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Silva ROS, Dorella FA, Figueiredo HCP, Costa ÉA, Pelicia V, Ribeiro BLD, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC, Megid J, Lobato FCF. Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile in parvovirus-positive dogs. Anaerobe 2017; 48:66-69. [PMID: 28733230 PMCID: PMC7110995 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in 82 diarrheic dogs positive for canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV). Enterotoxigenic C. perfringens type A was isolated from three (3.6%) dogs. One (1.2%) strain was also positive for NetE- and NetF-encoding genes, which are commonly associated with diarrhea in dogs. Toxigenic C. difficile was isolated from one animal (1.2%), which was also positive for A/B toxins. The present study identified C. difficile and C. perfringens infection in CPV-positive dogs. Further studies are necessary to clarify if clostridial infections may predispose or potentiate CPV-infection in dogs or vice versa. The co-infection of canine parvovirus (CPV) and toxigenic clostridia is still poorly understood. 82 CPV-positive dogs were tested for C. perfringens netF+ and C. difficile infection (CDI). C. perfringens type A positive for NetF-encoding gene (netF) was recovered from an adult dog (1.2%). C. difficile was isolated from ten 12.2% (10/82) dogs, but in only one CDI was confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first study that report C. perfringen netF positive in CPV-positive dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Alves Dorella
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Henrique Cesar Pereira Figueiredo
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Érica Azevedo Costa
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pelicia
- UNESP-São Paulo State University, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Garcia Ribeiro
- UNESP-São Paulo State University, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Paes
- UNESP-São Paulo State University, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jane Megid
- UNESP-São Paulo State University, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
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Knight DR, Squire MM, Collins DA, Riley TV. Genome Analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 014 Lineage in Australian Pigs and Humans Reveals a Diverse Genetic Repertoire and Signatures of Long-Range Interspecies Transmission. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2138. [PMID: 28123380 PMCID: PMC5225093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype (RT) 014 is well-established in both human and porcine populations in Australia, raising the possibility that C. difficile infection (CDI) may have a zoonotic or foodborne etiology. Here, whole genome sequencing and high-resolution core genome phylogenetics were performed on a contemporaneous collection of 40 Australian RT014 isolates of human and porcine origin. Phylogenies based on MLST (7 loci, STs 2, 13, and 49) and core orthologous genes (1260 loci) showed clustering of human and porcine strains indicative of very recent shared ancestry. Core genome single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis found 42% of human strains showed a clonal relationship (separated by ≤2 SNVs in their core genome) with one or more porcine strains, consistent with recent inter-host transmission. Clones were spread over a vast geographic area with 50% of the human cases occurring without recent healthcare exposure. These findings suggest a persistent community reservoir with long-range dissemination, potentially due to agricultural recycling of piggery effluent. We also provide the first pan-genome analysis for this lineage, characterizing its resistome, prophage content, and in silico virulence potential. The RT014 is defined by a large "open" pan-genome (7587 genes) comprising a core genome of 2296 genes (30.3% of the total gene repertoire) and an accessory genome of 5291 genes. Antimicrobial resistance genotypes and phenotypes varied across host populations and ST lineages and were characterized by resistance to tetracycline [tetM, tetA(P), tetB(P) and tetW], clindamycin/erythromycin (ermB), and aminoglycosides (aph3-III-Sat4A-ant6-Ia). Resistance was mediated by clinically important mobile genetic elements, most notably Tn6194 (harboring ermB) and a novel variant of Tn5397 (harboring tetM). Numerous clinically important prophages (Siphoviridae and Myoviridae) were identified as well as an uncommon accessory gene regulator locus (agr3). Conservation in the pathogenicity locus and S-layer correlated with ST affiliation, further extending the concept of clonal C. difficile lineages. This study provides novel insights on the genetic variability and strain relatedness of C. difficile RT014, a lineage of emerging One Health importance. Ongoing molecular and genomic surveillance of strains in humans, animals, food, and the environment is imperative to identify opportunities to reduce the overall CDI burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Knight
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western AustraliaNedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Michele M. Squire
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western AustraliaNedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Deirdre A. Collins
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western AustraliaNedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Population Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas V. Riley
- Department of Population Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup, WA, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth II Medical CentreNedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch UniversityMurdoch, WA, Australia
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