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Quantifying the influence of temperature on hand, foot and mouth disease incidence in Wuhan, Central China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1934. [PMID: 29386630 PMCID: PMC5792432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a substantial burden throughout Asia, but the effects of temperature pattern on HFMD risk are inconsistent. To quantify the effect of temperature on HFMD incidence, Wuhan was chosen as the study site because of its high temperature variability and high HFMD incidence. Daily series of HFMD counts and meteorological variables during 2010-2015 were obtained. Distributed lag non-linear models were applied to characterize the temperature-HFMD relationship and to assess its variability across different ages, genders, and types of child care. Totally, 80,219 patients of 0-5 years experienced HFMD in 2010-2015 in Wuhan. The cumulative relative risk of HFMD increased linearly with temperature over 7 days (lag0-7), while it presented as an approximately inverted V-shape over 14 days (lag0-14). The cumulative relative risk at lag0-14 peaked at 26.4 °C with value of 2.78 (95%CI: 2.08-3.72) compared with the 5th percentile temperature (1.7 °C). Subgroup analyses revealed that children attended daycare were more vulnerable to temperature variation than those cared for at home. This study suggests that public health actions should take into consideration local weather conditions and demographic characteristics.
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Qi H, Chen Y, Xu D, Su H, Zhan L, Xu Z, Huang Y, He Q, Hu Y, Lynn H, Zhang Z. Impact of meteorological factors on the incidence of childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) analyzed by DLNMs-based time series approach. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:7. [PMID: 29391070 PMCID: PMC5796399 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has become an emerging infectious disease in China in the last decade. There has been evidence that meteorological factors can influence the HFMD incidence, and understanding the mechanisms can help prevent and control HFMD. METHODS HFMD incidence data and meteorological data in Minhang District, Shanghai were obtained for the period between 2009 and 2015. Distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) were utilized to investigate the impact of meteorological factors on HFMD incidence after adjusting for potential confounders of long time trend, weekdays and holidays. RESULTS There was a non-linear relationship between temperature and HFMD incidence, the RR of 5th percentile compared to the median is 0.836 (95% CI: 0.671-1.042) and the RR of 95th percentile is 2.225 (95% CI: 1.774-2.792), and the effect of temperature varied across age groups. HFMD incidence increased with increasing average relative humidity (%) (RR = 1.009, 95% CI: 1.005-1.015) and wind speed (m/s) (RR = 1.197, 95% CI: 1.118-1.282), and with decreasing daily rainfall (mm) (RR = 0.992, 95% CI: 0.987-0.997) and sunshine hours (h) (RR = 0.966, 95% CI: 0.951-0.980). CONCLUSIONS There were significant relationships between meteorological factors and childhood HFMD incidence in Minhang District, Shanghai. This information can help local health agencies develop strategies for the control and prevention of HFMD under specific climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology, Pubic Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, 10610, Canada
| | - Dongli Xu
- Minghang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201101, China
| | - Hualin Su
- Minghang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201101, China
| | - Longwen Zhan
- Minghang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201101, China
| | - Zhiyin Xu
- Minghang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201101, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Qianshan He
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, 201499, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Henry Lynn
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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53
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Gou F, Liu X, He J, Liu D, Cheng Y, Liu H, Yang X, Wei K, Zheng Y, Jiang X, Meng L, Hu W. Different responses of weather factors on hand, foot and mouth disease in three different climate areas of Gansu, China. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:15. [PMID: 29310596 PMCID: PMC5759838 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the linear and non-linear interacting relationships between weather factors and hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children in Gansu, China, and gain further traction as an early warning signal based on weather variability for HFMD transmission. Method Weekly HFMD cases aged less than 15 and meteorological information from 2010 to 2014 in Jiuquan, Lanzhou and Tianshu, Gansu, China were collected. Generalized linear regression models (GLM) with Poisson link and classification and regression trees (CART) were employed to determine the combined and interactive relationship of weather factors and HFMD in both linear and non-linear ways. Results GLM suggested an increase in weekly HFMD of 5.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.4%, 6.5%] in Tianshui, 2.8% [2.5%, 3.1%] in Lanzhou and 1.8% [1.4%, 2.2%] in Jiuquan in association with a 1 °C increase in average temperature, respectively. And 1% increase of relative humidity could increase weekly HFMD of 2.47% [2.23%, 2.71%] in Lanzhou and 1.11% [0.72%, 1.51%] in Tianshui. CART revealed that average temperature and relative humidity were the first two important determinants, and their threshold values for average temperature deceased from 20 °C of Jiuquan to 16 °C in Tianshui; and for relative humidity, threshold values increased from 38% of Jiuquan to 65% of Tianshui. Conclusion Average temperature was the primary weather factor in three areas, more sensitive in southeast Tianshui, compared with northwest Jiuquan; Relative humidity’s effect on HFMD showed a non-linear interacting relationship with average temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faxiang Gou
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jian He
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dongpeng Liu
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoting Yang
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kongfu Wei
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yunhe Zheng
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Jiang
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Phung D, Nguyen HX, Nguyen HLT, Do CM, Tran QD, Chu C. Spatiotemporal variation of hand-foot-mouth disease in relation to socioecological factors: A multiple-province analysis in Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:983-991. [PMID: 28838035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a significant public health issue in Asia-pacific countries. Numerous studies have examined the relationship between socio-ecological factors and HFMD however the research findings were inconsistent. This study examined the association between socio-ecologic factors and HFMD in multiple provinces across Vietnam. METHODS We applied a spatial autoregressive model using a Bayesian framework to examine the relationship between HFMD and socio-demographic factors. We used a Generalized Linear Model (GLD) with Poisson family to examine the province-specific association between monthly HFMD and climatic factors while controlling for spatial lag, seasonality and long-term trend of HFMD. Then, we used a random-effect meta-analysis to generate pooled effect size of climate-HFMD association for regional and country scale. RESULTS One percent increase in newborn breastfed within 1h of birth, households with permanent houses, and households accessed to safe water resulted in 1.57% (95% CI: -2.25, -0.93), 0.96% (-1.66, -0.23), and 1.13% (-2.16, -0.18) reduction in HFMD incidence, respectively. At the country-level, HFMD increased 7% (RR: 1.07; 95%CI: 1.052-1.088) and 3.1% (RR: 1.031, 95%CI: 1.024-1.039) for 1°C increase in monthly temperature above 26°C and 1% increase in monthly humidity above 76%. Whereas, HFMD decreased 3.1% associated with 1mm increase in monthly cumulative rainfalls. The climate-HFMD relationship was varied by regions and provinces across the country. CONCLUSIONS The findings reflect an important implication for the climate change adaptation strategies and public-health decision, of which development of weather-based early warning systems should be considered to strengthen communicable disease prevention system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Australia; School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | - Huong Xuan Nguyen
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Australia
| | | | - Cuong Manh Do
- Health Environment Management Agency, Ministry of Health, Vietnam
| | - Quang Dai Tran
- General Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, Vietnam
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Australia
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Spatiotemporal risk mapping of hand, foot and mouth disease and its association with meteorological variables in children under 5 years. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2912-2920. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYHand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) risk has become an increasing concern in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, which is the biggest urban agglomeration in north-eastern Asia. In the study, spatiotemporal epidemiological features of HFMD were analysed, and a Bayesian space–time hierarchy model was used to detect local spatial relative risk (RR) and to assess the effect of meteorological factors. From 2009 to 2013, there was an obvious seasonal pattern of HFMD risk. The highest risk period was in the summer, with an average monthly incidence of 4·17/103, whereas the index in wintertime was 0·16/103. Meteorological variables influenced temporal changes in HFMD. A 1 °C rise in air temperature was associated with an 11·5% increase in HFMD (corresponding RR 1·122). A 1% rise in relative humidity was related to a 9·51% increase in the number of HFMD cases (corresponding RR 1·100). A 1 hPa increment in air pressure was related to a 0·11% decrease in HFMD (corresponding RR 0·999). A 1 h increase in sunshine was associated with a 0·28% rise in HFMD cases (corresponding RR 1·003). A 1 m/s rise in wind speed was related to a 6·2% increase in HFMD (corresponding RR 1·064). High-risk areas were mainly large cities, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang and their neighbouring areas. These findings can contribute to risk control and implementation of disease-prevention policies.
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56
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Nguyen HX, Chu C, Nguyen HLT, Nguyen HT, Do CM, Rutherford S, Phung D. Temporal and spatial analysis of hand, foot, and mouth disease in relation to climate factors: A study in the Mekong Delta region, Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:766-772. [PMID: 28063653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the temporal and spatial patterns of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in the Mekong Delta region in Vietnam. A time-series analysis was used to examine the temporal patterns of HFMD in relation to climate factors while a retrospective space-time scan was used to detect the high-risk space-time clusters of this disease. A 1°C increase in average temperature was associated with 5.6% increase in HFMD rate at lag 5days (95% CI 0.3-10.9). A 1% increase in humidity had equal influence of 1.7% increases on HFMD rate at both lag 3days and 6days (95% CI 0.7-2.7 and 95% CI 0.8-2.6, respectively). An increase in 1 unit of rainfall was associated with a 0.5% increase of HFMD rate on the lag 1 and 6days (95% CI 0.2-0.9 and 95% CI 0.1-0.8, respectively). The predictive model indicated that the peak of HFMD was from October to December - the rainy season in the Mekong Delta region. Most high-risk clusters were located in areas with high population density and close to transport routes. The findings suggest that HFMD is influenced by climate factors and is likely to increase in the future due to climate change related weather events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Xuan Nguyen
- Centre for Environment and Population Health (CEPH), Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health (CEPH), Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ha Thanh Nguyen
- Health Environment Management Agency, Ministry of Health, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Manh Do
- Health Environment Management Agency, Ministry of Health, Vietnam
| | - Shannon Rutherford
- Centre for Environment and Population Health (CEPH), Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dung Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health (CEPH), Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
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57
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Joshi YP, Kim EH, Kim JH, Kim H, Cheong HK. Associations between Meteorological Factors and Aseptic Meningitis in Six Metropolitan Provinces of the Republic of Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E1193. [PMID: 27916923 PMCID: PMC5201334 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13121193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the association between climate factors and a number of aseptic meningitis cases in six metropolitan provinces of the Republic of Korea using a weekly number of cases from January 2002 to December 2012. Generalized linear quasi-Poisson models were applied to estimate the effects of climate factors on the weekly number of aseptic meningitis cases. We used generalized additive and generalized additive mixed models to assess dose-response relationships. A 1 °C increase in mean temperature was associated with an 11.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 9.6%-13.3%) increase in aseptic meningitis with a 0-week lag; a 10 mm rise in rainfall was associated with an 8.0% (95% CI: 7.2%-8.8%) increase in aseptic meningitis with a 7-week lag; and a 1 mJ/m² increase of solar radiation was associated with a 5.8% (95% CI: 3.0%-8.7%) increase in aseptic meningitis with a 10-week lag. Nino3 showed positive effects in all lags, and its one unit increase was associated with an 18.9% (95% CI: 15.3%-22.6%) increase of aseptic meningitis at lag 9. The variability in the relationship between climate factors and aseptic meningitis could be used to initiate preventive measures for climate determinants of aseptic meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadav Prasad Joshi
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Jong-Hun Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, and Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hae-Kwan Cheong
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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58
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Ma GH, Ye Y, Zhang D, Xu X, Si P, Peng JL, Xiao YL, Cao RY, Yin YL, Chen J, Zhao LX, Zhou Y, Zhong W, Liu H, Luo XM, Chen LL, Shen X. Identification and biochemical characterization of DC07090 as a novel potent small molecule inhibitor against human enterovirus 71 3C protease by structure-based virtual screening. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:981-991. [PMID: 27776325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a serious, highly contagious disease. HFMD caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV71), results in severe complications and even death. The pivotal role of EV71 3Cpro in the viral life cycle makes it an attractive target for drug discovery and development to treat HFMD. In this study, we identified novel EV71 3Cpro inhibitors by docking-based virtual screening. Totally 50 compounds were selected to test their inhibitory activity against EV71 3Cpro. The best inhibitor DC07090 exhibited the inhibition potency with an IC50 value of 21.72 ± 0.95 μM without apparent toxicity (CC50 > 200 μM). To explore structure-activity relationship of DC07090, 15 new derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated in vitro enzyme assay accordingly. Interestingly, four compounds showed inhibitory activities against EV71 3Cpro and only DC07090 inhibited EV71 replication with an EC50 value of 22.09 ± 1.07 μM. Enzyme inhibition kinetic experiments showed that the compound was a reversible and competitive inhibitor. The Ki value was determined to be 23.29 ± 12.08 μM. Further molecular docking, MD simulation and mutagenesis studies confirmed the binding mode of DC07090 and EV71 3Cpro. Besides, DC07090 could also inhibit coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) replication with an EC50 value of 27.76 ± 0.88 μM. Therefore, DC07090 represents a new non-peptidyl small molecule inhibitor for further development of antiviral therapy against EV71 or other picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Rd, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pei Si
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jian-Long Peng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong-Long Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui-Yuan Cao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yu-Ling Yin
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin-Xiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Rd, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Min Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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