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Brown M, Hablützel P, Friberg IM, Thomason AG, Stewart A, Pachebat JA, Jackson JA. Seasonal immunoregulation in a naturally-occurring vertebrate. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:369. [PMID: 27189372 PMCID: PMC4870750 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fishes show seasonal patterns of immunity, but such phenomena are imperfectly understood in vertebrates generally, even in humans and mice. As these seasonal patterns may link to infectious disease risk and individual condition, the nature of their control has real practical implications. Here we characterize seasonal dynamics in the expression of conserved vertebrate immunity genes in a naturally-occurring piscine model, the three-spined stickleback. Results We made genome-wide measurements (RNAseq) of whole-fish mRNA pools (n = 36) at the end of summer and winter in contrasting habitats (riverine and lacustrine) and focussed on common trends to filter habitat-specific from overarching temporal responses. We corroborated this analysis with targeted year-round whole-fish gene expression (Q-PCR) studies in a different year (n = 478). We also considered seasonal tissue-specific expression (6 tissues) (n = 15) at a third contrasting (euryhaline) locality by Q-PCR, further validating the generality of the patterns seen in whole fish analyses. Extremes of season were the dominant predictor of immune expression (compared to sex, ontogeny or habitat). Signatures of adaptive immunity were elevated in late summer. In contrast, late winter was accompanied by signatures of innate immunity (including IL-1 signalling and non-classical complement activity) and modulated toll-like receptor signalling. Negative regulators of T-cell activity were prominent amongst winter-biased genes, suggesting that adaptive immunity is actively down-regulated during winter rather than passively tracking ambient temperature. Network analyses identified a small set of immune genes that might lie close to a regulatory axis. These genes acted as hubs linking summer-biased adaptive pathways, winter-biased innate pathways and other organismal processes, including growth, metabolic dynamics and responses to stress and temperature. Seasonal change was most pronounced in the gill, which contains a considerable concentration of T-cell activity in the stickleback. Conclusions Our results suggest major and predictable seasonal re-adjustments of immunity. Further consideration should be given to the effects of such responses in seasonally-occurring disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2701-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Brown
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | | | - Ida M Friberg
- School of Environment and Life sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Anna G Thomason
- School of Environment and Life sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Alexander Stewart
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | | | - Joseph A Jackson
- School of Environment and Life sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK.
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Gorgoglione B, Zahran E, Taylor NGH, Feist SW, Zou J, Secombes CJ. Comparative study of CXC chemokines modulation in brown trout (Salmo trutta) following infection with a bacterial or viral pathogen. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:64-77. [PMID: 26866873 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine modulation in response to pathogens still needs to be fully characterised in fish, in view of the recently described novel chemokines present. This paper reports the first comparative study of CXC chemokine genes transcription in salmonids (brown trout), with a particular focus on the fish specific CXC chemokines (CXCL_F). Adopting new primer sets, optimised to specifically target mRNA, a RT-qPCR gene screening was carried out. Constitutive gene expression was assessed first in six tissues from SPF brown trout. Transcription modulation was next investigated in kidney and spleen during septicaemic infection induced by a RNA virus (Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia virus, genotype Ia) or by a Gram negative bacterium (Yersinia ruckeri, ser. O1/biot. 2). From each target organ specific pathogen burden, measured detecting VHSV-glycoprotein or Y. ruckeri 16S rRNA, and IFN-γ gene expression were analysed for their correlation to chemokine transcription. Both pathogens modulated CXC chemokine gene transcript levels, with marked up-regulation seen in some cases, and with both temporal and tissue specific effects apparent. For example, Y. ruckeri strongly induced chemokine transcription in spleen within 24h, whilst VHS generally induced the largest increases at 3d.p.i. in both tissues. This study gives clues to the role of the novel CXC chemokines, in comparison to the other known CXC chemokines in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Eman Zahran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Nick G H Taylor
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Stephen W Feist
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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53
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Kim HJ, Park JS, Choi MC, Kwon SR. Comparison of the efficacy of Poly(I:C) immunization with live vaccine and formalin-killed vaccine against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:206-11. [PMID: 26631807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, causes significant economic loss for the flounder aquaculture industry in Korea. In this study, the immunogenicity of Poly(I:C) immunization with a live vaccine against the VHS virus (VHSV) was compared with that of a formalin-treated vaccine in the olive flounder. In vaccine trial I, fish pre-injected with Poly(I:C) were highly protected from VHSV infection 2 d later (survival rate: 96%) and the surviving fish (Poly(I:C)-VHSV group) showed a 100% survival rate against VHSV re-challenge. Mortality in fish pre-injected with diethylpyrocarbonate-treated water followed by injection with formalin-treated VHSV was only 2% (1 of 50 fish), whereas survivors (DEPC-FT VHSV group) showed an 80% survival rate. In vaccine trial II, 100% survival was observed in all Poly(I:C) vaccination groups-Poly(I:C)-VHSV 6, Poly(I:C)-VHSV 5, and Poly(I:C)-VHSV 4. In contrast, the survival rates of the groups administered the formalin-treated VHSV at a dose of 10(6), 10(5), and 10(4) TCID50 100 μL(-1) fish(-1) (DEPC-FT VHSV 6, DEPC-FT VHSV 5, and DEPC-FT VHSV 4) were only 8%, 12%, and 12%, respectively. The differences in the survival rates of the formalin-treated vaccine groups in trial I and trial II were attributed to the difference in the formalin-treatment period: the formalin-treated VHSV administered in trial I was not completely inactivated and worked as a live vaccine, which explains the 80% survival rate against VHSV challenge. Specific antibodies against VHSV were detected in sera from all vaccinated survivors, except the DEPC-VHSV 4 group. Furthermore, the specific antibody titers of fish vaccinated with the live and dead VHSV vaccines were similar, but the protective effects of the live and dead vaccines varied considerably. Our findings show that Poly(I:C) immunization with the live vaccine offers better protection than the formalin-treated vaccine against VHS in olive flounder and revealed that antibody levels are not a reliable indicator of the protective effect of the vaccine against the pathogen. In the future, elements of T cell immunity may be used as a means of evaluating the protective efficacy of a vaccine against VHSV instead of ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Jun Kim
- National Fishery Products Quality Management Services, Busan 404-080, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungnam 336-708, South Korea
| | - Min Chul Choi
- Incheon Fisheries Research Institute, Incheon 409-874, South Korea
| | - Se Ryun Kwon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungnam 336-708, South Korea.
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Elvitigala DAS, Premachandra HKA, Whang I, Yeo SY, Choi CY, Noh JK, Lee J. Molecular cloning, expression and functional characterization of a teleostan cytokine-induced apoptosis inhibitor from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:48-57. [PMID: 25912359 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a key role in the physiology of multicellular organisms and is regulated by different promoting and inhibitory mechanisms. Cytokine-induced apoptotic inhibitor (CIAPI) was recently identified as a key factor involved in apoptosis inhibition in higher vertebrate lineages. However, most of the CIAPIs of lower vertebrate species are yet to be characterized. Herein, we molecularly characterized a teleostan counterpart of CIAPI from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus), designating as RbCIAPI. The complete coding region of RbCIAPI was consisted of 942 nucleotides encoding a protein of 313 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of ~33 kDa. RbCIAPI gene exhibited a multi-exonic architecture, consisting 9 exons interrupted by 8 introns. Protein sequence analysis revealed that RbCIAPI shares significant homology with known CIAPI counterparts, and phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed its closer evolutionary relationship with its fish counterparts. Ubiquitous spatial distribution of RbCIAPI was detected in our quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, where more prominent expression levels were observed in the blood and liver tissues. Moreover, the RbCIAPI basal transcription level was found to be modulated by different bacterial and viral stimuli, which could be plausibly supported by our previous observations on the transcriptional modulation of the caspase 3 counterpart of rock bream (Rbcasp3) in response to the same stimuli. In addition, our in vitro functional assay demonstrated that recombinant RbCIAPI could detectably inhibit the proteolysis activity of recombinant Rbcasp3. Collectively, our preliminary results suggest that RbCIAPI may play an anti-apoptotic role in rock bream physiology, likely by inhibiting the caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway. Therefore, RbCIAPI potentially plays an important role in host immunity by regulating the apoptosis process under pathogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - H K A Premachandra
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Yeob Yeo
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Applied Chemistry & Biotechnology, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine Environment & Bioscience, Korea Maritime University, Busan 606-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Koo Noh
- Genetics & Breeding Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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Ballesteros NA, Alonso M, Saint-Jean SR, Perez-Prieto SI. An oral DNA vaccine against infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) encapsulated in alginate microspheres induces dose-dependent immune responses and significant protection in rainbow trout (Oncorrhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:877-888. [PMID: 26054788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Administered by intramuscular injection, a DNA vaccine (pIRF1A-G) containing the promoter regions upstream of the rainbow trout interferon regulatory factor 1A gene (IRF1A) driven the expression of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) glycoprotein (G) elicited protective immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). However, less laborious and cost-effective routes of DNA vaccine delivery are required to vaccinate large numbers of susceptible farmed fish. In this study, the pIRF1A-G vaccine was encapsulated into alginate microspheres and orally administered to rainbow trout. At 1, 3, 5, and 7 d post-vaccination, IHNV G transcripts were detected by quantitative real-time PCR in gills, spleen, kidney and intestinal tissues of vaccinated fish. This result suggested that the encapsulation of pIRF1A-G in alginate microparticles protected the DNA vaccine from degradation in the fish stomach and ensured vaccine early delivery to the hindgut, vaccine passage through the intestinal mucosa and its distribution thought internal and external organs of vaccinated fish. We also observed that the oral route required approximately 20-fold more plasmid DNA than the injection route to induce the expression of significant levels of IHNV G transcripts in kidney and spleen of vaccinated fish. Despite this limitation, increased IFN-1, TLR-7 and IgM gene expression was detected by qRT-PCR in kidney of vaccinated fish when a 10 μg dose of the oral pIRF1A-G vaccine was administered. In contrast, significant Mx-1, Vig-1, Vig-2, TLR-3 and TLR-8 gene expression was only detected when higher doses of pIRF1A-G (50 and 100 μg) were orally administered. The pIRF1A-G vaccine also induced the expression of several markers of the adaptive immune response (CD4, CD8, IgM and IgT) in kidney and spleen of immunized fish in a dose-dependent manner. When vaccinated fish were challenged by immersion with live IHNV, evidence of a dose-response effect of the oral vaccine could also be observed. Although the protective effects of the oral pIRF1A-G vaccine after a challenge with IHNV were partial, significant differences in cumulative percent mortalities among the orally vaccinated fish and the unvaccinated or empty-plasmid vaccinated fish were observed. Similar levels of protection were obtained after the intramuscular administration of 5 μg of pIRF1A-G or after the oral administration of a high dose of pIRF1A-G vaccine (100 μg); with 70 and 56 relative percent survival values, respectively. When fish were vaccinated with alginate microspheres containing high doses of the pIRF1A-G vaccine (50 or 100 μg), a significant increase in the production of anti-IHNV antibodies was detected in serum samples of the vaccinated fish compared with that in unvaccinated fish. At 10 days post-challenge, IHNV N gene expression was nearly undetectable in kidney and spleen of orally vaccinated fish which suggested that the vaccine effectively reduced the amount of virus in tissues of vaccinated fish that survived the challenge. In conclusion, our results demonstrated a significant increase in fish immune responses and resistance to an IHNV infection after the oral administration of increasing concentrations of a DNA vaccine against IHNV encapsulated into alginate microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Ballesteros
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso
- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Neiker-Tecnalia, C/Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Sara I Perez-Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Abós B, Castro R, González Granja A, Havixbeck JJ, Barreda DR, Tafalla C. Early activation of teleost B cells in response to rhabdovirus infection. J Virol 2015; 89:1768-80. [PMID: 25410870 PMCID: PMC4300759 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03080-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To date, the response of teleost B cells to specific pathogens has been only scarcely addressed. In this work, we have demonstrated that viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a fish rhabdovirus, has the capacity to infect rainbow trout spleen IgM-positive (IgM(+)) cells, although the infection is not productive. Consequently, we have studied the effects of VHSV on IgM(+) cell functionality, comparing these effects to those elicited by a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand, poly(I·C). We found that poly(I·C) and VHSV significantly upregulated TLR3 and type I interferon (IFN) transcription in spleen and blood IgM(+) cells. Further effects included the upregulated transcription of the CK5B chemokine. The significant inhibition of some of these effects in the presence of bafilomycin A1 (BAF), an inhibitor of endosomal acidification, suggests the involvement of an intracellular TLR in these responses. In the case of VHSV, these transcriptional effects were dependent on viral entry into B cells and the initiation of viral transcription. VHSV also provoked the activation of NF-κB and the upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) cell surface expression on IgM(+) cells, which, along with the increased transcription of the costimulatory molecules CD80/86 and CD83, pointed to VHSV-induced IgM(+) cell activation toward an antigen-presenting profile. Finally, despite the moderate effects of VHSV on IgM(+) cell proliferation, a consistent effect on IgM(+) cell survival was detected. IMPORTANCE Innate immune responses to pathogens established through their recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been traditionally ascribed to innate cells. However, recent evidence in mammals has revealed that innate pathogen recognition by B lymphocytes is a crucial factor in shaping the type of immune response that is mounted. In teleosts, these immediate effects of viral encounter on B lymphocytes have not been addressed to date. In our study, we have demonstrated that VHSV infection provoked immediate transcriptional effects on B cells, at least partially mediated by intracellular PRR signaling. VHSV also activated NF-κB and increased IgM(+) cell survival. Interestingly, VHSV activated B lymphocytes toward an antigen-presenting profile, suggesting an important role of IgM(+) cells in VHSV presentation. Our results provide a first description of the effects provoked by fish rhabdoviruses through their early interaction with teleost B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Abós
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jeffrey J Havixbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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Ruyra A, Torrealba D, Morera D, Tort L, MacKenzie S, Roher N. Zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells are able to mount an anti-viral response after stimulation with Poly (I:C). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 182:55-63. [PMID: 25536407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a widely used model species for biomedical research and is also starting to be a model for aquaculture research. The ZFL cell line, established from zebrafish liver, has been mostly used in toxicological and ecotoxicological studies. However, no studies have previously characterised this cell line in regard to its immunological response. The aim of this work was to study the gene expression response of the ZFL cell line after incubation with different prototypical immune stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), zymosan, and with a special focus on the dsRNA Poly (I:C). Using PCR, microarrays, and confocal microscopy we have explored the response of the ZFL cells against Poly (I:C). This study shows that the ZFL is able to uptake very efficiently the Poly (I:C) and mount a strong anti-viral response. We can conclude that ZFL could be used not only in toxicological studies, but also in studying anti-viral responses in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angels Ruyra
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina - Parc de Recerca UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Debora Torrealba
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina - Parc de Recerca UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Davinia Morera
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina - Parc de Recerca UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluís Tort
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Nerea Roher
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina - Parc de Recerca UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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