51
|
Koppolu R, Lahti J, Abitbol T, Swerin A, Kuusipalo J, Toivakka M. Continuous Processing of Nanocellulose and Polylactic Acid into Multilayer Barrier Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11920-11927. [PMID: 30829474 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00922/asset/images/large/am-2019-00922c_0005.jpeg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen an increased interest toward utilizing biobased and biodegradable materials for barrier packaging applications. Most of the abovementioned materials usually have certain shortcomings that discourage their adoption as a preferred material of choice. Nanocellulose falls into such a category. It has excellent barrier against grease, mineral oils, and oxygen but poor tolerance against water vapor, which makes it unsuitable to be used at high humidity. In addition, nanocellulose suspensions' high viscosity and yield stress already at low solid content and poor adhesion to substrates create additional challenges for high-speed processing. Polylactic acid (PLA) is another potential candidate that has reasonably high tolerance against water vapor but rather a poor barrier against oxygen. The current work explores the possibility of combining both these materials into thin multilayer coatings onto a paperboard. A custom-built slot-die was used to coat either microfibrillated cellulose or cellulose nanocrystals onto a pigment-coated baseboard in a continuous process. These were subsequently coated with PLA using a pilot-scale extrusion coater. Low-density polyethylene was used as for reference extrusion coating. Cationic starch precoating and corona treatment improved the adhesion at nanocellulose/baseboard and nanocellulose/PLA interfaces, respectively. The water vapor transmission rate for nanocellulose + PLA coatings remained lower than that of the control PLA coating, even at a high relative humidity of 90% (38 °C). The multilayer coating had 98% lower oxygen transmission rate compared to just the PLA-coated baseboard, and the heptane vapor transmission rate reduced by 99% in comparison to the baseboard. The grease barrier for nanocellulose + PLA coatings increased 5-fold compared to nanocellulose alone and 2-fold compared to PLA alone. This approach of processing nanocellulose and PLA into multiple layers utilizing slot-die and extrusion coating in tandem has the potential to produce a barrier packaging paper that is both 100% biobased and biodegradable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Koppolu
- Laboratory of Paper Coating and Converting, Center for Functional Materials , Åbo Akademi University , 20500 Turku , Finland
| | - Johanna Lahti
- Paper Converting and Packaging , Tampere University of Technology , 33100 Tampere , Finland
| | - Tiffany Abitbol
- Bioeconomy-Biorefinery and Energy , RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , 114 28 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Agne Swerin
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jurkka Kuusipalo
- Paper Converting and Packaging , Tampere University of Technology , 33100 Tampere , Finland
| | - Martti Toivakka
- Laboratory of Paper Coating and Converting, Center for Functional Materials , Åbo Akademi University , 20500 Turku , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Koppolu R, Lahti J, Abitbol T, Swerin A, Kuusipalo J, Toivakka M. Continuous Processing of Nanocellulose and Polylactic Acid into Multilayer Barrier Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11920-11927. [PMID: 30829474 PMCID: PMC6727189 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen an increased interest toward utilizing biobased and biodegradable materials for barrier packaging applications. Most of the abovementioned materials usually have certain shortcomings that discourage their adoption as a preferred material of choice. Nanocellulose falls into such a category. It has excellent barrier against grease, mineral oils, and oxygen but poor tolerance against water vapor, which makes it unsuitable to be used at high humidity. In addition, nanocellulose suspensions' high viscosity and yield stress already at low solid content and poor adhesion to substrates create additional challenges for high-speed processing. Polylactic acid (PLA) is another potential candidate that has reasonably high tolerance against water vapor but rather a poor barrier against oxygen. The current work explores the possibility of combining both these materials into thin multilayer coatings onto a paperboard. A custom-built slot-die was used to coat either microfibrillated cellulose or cellulose nanocrystals onto a pigment-coated baseboard in a continuous process. These were subsequently coated with PLA using a pilot-scale extrusion coater. Low-density polyethylene was used as for reference extrusion coating. Cationic starch precoating and corona treatment improved the adhesion at nanocellulose/baseboard and nanocellulose/PLA interfaces, respectively. The water vapor transmission rate for nanocellulose + PLA coatings remained lower than that of the control PLA coating, even at a high relative humidity of 90% (38 °C). The multilayer coating had 98% lower oxygen transmission rate compared to just the PLA-coated baseboard, and the heptane vapor transmission rate reduced by 99% in comparison to the baseboard. The grease barrier for nanocellulose + PLA coatings increased 5-fold compared to nanocellulose alone and 2-fold compared to PLA alone. This approach of processing nanocellulose and PLA into multiple layers utilizing slot-die and extrusion coating in tandem has the potential to produce a barrier packaging paper that is both 100% biobased and biodegradable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Koppolu
- Laboratory
of Paper Coating and Converting, Center for Functional Materials, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lahti
- Paper
Converting and Packaging, Tampere University
of Technology, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiffany Abitbol
- Bioeconomy—Biorefinery
and Energy, RISE Research Institutes of
Sweden, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agne Swerin
- Division
of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in
Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jurkka Kuusipalo
- Paper
Converting and Packaging, Tampere University
of Technology, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Martti Toivakka
- Laboratory
of Paper Coating and Converting, Center for Functional Materials, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Karan H, Funk C, Grabert M, Oey M, Hankamer B. Green Bioplastics as Part of a Circular Bioeconomy. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:237-249. [PMID: 30612789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid accumulation of plastic waste is driving international demand for renewable plastics with superior qualities (e.g., full biodegradability to CO2 without harmful byproducts), as part of an expanding circular bioeconomy. Higher plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria can drive solar-driven processes for the production of feedstocks that can be used to produce a wide variety of biodegradable plastics, as well as bioplastic-based infrastructure that can act as a long-term carbon sink. The plastic types produced, their chemical synthesis, scaled-up biorefinery concepts (e.g., plant-based methane-to-bioplastic production and co-product streams), bioplastic properties, and uses are summarized, together with the current regulatory framework and the key barriers and opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Karan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Joint first author
| | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Joint first author
| | - Martin Grabert
- Montroix Pty Ltd, PO Box 4394, Hawker ACT 2614, Australia
| | - Melanie Oey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Righetti MC, Cinelli P, Mallegni N, Stäbler A, Lazzeri A. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites Made of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Potato Pulp Powder. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11020308. [PMID: 30960292 PMCID: PMC6419162 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal and mechanical properties of biocomposites of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing 5 wt % of valerate units, with 20 wt % of potato pulp powder were investigated in order (i) to obtain information on possible miscibility/compatibility between the biopolymers and the potato pulp, and (ii) to quantify how the addition of this filler modifies the properties of the polymeric material. The potato pulp powder utilized is a residue of processing for the production and extraction of starch. The final aim of this study is the preparation of PHBV based materials with reduced cost, thanks to biomass valorization, in agreement with the circular economy policy, as result of the incorporation of agricultural organic waste. The results showed that the potato pulp powder does not act as reinforcement, but rather as filler for the PHBV polymeric matrix. A moderate loss in mechanical properties is detected (decrease in elastic modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break), which regardless still meets the technical requirements indicated for rigid packaging production. In order to improve the mechanical response of the PHBV/potato pulp powder biocomposites, surface treatment of the potato pulp powder with bio-based and petroleum-based waxes was investigated. Good enhancement of the mechanical properties was achieved with the natural carnauba and bee waxes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council-Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council-Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Norma Mallegni
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council-Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andreas Stäbler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße, 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council-Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Melendez-Rodriguez B, Figueroa-Lopez KJ, Bernardos A, Martínez-Máñez R, Cabedo L, Torres-Giner S, Lagaron JM. Electrospun Antimicrobial Films of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Containing Eugenol Essential Oil Encapsulated in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E227. [PMID: 30744000 PMCID: PMC6409543 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to develop poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) films with long-term antimicrobial capacity of interest in food packaging applications. To this end, eugenol was first highly efficiently encapsulated at 50 wt.-% in the pores of mesoporous silica nanoparticles by vapor adsorption. The eugenol-containing nanoparticles were then loaded in the 2.5⁻20 wt.-% range into PHBV by electrospinning and the resultant electrospun composite fibers were annealed at 155 °C to produce continuous films. The characterization showed that the PHBV films filled with mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing eugenol present sufficient thermal resistance and enhanced mechanical strength and barrier performance to water vapor and limonene. The antimicrobial activity of the films was also evaluated against foodborne bacteria for 15 days in open vs. closed conditions in order to simulate real packaging conditions. The electrospun PHBV films with loadings above 10 wt.-% of mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing eugenol successfully inhibited the bacterial growth, whereas the active films stored in hermetically closed systems increased their antimicrobial activity after 15 days due to the volatile portion accumulated in the system's headspace and the sustained release capacity of the films. The resultant biopolymer films are, therefore, potential candidates to be applied in active food packaging applications to provide shelf life extension and food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Melendez-Rodriguez
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Kelly J Figueroa-Lopez
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Andrea Bernardos
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Universitat de València (UV), camí de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Universitat de València (UV), camí de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Jose M Lagaron
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Switching from petro-plastics to microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): the biotechnological escape route of choice out of the plastic predicament? EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The benefit of biodegradable “green plastics” over established synthetic plastics from petro-chemistry, namely their complete degradation and safe disposal, makes them attractive for use in various fields, including agriculture, food packaging, and the biomedical and pharmaceutical sector. In this context, microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are auspicious biodegradable plastic-like polyesters that are considered to exert less environmental burden if compared to polymers derived from fossil resources.
The question of environmental and economic superiority of bio-plastics has inspired innumerable scientists during the last decades. As a matter of fact, bio-plastics like PHA have inherent economic drawbacks compared to plastics from fossil resources; they typically have higher raw material costs, and the processes are of lower productivity and are often still in the infancy of their technical development. This explains that it is no trivial task to get down the advantage of fossil-based competitors on the plastic market. Therefore, the market success of biopolymers like PHA requires R&D progress at all stages of the production chain in order to compensate for this disadvantage, especially as long as fossil resources are still available at an ecologically unjustifiable price as it does today.
Ecological performance is, although a logical argument for biopolymers in general, not sufficient to make industry and the society switch from established plastics to bio-alternatives. On the one hand, the review highlights that there’s indeed an urgent necessity to switch to such alternatives; on the other hand, it demonstrates the individual stages of the production chain, which need to be addressed to make PHA competitive in economic, environmental, ethical, and performance-related terms. In addition, it is demonstrated how new, smart PHA-based materials can be designed, which meet the customer’s expectations when applied, e.g., in the biomedical or food packaging sector.
Collapse
|
57
|
Mohd Fadzil FI, Mizuno S, Hiroe A, Nomura CT, Tsuge T. Low Carbon Concentration Feeding Improves Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production in Escherichia coli Strains With Defective β-Oxidation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:178. [PMID: 30560122 PMCID: PMC6287193 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium-chain-length (MCL) polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) of near homopolymeric composition are unnatural polymers, having almost identical repeating units throughout the polymer chain. These homopolymeric PHAs can be produced by β-oxidation defective bacterial hosts. Escherichia coli is an attractive workhorse for the production of such genetically engineered PHAs; however, achieving efficient production of the near homopolymers by β-oxidation defective strains is a major challenge because of a lack of process development studies. In order to address this issue, we investigated the optimization of carbon feeding for efficient production of MCL-PHAs by an E. coli strain with defective β-oxidation, LSBJ. Engineered bacteria were cultured in shake-flasks with intermittent feeding of a fatty acid substrate [either decanoate (C10) or dodecanoate (C12)] at various concentrations together with a co-carbon source (glucose, glycerol, or xylose) in order to support cell growth. It was found that feeding low concentrations of both fatty acids and co-carbon sources led to an enhanced production of MCL-PHAs. Additionally, the supplementation of yeast extract improved cell growth, resulting in achieving higher titers of MCL-PHA. As a result, poly(3-hydroxydecanoate) [P(3HD)] and poly(3-hydroxydodecanoate) [P(3HDD)] were produced up to 5.44 g/L and 3.50 g/L, respectively, as near homopolymers by employing the developed feeding strategy. To the best of our knowledge, we record the highest titer of P(3HD) ever reported so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhrul Ikhma Mohd Fadzil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shoji Mizuno
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hiroe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher T Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Takeharu Tsuge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Sánchez-Safont EL, Arrillaga A, Anakabe J, Gamez-Perez J, Cabedo L. PHBV/TPU/cellulose compounds for compostable injection molded parts with improved thermal and mechanical performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Arrillaga
- Leartiker S. Coop.; Xemein etorbidea 12, 48270 Markina-Xemein Spain
| | - Jon Anakabe
- Leartiker S. Coop.; Xemein etorbidea 12, 48270 Markina-Xemein Spain
| | - Jose Gamez-Perez
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA); Universitat Jaume I; Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló Spain
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA); Universitat Jaume I; Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló Spain
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Mujtaba M, Morsi RE, Kerch G, Elsabee MZ, Kaya M, Labidi J, Khawar KM. Current advancements in chitosan-based film production for food technology; A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:889-904. [PMID: 30340012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is obtained from chitin, which could be considered to be the most abundant polymer after cellulose. Owing to these properties, chitosan alone or chitosan-based composite film production is attaining huge attention in terms of applications from researchers and industrialists coming from divergent fields. To enhance the biological (mainly antimicrobial and antioxidant) and physiological (mainly mechanical, thermal and barrier) attributes of the chitosan-based films, a vast medley of plant extracts and supporting polymers has been blended into chitosan films. Considering the up to date literature reports based on chitosan film production and applications, it can be stated that still, the research ratio is low in this field. Chitosan blend/composite films with specific properties (superhydrophobicity, excellent mechanical strength, acceptable barrier properties) can be produced only for specific applications in food technology. In the current review, we tried to summarize the advancements made in the last 5-7 years in the field of chitosan film technology for its application in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mujtaba
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey.
| | - Rania E Morsi
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727, Cairo, Egypt; EPRI-Nanotechnology Center, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, 11727 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Garry Kerch
- Riga Technical University, Department of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maher Z Elsabee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Murat Kaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Jalel Labidi
- Biorefinery Processes Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Khalid Mahmood Khawar
- Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Sánchez-Safont EL, Arrillaga A, Anakabe J, Cabedo L, Gamez-Perez J. Toughness Enhancement of PHBV/TPU/Cellulose Compounds with Reactive Additives for Compostable Injected Parts in Industrial Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2102. [PMID: 30029538 PMCID: PMC6073394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-valerate), PHBV, is a bacterial thermoplastic biopolyester that possesses interesting thermal and mechanical properties. As it is fully biodegradable, it could be an alternative to the use of commodities in single-use applications or in those intended for composting at their end of life. Two big drawbacks of PHBV are its low impact toughness and its high cost, which limit its potential applications. In this work, we proposed the use of a PHBV-based compound with purified α-cellulose fibres and a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), with the purpose of improving the performance of PHBV in terms of balanced heat resistance, stiffness, and toughness. Three reactive agents with different functionalities have been tested in these compounds: hexametylene diisocianate (HMDI), a commercial multi-epoxy-functionalized styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate oligomer (Joncryl® ADR-4368), and triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC). The results indicate that the reactive agents play a main role of compatibilizers among the phases of the PHBV/TPU/cellulose compounds. HMDI showed the highest ability to compatibilize the cellulose and the PHBV in the compounds, with the topmost values of deformation at break, static toughness, and impact strength. Joncryl® and TGIC, on the other hand, seemed to enhance the compatibility between the fibres and the polymer matrix as well as the TPU within the PHBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Arrillaga
- Leartiker S. Coop., Xemein Etorbidea 12A, 48270 Markina-Xemein, Spain.
| | - Jon Anakabe
- Leartiker S. Coop., Xemein Etorbidea 12A, 48270 Markina-Xemein, Spain.
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Jose Gamez-Perez
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|