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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of allograft injury, including acute clinical and subclinical injury, is vital in increasing the longevity of the transplanted organ. Acute rejection, which occurs as a result of a variety of immune and non-immune factors including the infiltration of immune cells and antibodies to the donor specific epitopes, poses a significant risk to the organ. Recent years have marked an increase in the discovery of new genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic biomarkers in molecular diagnostics, which offer better potential for personalized management of the transplanted organ by providing earlier detection of rejection episodes. Areas covered: This review was compiled from key word searches of full-text publications relevant to the field. Expert commentary: Many of the recent advancements in the molecular diagnostics of allograft injury show much promise, but before they can be fully realized further validation in larger sample sets must be conducted. Additionally, for better informed therapeutic decisions, more work must be completed to differentiate between different causes of injury. Moreover, the diagnostics field is looking at methodologies that allow for multiplexing, the ability to identify multiple targets simultaneously, in order to provide more robust biomarkers and better understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nasr
- Sarwal Lab, University of California, San Francisco
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering
| | - Tara Sigdel
- Sarwal Lab, University of California, San Francisco
- Unversity of California, San Francisco Department of Surgery
| | - Minnie Sarwal
- Sarwal Lab, University of California, San Francisco
- Unversity of California, San Francisco Department of Surgery
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Kitow J, Derda AA, Beermann J, Kumarswarmy R, Pfanne A, Fendrich J, Lorenzen JM, Xiao K, Bavendiek U, Bauersachs J, Thum T. Mitochondrial long noncoding RNAs as blood based biomarkers for cardiac remodeling in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H707-12. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00194.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a hereditary heart disease with a high risk for sudden cardiac death in young people. As a subtype, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) additionally has a left ventricular outflow gradient, showing stronger symptoms and requires a different treatment compared with hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy (HNCM). In this study our aim was to investigate the regulation of mitochondrial and cardiac remodeling associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in blood of patients affected with HOCM and HNCM. We included 28 HNCM, 57 HOCM, and 26 control inviduals. Already known mitochondrial and cardiac remodeling associated lncRNAs uc004cos.4, uc004coz.1, uc004cov.4, uc011mfi.2, uc022bqw.1, uc022bqs.1, and uc022bqu.1 were amplified in serum of these patients and correlated with clinical parameters. Long noncoding RNAs uc004cov.4 and uc022bqu.1 were significantly increased in patients with HOCM but not in patients with HNCM. With the use of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, lncRNAs uc004cov.4 and uc022bqu.1 were able to identify HOCM patients. In our study we evidenced that the specific mitochondrial long noncoding RNAs uc004cov.4 and uc022bqu.1 were upregulated in patients with HOCM and they were also able to identify HOCM and could be developed as useful clinical biomarkers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Kitow
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anselm A. Derda
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Beermann
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Regalla Kumarswarmy
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Pfanne
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fendrich
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johan M. Lorenzen
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ke Xiao
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Udo Bavendiek
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Halloran PF, Famulski KS, Reeve J. Molecular assessment of disease states in kidney transplant biopsy samples. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:534-48. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lorenzen JM, Thum T. Long noncoding RNAs in kidney and cardiovascular diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:360-73. [PMID: 27140855 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcription of a large part of the human genome results in RNA transcripts that have limited or no protein-coding potential. These include long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are defined as being ≥200 nucleotides long. Unlike microRNAs, which have been extensively studied, little is known about the functional role of lncRNAs. However, studies over the past 5 years have shown that lncRNAs interfere with tissue homeostasis and have a role in pathological processes, including in the kidney and heart. The developmental expression of the microRNA sponge H19, for example, is altered in the kidneys of embryos carried by hyperglycaemic mothers, and the lncRNA Malat1 regulates hyperglycaemia-induced inflammation in endothelial cells. Putative roles for other lncRNAs have been identified in conditions such as heart failure, cardiac autophagy, hypertension, acute kidney injury, glomerular diseases, acute allograft rejection and renal cell carcinoma. This Review outlines our current understanding of the role and function of lncRNAs in kidney and cardiovascular disease as novel important regulators and potential therapeutic entry points of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan M Lorenzen
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
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