ferreira
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manel B Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
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58
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Fortes FP, Kuasne H, Marchi FA, Miranda PM, Rogatto SR, Achatz MI. DNA methylation patterns of candidate genes regulated by thymine DNA glycosylase in patients with TP53 germline mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:610-5. [PMID: 25945745 PMCID: PMC4512099 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare, autosomal dominant, hereditary cancer predisposition disorder. In Brazil, the p.R337H TP53 founder mutation causes the variant form of LFS, Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome. The occurrence of cancer and age of disease onset are known to vary, even in patients carrying the same mutation, and several mechanisms such as genetic and epigenetic alterations may be involved in this variability. However, the extent of involvement of such events has not been clarified. It is well established that p53 regulates several pathways, including the thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) pathway, which regulates the DNA methylation of several genes. This study aimed to identify the DNA methylation pattern of genes potentially related to the TDG pathway (CDKN2A, FOXA1, HOXD8, OCT4, SOX2, and SOX17) in 30 patients with germline TP53 mutations, 10 patients with wild-type TP53, and 10 healthy individuals. We also evaluated TDG expression in patients with adrenocortical tumors (ADR) with and without the p.R337H TP53 mutation. Gene methylation patterns of peripheral blood DNA samples assessed by pyrosequencing revealed no significant differences between the three groups. However, increased TDG expression was observed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR in p.R337H carriers with ADR. Considering the rarity of this phenotype and the relevance of these findings, further studies using a larger sample set are necessary to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Fortes
- CIPE, Laboratrio de Oncogentica Molecular, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - H Kuasne
- CIPE, Laboratrio NeoGene, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F A Marchi
- CIPE, Laboratrio NeoGene, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - P M Miranda
- CIPE, Laboratrio NeoGene, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - S R Rogatto
- CIPE, Laboratrio NeoGene, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M I Achatz
- CIPE, Laboratrio de Oncogentica Molecular, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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59
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Rijlaarsdam MA, Tax DMJ, Gillis AJM, Dorssers LCJ, Koestler DC, de Ridder J, Looijenga LHJ. Genome wide DNA methylation profiles provide clues to the origin and pathogenesis of germ cell tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122146. [PMID: 25859847 PMCID: PMC4479500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell of origin of the five subtypes (I-V) of germ cell tumors (GCTs) are assumed to be germ cells from different maturation stages. This is (potentially) reflected in their methylation status as fetal maturing primordial germ cells are globally demethylated during migration from the yolk sac to the gonad. Imprinted regions are erased in the gonad and later become uniparentally imprinted according to fetal sex. Here, 91 GCTs (type I-IV) and four cell lines were profiled (Illumina’s HumanMethylation450BeadChip). Data was pre-processed controlling for cross hybridization, SNPs, detection rate, probe-type bias and batch effects. The annotation was extended, covering snRNAs/microRNAs, repeat elements and imprinted regions. A Hidden Markov Model-based genome segmentation was devised to identify differentially methylated genomic regions. Methylation profiles allowed for separation of clusters of non-seminomas (type II), seminomas/dysgerminomas (type II), spermatocytic seminomas (type III) and teratomas/dermoid cysts (type I/IV). The seminomas, dysgerminomas and spermatocytic seminomas were globally hypomethylated, in line with previous reports and their demethylated precursor. Differential methylation and imprinting status between subtypes reflected their presumed cell of origin. Ovarian type I teratomas and dermoid cysts showed (partial) sex specific uniparental maternal imprinting. The spermatocytic seminomas showed uniparental paternal imprinting while testicular teratomas exhibited partial imprinting erasure. Somatic imprinting in type II GCTs might indicate a cell of origin after global demethylation but before imprinting erasure. This is earlier than previously described, but agrees with the totipotent/embryonic stem cell like potential of type II GCTs and their rare extra-gonadal localization. The results support the common origin of the type I teratomas and show strong similarity between ovarian type I teratomas and dermoid cysts. In conclusion, we identified specific and global methylation differences between GCT subtypes, providing insight into their developmental timing and underlying developmental biology. Data and extended annotation are deposited at GEO (GSE58538 and GPL18809).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Rijlaarsdam
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M. J. Tax
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Intelligent Systems—Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ad J. M. Gillis
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lambert C. J. Dorssers
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Devin C. Koestler
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jeroen de Ridder
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Intelligent Systems—Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert H. J. Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Dynamic changes in DNA modification states during late gestation male germ line development in the rat. Epigenetics Chromatin 2014; 7:19. [PMID: 25225576 PMCID: PMC4163680 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-7-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic reprogramming of fetal germ cells involves the genome-wide erasure and subsequent re-establishment of DNA methylation. Mouse studies indicate that DNA demethylation may be initiated at embryonic day (e) 8 and completed between e11.5 and e12.5. In the male germline, DNA remethylation begins around e15 and continues for the remainder of gestation whilst this process occurs postnatally in female germ cells. Although 5-methylcytosine (5mC) dynamics have been extensively characterised, a role for the more recently described DNA modifications (5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC)) remains unclear. Moreover, the extent to which the developmental dynamics of 5mC reprogramming is conserved across species remains largely undetermined. Here, we sought to describe this process during late gestation in the male rat. Results Using immunofluorescence, we demonstrate that 5mC is re-established between e18.5 and e21.5 in the rat, subsequent to loss of 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC, which are present in germ cells between e14.5 and e16.5. All of the evaluated DNA methyl forms were expressed in testicular somatic cells throughout late gestation. 5fC and 5caC can potentially be excised through Thymine DNA Glycosylase (TDG) and repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, implicating 5mC oxidation in active DNA demethylation. In support of this potential mechanism, we show that TDG expression is coincident with the presence of 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC in male germ cell development. Conclusion The developmental dependent changes in germ cell DNA methylation patterns suggest that they are linked with key stages of male rat germline progression.
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Sutiwisesak R, Kitiyanant N, Kotchabhakdi N, Felsenfeld G, Andrews PW, Wongtrakoongate P. Induced pluripotency enables differentiation of human nullipotent embryonal carcinoma cells N2102Ep. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2611-9. [PMID: 25086345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, which are considered to be malignant counterparts of embryonic stem cells, comprise the pluripotent stem cell component of teratocarcinomas, a form of testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs). Nevertheless, many established human EC cell lines are nullipotent with limited or no capacity to differentiate under normal circumstances. In this study, we tested whether an over-expression of Yamanaka's reprogramming factors OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC and KLF4 might enable differentiation of the human nullipotent EC cells N2102Ep. Using OCT4 knockdown differentiated N2102Ep cells, we are able to derive reprogrammed N2102Ep cell lines. The induced pluripotency of N2102Ep allows the cells to differentiate toward neural lineage by retinoic acid; the expression of SSEA3 and SSEA4 is down-regulated, whereas that of neural surface markers is up-regulated. Consistent with the up-regulation of neural surface markers, the expression of the master neuroectodermal transcription factor PAX6 is also induced in reprogrammed N2102Ep. We next investigated whether PAX6 might induce spontaneous differentiation of nullipotent stem cells N2102Ep. However, while an ectopic expression of PAX6 promotes differentiation of NTERA2, it induces cell death in N2102Ep. We nevertheless find that upon induction of retinoic acid, the reprogrammed N2102Ep cells form mature neuronal morphology similar to differentiated pluripotent stem cells NTERA2 as determined by TUJ1 expression, which is absent in N2102Ep parental cells. Altogether, we conclude that the nullipotent state of human EC cells can be reprogrammed to acquire a more relaxed state of differentiation potential by Yamanaka's factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujapope Sutiwisesak
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Narisorn Kitiyanant
- Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Naiphinich Kotchabhakdi
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Gary Felsenfeld
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Patompon Wongtrakoongate
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Cytoskeleton modifications and autophagy induction in TCam-2 seminoma cells exposed to simulated microgravity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:904396. [PMID: 25140323 PMCID: PMC4124846 DOI: 10.1155/2014/904396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The study of how mechanical forces may influence cell behavior via cytoskeleton remodeling is a relevant challenge of nowadays that may allow us to define the relationship between mechanics and biochemistry and to address the larger problem of biological complexity. An increasing amount of literature data reported that microgravity condition alters cell architecture as a consequence of cytoskeleton structure modifications. Herein, we are reporting the morphological, cytoskeletal, and behavioral modifications due to the exposition of a seminoma cell line (TCam-2) to simulated microgravity. Even if no differences in cell proliferation and apoptosis were observed after 24 hours of exposure to simulated microgravity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the change of gravity vector significantly affects TCam-2 cell surface morphological appearance. Consistent with this observation, we found that microtubule orientation is altered by microgravity. Moreover, the confocal analysis of actin microfilaments revealed an increase in the cell width induced by the low gravitational force. Microtubules and microfilaments have been related to autophagy modulation and, interestingly, we found a significant autophagic induction in TCam-2 cells exposed to simulated microgravity. This observation is of relevant interest because it shows, for the first time, TCam-2 cell autophagy as a biological response induced by a mechanical stimulus instead of a biochemical one.
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Windschüttl S, Nettersheim D, Schlatt S, Huber A, Welter H, Schwarzer JU, Köhn FM, Schorle H, Mayerhofer A. Are testicular mast cells involved in the regulation of germ cells in man? Andrology 2014; 2:615-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Windschüttl
- Anatomy III - Cell Biology; Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU); Munich Germany
| | - D. Nettersheim
- Department of Developmental Pathology; Bonn Medical School; Institute of Pathology; Bonn Germany
| | - S. Schlatt
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; Münster Germany
| | - A. Huber
- Anatomy III - Cell Biology; Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU); Munich Germany
| | - H. Welter
- Anatomy III - Cell Biology; Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU); Munich Germany
| | | | | | - H. Schorle
- Department of Developmental Pathology; Bonn Medical School; Institute of Pathology; Bonn Germany
| | - A. Mayerhofer
- Anatomy III - Cell Biology; Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU); Munich Germany
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