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Mehner C, Radisky ES. Bad Tumors Made Worse: SPINK1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 30778387 PMCID: PMC6369215 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mehner
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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Bhatia V, Yadav A, Tiwari R, Nigam S, Goel S, Carskadon S, Gupta N, Goel A, Palanisamy N, Ateeq B. Epigenetic Silencing of miRNA-338-5p and miRNA-421 Drives SPINK1-Positive Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:2755-2768. [PMID: 30587549 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type-1 (SPINK1) overexpression defines the second most recurrent and aggressive prostate cancer subtype. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and pathobiology of SPINK1 in prostate cancer remains largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN miRNA prediction tools were employed to examine the SPINK1-3'UTR for miRNA binding. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to confirm the SPINK1-3'UTR binding of shortlisted miR-338-5p/miR-421. Furthermore, miR-338-5p/-421-overexpressing cancer cells (SPINK1-positive) were evaluated for oncogenic properties using cell-based functional assays and a mouse xenograft model. Global gene expression profiling was performed to unravel the biological pathways altered by miR-338-5p/-421. IHC and RNA in situ hybridization were carried out on prostate cancer patients' tissue microarray for SPINK1 and EZH2 expression, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was performed to examine EZH2 occupancy on the miR-338-5p/-421-regulatory regions. Bisulfite sequencing and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation were performed on prostate cancer cell lines and patients' specimens. RESULTS We established a critical role of miRNA-338-5p/-421 in posttranscriptional regulation of SPINK1. Ectopic expression of miRNA-338-5p/-421 in SPINK1-positive cells abrogates oncogenic properties including cell-cycle progression, stemness, and drug resistance, and shows reduced tumor burden and distant metastases in a mouse model. Importantly, we show that patients with SPINK1-positive prostate cancer exhibit increased EZH2 expression, suggesting its role in epigenetic silencing of miRNA-338-5p/-421. Furthermore, presence of CpG dinucleotide DNA methylation marks on the regulatory regions of miR-338-5p/-421 in SPINK1-positive prostate cancer cells and patients' specimens confirms epigenetic silencing. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that miRNA-338-5p/-421 are epigenetically silenced in SPINK1-positive prostate cancer, although restoring the expression of these miRNAs using epigenetic drugs or synthetic mimics could abrogate SPINK1-mediated oncogenesis.See related commentary by Bjartell, p. 2679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Bhatia
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Yadav
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritika Tiwari
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivansh Nigam
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Goel
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shannon Carskadon
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nilesh Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Apul Goel
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Lian Q, Wang S, Zhang G, Wang D, Luo G, Tang J, Chen L, Gu J. HCCDB: A Database of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Expression Atlas. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 16:269-275. [PMID: 30266410 PMCID: PMC6205074 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly heterogeneous in nature and has been one of the most common cancer types worldwide. To ensure repeatability of identified gene expression patterns and comprehensively annotate the transcriptomes of HCC, we carefully curated 15 public HCC expression datasets that cover around 4000 clinical samples and developed the database HCCDB to serve as a one-stop online resource for exploring HCC gene expression with user-friendly interfaces. The global differential gene expression landscape of HCC was established by analyzing the consistently differentially expressed genes across multiple datasets. Moreover, a 4D metric was proposed to fully characterize the expression pattern of each gene by integrating data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx). To facilitate a comprehensive understanding of gene expression patterns in HCC, HCCDB also provides links to third-party databases on drug, proteomics, and literatures, and graphically displays the results from computational analyses, including differential expression analysis, tissue-specific and tumor-specific expression analysis, survival analysis, and co-expression analysis. HCCDB is freely accessible at http://lifeome.net/database/hccdb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Lian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shicheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guchao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guijuan Luo
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jing Tang
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lei Chen
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jin Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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54
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Räsänen K, Dang KX, Mustonen H, Ho TH, Lintula S, Koistinen H, Stenman UH, Haglund C, Stenman J. MAPK inhibitors induce serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) secretion in BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal adenocarcinoma. Mol Oncol 2017; 12:224-238. [PMID: 29193645 PMCID: PMC5792734 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a central role in colorectal cancers (CRC). In particular, BRAF V600E-mutant tumors, which represent around 10% of CRCs, are refractory to current therapies. Overexpression and secretion of serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) are observed in around 50% of CRCs, and its serum level can be used as a biomarker for poor prognosis. Utilizing a recently developed extendable blocking probe assay, we analyzed the BRAF mutation status in a CRC patient cohort (N = 571) using tissue-derived RNA as the starting material. From the same RNA samples, we measured the relative SPINK1 expression levels using a quantitative real-time PCR method. Expression of mutant BRAF V600E correlated with poor prognosis, as did low expression of SPINK1 mRNA. Further, BRAF V600E correlated negatively with SPINK1 levels. In order to investigate the effect of MAPK pathway-targeted therapies on SPINK1 secretion, we conducted in vitro studies using both wild-type and V600E CRC cell lines. BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib, and subsequent MAPK pathway inhibitors trametinib and SCH772984, significantly increased SPINK1 secretion in V600E CRC cell lines Colo205 and HT-29 with a concomitant decrease in trypsin-1 and -2 secretion. Notably, no SPINK1 increase or trypsin-1 decrease was observed in BRAF wild-type CRC cell line Caco-2 in response to MAPK pathway inhibitors. In further mechanistic studies, we observed that only trametinib was able to diminish completely both MEK and ERK phosphorylation in the V600E CRC cells. Furthermore, the key regulator of integrated stress response, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4), was downregulated both at mRNA and at protein level in response to trametinib treatment. In conclusion, these data suggest that sustained inhibition of not only MAPK pathway activation, but also ATF-4 and trypsin, might be beneficial in the therapy of BRAF V600E-mutant CRC and that SPINK1 levels may serve as an indicator of therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Räsänen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kien X Dang
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Mustonen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tho H Ho
- Department of Genomics, BPARC, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Susanna Lintula
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jakob Stenman
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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55
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Chen Y, Xie CL, Hu R, Shen CY, Zeng M, Wu CQ, Chen TW, Chen C, Tang MY, Xue HD, Jin ZY, Zhang XM. Genetic Polymorphisms: A Novel Perspective on Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:5135172. [PMID: 29333155 PMCID: PMC5733231 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5135172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a complex disease that results in significant morbidity and mortality. For many decades, it has compelled researchers to explore the exact pathogenesis and the understanding of the pathogenesis of AP has progressed dramatically. Currently, premature trypsinogen activation and NF-κB activation for inflammation are two remarkable hypotheses for the mechanism of AP. Meanwhile, understanding of the influence of genetic polymorphisms has resulted in tremendous development in the understanding of the advancement of complex diseases. Now, genetic polymorphisms of AP have been noted gradually and many researchers devote themselves to this emerging area. In this review, we comprehensively describe genetic polymorphisms combined with the latest hypothesis of pathogenesis associated with AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Chao Lian Xie
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ran Hu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Cheng Yi Shen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Pathophysiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Biology Group, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Chang Qiang Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Tian Wu Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Meng Yue Tang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hua Dan Xue
- Radiology Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yu Jin
- Radiology Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ming Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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Comparative transcriptomes of adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas reveal molecular similarities that span classical anatomic boundaries. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006938. [PMID: 28787442 PMCID: PMC5560753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in genomics in recent years have provided key insights into defining cancer subtypes “within-a-tissue”—that is, respecting traditional anatomically driven divisions of medicine. However, there remains a dearth of data regarding molecular profiles that are shared across tissues, an understanding of which could lead to the development of highly versatile, broadly applicable therapies. Using data acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we performed a transcriptomics-centered analysis on 1494 patient samples, comparing the two major histological subtypes of solid tumors (adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas) across organs, with a focus on tissues in which both subtypes arise: esophagus, lung, and uterine cervix. Via principal component and hierarchical clustering analysis, we discovered that histology-driven differences accounted for a greater degree of inherent molecular variation in the tumors than did tissue of origin. We then analyzed differential gene expression, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNA expression between adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas and found 1733 genes, 346 CpG sites, and 42 microRNAs in common between organ sites, indicating specific adenocarcinoma-associated and squamous cell carcinoma-associated molecular patterns that were conserved across tissues. We then identified specific pathways that may be critical to the development of adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, including Liver X receptor activation, which was upregulated in adenocarcinomas but downregulated in squamous cell carcinomas, possibly indicating important differences in cancer cell metabolism between these two histological subtypes of cancer. In addition, we highlighted genes that may be common drivers of adenocarcinomas specifically, such as IGF2BP1, which suggests a possible link between embryonic development and tumor subtype. Altogether, we demonstrate the need to consider biological similarities that transcend anatomical boundaries to inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies. All data sets from our analysis are available as a resource for further investigation. In clinical practice, the organ in which a cancer arises typically classifies it. However, developments in our understanding of cancer have revealed that this method overlooks key aspects of cancer biology relevant to both disease prevention and treatment. In fact, work characterizing the genetic make-up of cancers arising in a single organ has revealed that a shared organ of origin does not necessarily imply biological similarity (i.e. not all lung cancers share similar biological and molecular properties). While this approach, known as “within-a-tissue subtyping,” identifies key differences between cancers that arise in a single organ, a broader perspective may highlight important biological similarities between cancers across organs. Here we utilize this second approach, or “across-tissue subtyping,” to gain insight into similarities between cancers (of different organs) that share the same histology—or appear similarly under a microscope. Using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we compare gene expression of two major classes of solid tumors—adenocarcinomas (which arise from cells that form glands) and squamous cell carcinomas (which arise from flattened cells that form physical barriers). We identify several genes and biological pathways that may be common to adenocarcinomas and serve as targets for highly versatile therapies.
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57
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Zhang X, Yin X, Shen P, Sun G, Yang Y, Liu J, Chen N, Zeng H. The association between SPINK1 and clinical outcomes in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3123-3130. [PMID: 28790846 PMCID: PMC5488756 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s127317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of the prognostic role of serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) in prostate cancer (PCa) is controversial. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the association between SPINK1 and clinical outcomes in PCa. Searches were made of PubMed, Medline, Embase, and the China Biology Medicine disc (CBMdisc) up to January 2017. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias of included studies. RevMan software was used to perform meta-analysis, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method was employed for assessing the quality of the evidence. Ten studies with 17,161 patients were included in the analysis. Random-effect models were adopted for all outcomes with significant heterogeneities. In patients treated with radical prostatectomy, SPINK1 was associated with biochemical recurrence (BCR) (hazard ratio [HR] =1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.97; P=0.04), but not PCa-specific mortality (HR =0.93, 95% CI: 0.33–2.57; P=0.88), and overall survival (OS) (HR =0.89, 95% CI: 0.58–1.35; P=0.57). In metastatic PCa, SPINK1 was significantly associated with castration-resistant PCa-free survival (HR =3.87, 95% CI: 1.87–8.00; P=0.0003) and OS (HR =2.59, 95% CI: 1.16–5.78; P=0.02). However, the quality of the evidence was very low for all study outcome measures. In conclusion, although SPINK1 was not a predictor of PCa mortality or OS among patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, it may have prognostic value in metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology
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Ying HY, Gong CJ, Feng Y, Jing DD, Lu LG. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) downregulates E-cadherin and induces EMT of hepatoma cells to promote hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. J Dig Dis 2017; 18:349-358. [PMID: 28544403 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) expression and its influence on the prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS Altogether 80 patients with HCC who underwent curative resection were followed up for a median of 58.6 months. SPINK1 expression was detected in the primary HCC samples by immunohistochemistry. Its role in tumor invasion and metastasis was evaluated in vitro by gene silencing using a small interfering RNA-mediated approach, recombinant SPINK1 and U0126 (an inhibitor of MEK/ERK). The proteins in the MEK/ERK signaling pathway were detected by Western blot. RESULTS Patients with high SPINK1 expression showed poor overall survival (P = 0.0001) and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.001) compared with those with low SPINK1 expression. The suppression of SPINK1 resulted in reduced cell migration and invasion. SPINK1 overexpression was significantly associated with increased cell migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, SPINK1 promoted cancer cells motility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPK) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, resulting in increased vimentin expression and decreased E-cadherin expression. CONCLUSION SPINK1 may be an oncogene that induces EMT via the MEK/ERK pathway and is a potential target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yan Ying
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Jie Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Dao Jing
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lun Gen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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