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Kruse T, Kristensen HH. Using antimicrobial host defense peptides as anti-infective and immunomodulatory agents. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:887-95. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.6.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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52
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Castelli MV, Butassi E, Monteiro MC, Svetaz LA, Vicente F, Zacchino SA. Novel antifungal agents: a patent review (2011 – present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:323-38. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.876993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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53
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Investigation of the antibacterial activity of a short cationic peptide against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium strains and its cytotoxicity on eukaryotic cells. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:1533-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Utkina LL, Andreev YA, Rogozhin EA, Korostyleva TV, Slavokhotova AA, Oparin PB, Vassilevski AA, Grishin EV, Egorov TA, Odintsova TI. Genes encoding 4-Cys antimicrobial peptides in wheat Triticum kiharae Dorof. et Migush.: multimodular structural organization, instraspecific variability, distribution and role in defence. FEBS J 2013; 280:3594-608. [PMID: 23702306 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel family of antifungal peptides was discovered in the wheat Triticum kiharae Dorof. et Migusch. Two members of the family, designated Tk-AMP-X1 and Tk-AMP-X2, were completely sequenced and shown to belong to the α-hairpinin structural family of plant peptides with a characteristic C1XXXC2-X(n)-C3XXXC4 motif. The peptides inhibit the spore germination of several fungal pathogens in vitro. cDNA and gene cloning disclosed unique structure of genes encoding Tk-AMP-X peptides. They code for precursor proteins of unusual multimodular structure, consisting of a signal peptide, several α-hairpinin (4-Cys) peptide domains with a characteristic cysteine pattern separated by linkers and a C-terminal prodomain. Three types of precursor proteins, with five, six or seven 4-Cys peptide modules, were found in wheat. Among the predicted family members, several peptides previously isolated from T. kiharae seeds were identified. Genes encoding Tk-AMP-X precursors have no introns in the protein-coding regions and are upregulated by fungal pathogens and abiotic stress, providing conclusive evidence for their role in stress response. A combined PCR-based and bioinformatics approach was used to search for related genes in the plant kingdom. Homologous genes differing in the number of peptide modules were discovered in phylogenetically-related Triticum and Aegilops species, including polyploid wheat genome donors. Association of the Tk-AMP-X genes with A, B/G or D genomes of hexaploid wheat was demonstrated. Furthermore, Tk-AMP-X-related sequences were shown to be widespread in the Poaceae family among economically important crops, such as barley, rice and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov L Utkina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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55
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Chan LY, Zhang VM, Huang YH, Waters NC, Bansal PS, Craik DJ, Daly NL. Cyclization of the Antimicrobial Peptide Gomesin with Native Chemical Ligation: Influences on Stability and Bioactivity. Chembiochem 2013; 14:617-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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56
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Schuerholz T, Doemming S, Hornef M, Martin L, Simon TP, Heinbockel L, Brandenburg K, Marx G. The anti-inflammatory effect of the synthetic antimicrobial peptide 19-2.5 in a murine sepsis model: a prospective randomized study. Crit Care 2013; 17:R3. [PMID: 23302299 PMCID: PMC4057408 DOI: 10.1186/cc11920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increasing rates of multi-resistant bacteria are a major problem in the treatment of critically ill patients. Furthermore, conventional antibiotics lead to the release of bacterial derived membrane parts initiating pro-inflammatory cascades with potential harm to the patient. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) may kill bacteria without releasing pro-inflammatory factors. Thus, we compared three newly developed synthetic anti-lipopolysaccharide peptides (SALPs) with a broader range of efficacy to suppress cytokine release in plasma and CD14 mRNA expression in organ tissue in a murine, polymicrobial sepsis model. Methods A randomized, experimental trial was conducted in an animal research facility. Male NMRI mice (n = 90; 8- to 12-weeks old) were randomized to the following six groups: (i) sham operation and parenteral vehicle (NaCl 0.9%) administration (sham); (ii) cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and vehicle infusion (sepsis-control), (iii) CLP and polymyxin B infusion (polyB), or (iv to vi) CLP and infusion of three different synthetic antimicrobial peptides Peptide 19-2.5 (Pep2.5), Peptide 19-4 (Pep4) or Peptide 19-8 (Pep8). All animals underwent arterial and venous catheterization for hemodynamic monitoring 48 hours prior to CLP or sham-operation. Physical appearance and behavior (activity), plasma cytokine levels, and CD14 mRNA expression in heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney tissue were determined 24 hours after CLP or sham operation. Results Only Pep2.5 significantly enhanced the activity after CLP, whereas none of the therapeutic regimens elevated the mean arterial pressure or heart rate. The strongly elevated IL-6, IL-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein serum levels in septic animals were significantly reduced after Pep2.5 administration (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, Pep2.5 significantly reduced the sepsis-induced CD14 mRNA expression in heart (P = 0.003), lung (P = 0.008), and spleen tissue (P = 0.009) but not in kidney and liver. Conclusions Structurally variable SALPs exhibit major differences in their anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. Continuous parenteral administration of Pep2.5 is able to reduce sepsis-induced cytokine release and tissue inflammation.
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Modi V, Lama D, Sankararamakrishnan R. Relationship between helix stability and binding affinities: molecular dynamics simulations of Bfl-1/A1-binding pro-apoptotic BH3 peptide helices in explicit solvent. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 31:65-77. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.691363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Schuerholz T, Brandenburg K, Marx G. Antimicrobial peptides and their potential application in inflammation and sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:207. [PMID: 22429567 PMCID: PMC3681352 DOI: 10.1186/cc11220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schuerholz
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Güell I, Ferre R, Sørensen KK, Badosa E, Ng-Choi I, Montesinos E, Bardají E, Feliu L, Jensen KJ, Planas M. Multivalent display of the antimicrobial peptides BP100 and BP143. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:2106-17. [PMID: 23243472 PMCID: PMC3520567 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are considered as promising templates for the display of multiple copies of antimicrobial peptides. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of chimeric structures containing two or four copies of the antimicrobial peptides KKLFKKILKYL-NH2 (BP100) and KKLfKKILKYL-NH2 (BP143) attached to the carbohydrate template cyclodithioerythritol (cDTE) or α-D-galactopyranoside (Galp). The synthesis involved the preparation of the corresponding peptide aldehyde followed by coupling to an aminooxy-functionalized carbohydrate template. After purification, the multivalent display systems were obtained in high purities (90–98%) and in good yields (42–64%). These compounds were tested against plant and human pathogenic bacteria and screened for their cytotoxicity on eukaryotic cells. They showed lower MIC values than the parent peptides against the bacteria analyzed. In particular, the carbopeptides derived from cDTE and Galp, which contained two or four copies of BP100, respectively, were 2- to 8-fold more active than the monomeric peptide against the phytopathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that preassembling antimicrobial peptides to multimeric structures is not always associated with a significant improvement of the activity. In contrast, the carbopeptides synthesized were active against human red blood cells pointing out that peptide preassembly is critical for the hemolytic activity. Notably, peptide preassembly resulted in an enhanced bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imma Güell
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
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60
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Nakagami H, Nishikawa T, Tamura N, Maeda A, Hibino H, Mochizuki M, Shimosato T, Moriya T, Morishita R, Tamai K, Tomono K, Kaneda Y. Modification of a novel angiogenic peptide, AG30, for the development of novel therapeutic agents. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1629-39. [PMID: 21812915 PMCID: PMC3823230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a novel angiogenic peptide, AG30, with antibacterial effects that could serve as a foundation molecule for the design of wound-healing drugs. Toward clinical application, in this study we have developed a modified version of the AG30 peptide characterized by improved antibacterial and angiogenic action, thus establishing a lead compound for a feasibility study. Because AG30 has an α-helix structure with a number of hydrophobic and cationic amino acids, we designed a modified AG30 peptide by replacing several of the amino acids. The replacement of cationic amino acids (yielding a new molecule, AG30/5C), but not hydrophobic amino acids, increased both the angiogenic and the antimicrobial properties of the peptide. AG30/5C was also effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a diabetic mouse wound-healing model, the topical application of AG30/5C accelerated wound healing with increased angiogenesis and attenuated MRSA infection. To facilitate the eventual clinical investigation/application of these compounds, we developed a large-scale procedure for the synthesis of AG30/5C that employed the conventional solution method and met Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines. In the evaluation of stability of this peptide in saline solution, RP-HPLC analysis revealed that AG30/5C was fairly stable under 5°C for 12 months. Therefore, we propose the use of AG30/5C as a wound-healing drug with antibacterial and angiogenic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Gibson AL, Thomas-Virnig CL, Centanni JM, Schlosser SJ, Johnston CE, Van Winkle KF, Szilagyi A, He LK, Shankar R, Allen-Hoffmann BL. Nonviral human beta defensin-3 expression in a bioengineered human skin tissue: a therapeutic alternative for infected wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2012; 20:414-24. [PMID: 22564233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2012.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system differentially regulates the expression of host defense peptides to combat infection during wound healing. We enhanced the expression of a host defense peptide, human beta defensin-3 (hBD-3), in keratinocytes to generate a three-dimensional biologic dressing to improve healing of infected wounds. The NIKS human keratinocyte cell line was stably transfected ex vivo with a construct containing an epidermis-specific promoter driving hBD-3 (NIKS(hBD) (-3) ) using nonviral methods. Levels of hBD-3 mRNA and protein in three-dimensional skin tissue produced from NIKS(hBD) (-3) were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Tissue architecture was characterized by hematoxylin and eosin staining and by indirect immunofluorescence using proliferation and keratinocyte differentiation markers. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using an in vitro bacterial growth assay and in vivo using a murine burn infection model. Three-dimensional full thickness skin tissues containing epidermal NIKS(hBD) (-3) or control NIKS possessed histologic features of interfollicular epidermis and exhibited normal tissue growth and differentiation. NIKS(hBD) (-3) tissue contained approximately fivefold more hBD-3 protein than tissue containing unmodified control NIKS. In vitro studies showed that NIKS(hBD) (-3) tissue produced a significant reduction in the growth of Staphylococcus aureus multiple peptide resistance factor (mprF) compared with control tissue. In an in vivo infected murine burn model, NIKS(hBD) (-3) tissue resulted in a 90% reduction in bacterial growth. These results demonstrate that sustained delivery of hBD-3 by a bioengineered skin tissue results in a therapeutically relevant reduction in growth of a S. aureus strain in an animal model of infected third-degree burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Gibson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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62
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Fitzgerald-Hughes D, Devocelle M, Humphreys H. Beyond conventional antibiotics for the future treatment of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfections: two novel alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:399-412. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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63
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Antimicrobial lipopeptaibol trichogin GA IV: role of the three Aib residues on conformation and bioactivity. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1761-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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64
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Desgranges S, Ruddle CC, Burke LP, McFadden TM, O'Brien JE, Fitzgerald-Hughes D, Humphreys H, Smyth TP, Devocelle M. β-Lactam-host defence peptide conjugates as antibiotic prodrug candidates targeting resistant bacteria. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01351g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Satishkumar R, Vertegel AA. Antibody-directed targeting of lysostaphin adsorbed onto polylactide nanoparticles increases its antimicrobial activity against S. aureus in vitro. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:505103. [PMID: 22107797 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/50/505103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to study the effect of antibody-directed targeting of S. aureus by comparing the activities of lysostaphin conjugated to biodegradable polylactide nanoparticles (NPs) in the presence and in the absence of co-immobilized anti-S. aureus antibody. Lysostaphin-antibody-NP conjugates were synthesized through physical adsorption at different enzyme:antibody:NP ratios. The synthesized enzyme-NP conjugates were characterized by means of dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analysis, and the total protein binding yield on the NPs was characterized using Alexa Fluor 350 and 594 dyes for the S. aureus antibody and lysostaphin respectively. We observed enhanced antimicrobial activity for both enzyme-coated and enzyme-antibody-coated NPs for lysostaphin coatings corresponding to ∼ 40% of the initial monolayer and higher compared to the free enzyme case (p < 0.05). At the highest antibody coating concentration, bacterial lysis rates for antibody-coated samples were significantly higher than for lysostaphin-coated samples lacking the antibody (p < 0.05). Such enzyme-NP conjugates thus have the potential for becoming novel therapeutic agents for treating antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Satishkumar
- 301 Rhodes Research Center, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA. rohan
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66
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Kennedy DA, Vembu N, Fronczek FR, Devocelle M. Synthesis of mutual azo prodrugs of anti-inflammatory agents and peptides facilitated by α-aminoisobutyric acid. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9641-7. [PMID: 22026631 DOI: 10.1021/jo201358e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reported is the synthesis of azo mutual prodrugs of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) 4-aminophenylacetic acid (4-APAA) or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) with peptides, including an antibiotic peptide temporin analogue modified at the amino terminal by an α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residue. These prodrugs are designed for colonic delivery of two agents to treat infection and inflammation by the bacterial pathogen Clostridium difficile .
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kennedy
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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67
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The potential of antimicrobial peptides as biocides. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6566-96. [PMID: 22072905 PMCID: PMC3210996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides constitute a diverse class of naturally occurring antimicrobial molecules which have activity against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides are exciting leads in the development of novel biocidal agents at a time when classical antibiotics are under intense pressure from emerging resistance, and the global industry in antibiotic research and development stagnates. This review will examine the potential of antimicrobial peptides, both natural and synthetic, as novel biocidal agents in the battle against multi-drug resistant pathogen infections.
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68
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The role of antimicrobial peptides in preventing multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and biofilm formation. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5971-92. [PMID: 22016639 PMCID: PMC3189763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12095971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, decreasing effectiveness of conventional antimicrobial-drugs has caused serious problems due to the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Furthermore, biofilms, which are microbial communities that cause serious chronic infections and dental plaque, form environments that enhance antimicrobial resistance. As a result, there is a continuous search to overcome or control such problems, which has resulted in antimicrobial peptides being considered as an alternative to conventional drugs. Antimicrobial peptides are ancient host defense effector molecules in living organisms. These peptides have been identified in diverse organisms and synthetically developed by using peptidomimic techniques. This review was conducted to demonstrate the mode of action by which antimicrobial peptides combat multidrug-resistant bacteria and prevent biofilm formation and to introduce clinical uses of these compounds for chronic disease, medical devices, and oral health. In addition, combinations of antimicrobial peptides and conventional drugs were considered due to their synergetic effects and low cost for therapeutic treatment.
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69
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Wang C, Li HB, Li S, Tian LL, Shang DJ. Antitumor effects and cell selectivity of temporin-1CEa, an antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretions of the Chinese brown frog (Rana chensinensis). Biochimie 2011; 94:434-41. [PMID: 21871946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many antimicrobial peptides from amphibian exhibit additional anticancer properties due to a similar mechanism of action at both bacterial and cancer cells. We have previously reported the cDNA sequence of the antimicrobial peptide temporin-1CEa precursor cloned from the Chinese brown frog Rana chensinensis. In this study, we purified, synthesized and structurally characterized temporin-1CEa from the skin secretions of R. chensinensis. The cytotoxicity and cell selectivity of temporin-1CEa were further examined on twelve human carcinoma cell lines and on normal human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs). Our results indicated that temporin-1CEa has the amino acid sequence of FVDLKKIANIINSIF-NH(2), and exhibits 50-56% identity with temporin family peptides from other frog species. The CD spectra for temporin-1CEa adopted a well-defined α-helical structure in 50% TFE/water solution. The results of MTT assay showed that temporin-1CEa exhibits cytotoxicity to all tested cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner, being MCF-7 cells the most sensitive. Moreover, temporin-1CEa had lower hemolytic effect to human erythrocytes and had no significant cytotoxicity to normal HUVSMCs at concentrations showed potent antitumor activity. In summary, temporin-1CEa, an amphiphilic α-helical cationic peptide, may represent a novel anticancer agent for breast cancer therapy, considering its cancer cell selectivity and relatively lower cytotoxicity to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning 116029, China
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70
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Jofré C, Guzmán F, Cárdenas C, Albericio F, Marshall SH. A natural peptide and its variants derived from the processing of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) displaying enhanced antimicrobial activity: a novel alternative for the control of bacterial diseases. Peptides 2011; 32:852-8. [PMID: 21291934 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The larger segment of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) codifies most of the structural and non-structural proteins of the virus in two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). The longer of the two ORF is expressed as a polyprotein which generates a number of variable length peptides of unknown function during processing. Since an appealing hypothesis would be that these peptides are generated by the virus to act as antimicrobial agents that favor viral infectivity in their fish host, we decided to test this possibility by selecting a master peptide and using it to generate substitution variants that may enhance their antimicrobial potential. A 20-residue master peptide (p20) was selected from the well-described maturation process of the structural viral protein VP2; several variants were then designed and chemically synthesized, ranging in size from 16 to 20 residues. The synthesized peptides were tested for in vitro activity against several prototype bacterial pathogens using standardized laboratory procedures. Chemically synthesized p20 and all its variants displayed broad activity against the tested bacteria and none of them were toxic to eukaryotic cells at least 10× the concentration used against the bacteria. Interestingly, when p20 was tested against the very aggressive bacterial pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis, a common co-infectant of IPNV in salmonid fish, the specific activity of the novel peptide was significantly higher than that displayed for bactericidal fish farm antibiotics such as oxolinic acid, flumequine and florfenicol, which are commonly used to control Piscirickettsiosis in the field. It is potentially significant that the approach presented in this report provides a novel alternative for generating new and ideally more efficient and friendly safeguards for bacterial prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Jofré
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Av Parque Sur, Valparaíso, Chile.
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71
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López-Rojas R, Docobo-Pérez F, Pachón-Ibáñez ME, de la Torre BG, Fernández-Reyes M, March C, Bengoechea JA, Andreu D, Rivas L, Pachón J. Efficacy of cecropin A-melittin peptides on a sepsis model of infection by pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30:1391-8. [PMID: 21479973 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii have prompted the search for therapeutic alternatives. We evaluate the efficacy of four cecropin A-melittin hybrid peptides (CA-M) in vivo. Toxicity was determined in mouse erythrocytes and in mice (lethal dose parameters were LD(0), LD(50), LD(100)). Protective dose 50 (PD(50)) was determined by inoculating groups of ten mice with the minimal lethal dose of A. baumannii (BMLD) and treating with doses of each CA-M from 0.5 mg/kg to LD(0). The activity of CA-Ms against A. baumannii was assessed in a peritoneal sepsis model. Mice were sacrificed at 0 and 1, 3, 5, and 7-h post-treatment. Spleen and peritoneal fluid bacterial concentrations were measured. CA(1-8)M(1-18) was the less haemolytic on mouse erythrocytes. LD(0) (mg/kg) was 32 for CA(1-8)M(1-18), CA(1-7)M(2-9), and Oct-CA(1-7)M(2-9), and 16 for CA(1-7)M(5-9). PD(50) was not achieved with non-toxic doses (≤ LD(0)). In the sepsis model, all CA-Ms were bacteriostatic in spleen, and decreased bacterial concentration (p < 0.05) in peritoneal fluid, at 1-h post-treatment; at later times, bacterial regrowth was observed in peritoneal fluid. CA-Ms showed local short-term efficacy in the peritoneal sepsis model caused by pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López-Rojas
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla/CSIC Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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72
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Calugi C, Trabocchi A, Guarna A. Novel small molecules for the treatment of infections caused byCandida albicans: a patent review (2002 – 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:381-97. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.551116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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73
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Pan H, Soman NR, Schlesinger PH, Lanza GM, Wickline SA. Cytolytic peptide nanoparticles (‘NanoBees’) for cancer therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:318-27. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Pan
- Consortium for Translational Research In Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine (C‐TRAIN), Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue Suite 101, Campus Box 8215 St. Louis, MO
| | - Neelesh R. Soman
- Consortium for Translational Research In Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine (C‐TRAIN), Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue Suite 101, Campus Box 8215 St. Louis, MO
| | - Paul H. Schlesinger
- Consortium for Translational Research In Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine (C‐TRAIN), Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue Suite 101, Campus Box 8215 St. Louis, MO
| | - Gregory M. Lanza
- Consortium for Translational Research In Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine (C‐TRAIN), Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue Suite 101, Campus Box 8215 St. Louis, MO
| | - Samuel A. Wickline
- Consortium for Translational Research In Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine (C‐TRAIN), Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue Suite 101, Campus Box 8215 St. Louis, MO
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74
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Young AW, Liu Z, Zhou C, Totsingan F, Jiwrajka N, Shi Z, Kallenbach NR. Structure and antimicrobial properties of multivalent short peptides. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00247j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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75
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Feliu L, Oliveras G, Cirac AD, Besalú E, Rosés C, Colomer R, Bardají E, Planas M, Puig T. Antimicrobial cyclic decapeptides with anticancer activity. Peptides 2010; 31:2017-26. [PMID: 20708052 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have been considered as potential candidates for cancer therapy. We report here the cytotoxicity of a library of 66 antibacterial cyclodecapeptides on human carcinoma cell lines, and their effects on apoptosis [as assessed by cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)] and cell signaling proteins (p53 and ERK1/2) in cultured human cervical carcinoma cells. A design of experiments approach permitted to analyze the results of a subset of 16 peptides and define rules for high anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. Eight peptides were identified with IC(50) values ranging from 18.5 to 57.5 μM against the five cell lines tested, being HeLa cells the most sensitive. Among these sequences, BPC88, BPC96, BPC98, and BPC194 displayed specificity and high cytotoxicity against HeLa cells (IC(50) of 22.5-38.5 μM), showed low hemolytic activity and low cytotoxicity to non-malignant fibroblasts, and were stable to proteases in human serum. Induction of apoptosis by these peptides was observed and the apoptotic effect of BPC88 and BPC96 caused a marked decrease on the activated form of ERK1/2 kinase and an induction of p53. We further showed that BPC96 at low doses synergized the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin. These findings suggest that cyclic decapeptides may represent novel anticancer agents providing a new strategy in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain
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76
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Bellemare A, Vernoux N, Morin S, Gagné SM, Bourbonnais Y. Structural and antimicrobial properties of human pre-elafin/trappin-2 and derived peptides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:253. [PMID: 20932308 PMCID: PMC2958999 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-elafin/trappin-2 is a human innate defense molecule initially described as a potent inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. The full-length protein as well as the N-terminal "cementoin" and C-terminal "elafin" domains were also shown to possess broad antimicrobial activity, namely against the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa. The mode of action of these peptides has, however, yet to be fully elucidated. Both domains of pre-elafin/trappin-2 are polycationic, but only the structure of the elafin domain is currently known. The aim of the present study was to determine the secondary structures of the cementoin domain and to characterize the antibacterial properties of these peptides against P. aeruginosa. Results We show here that the cementoin domain adopts an α-helical conformation both by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses in the presence of membrane mimetics, a characteristic shared with a large number of linear polycationic antimicrobial peptides. However, pre-elafin/trappin-2 and its domains display only weak lytic properties, as assessed by scanning electron micrography, outer and inner membrane depolarization studies with P. aeruginosa and leakage of liposome-entrapped calcein. Confocal microscopy of fluorescein-labeled pre-elafin/trappin-2 suggests that this protein possesses the ability to translocate across membranes. This correlates with the finding that pre-elafin/trappin-2 and elafin bind to DNA in vitro and attenuate the expression of some P. aeruginosa virulence factors, namely the biofilm formation and the secretion of pyoverdine. Conclusions The N-terminal cementoin domain adopts α-helical secondary structures in a membrane mimetic environment, which is common in antimicrobial peptides. However, unlike numerous linear polycationic antimicrobial peptides, membrane disruption does not appear to be the main function of either cementoin, elafin or full-length pre-elafin/trappin-2 against P. aeruginosa. Our results rather suggest that pre-elafin/trappin-2 and elafin, but not cementoin, possess the ability to modulate the expression of some P.aeruginosa virulence factors, possibly through acting on intracellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bellemare
- Département de Biochimie, Microbiologie et Bio-informatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes and Regroupement PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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77
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Soletti RC, del Barrio L, Daffre S, Miranda A, Borges HL, Moura-Neto V, Lopez MG, Gabilan NH. Peptide gomesin triggers cell death through L-type channel calcium influx, MAPK/ERK, PKC and PI3K signaling and generation of reactive oxygen species. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 186:135-43. [PMID: 20433817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gomesin is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from hemocytes of a common Brazilian tarantula spider named Acanthoscurria gomesiana. This peptide exerts antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo by an unknown mechanism. In this study, the cytotoxic mechanism of gomesin in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells was investigated. Gomesin induced necrotic cell death and was cytotoxic to SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells. The peptide evoked a rapid and transient elevation of intracellular calcium levels in Fluo-4-AM loaded PC12 cells, which was inhibited by nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker. Preincubation with nimodipine also inhibited cell death induced by gomesin in SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells. Gomesin-induced cell death was prevented by the pretreatment with MAPK/ERK, PKC or PI3K inhibitors, but not with PKA inhibitor. In addition, gomesin generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y cells, which were blocked with nimodipine and MAPK/ERK, PKC or PI3K inhibitors. Taken together, these results suggest that gomesin could be a useful anticancer agent, which mechanism of cytotoxicity implicates calcium entry through L-type calcium channels, activation of MAPK/ERK, PKC and PI3K signaling as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana C Soletti
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, E-28029,Madrid, Spain
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78
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Antimicrobial activity of a halocidin-derived peptide resistant to attacks by proteases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2855-66. [PMID: 20385874 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01790-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted a great deal of interest as a promising candidate for a novel class of antibiotics that might effectively treat recalcitrant infections caused by a variety of microbes that are resistant to currently available drugs. However, the AMPs are inherently limited in that they are inevitably susceptible to attacks by proteases generated by human and pathogenic microbes; this vulnerability severely hinders their pharmaceutical use in human therapeutic protocols. In this study, we report that a halocidin-derived AMP, designated HG1, was found to be resistant to proteolytic degradation. As a result of its unique structural features, HG1 proved capable of preserving its antimicrobial activity after incubation with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and human matrix metalloprotease 7 (MMP-7). Additionally, HG1 was observed to exhibit profound antimicrobial activity in the presence of fluid from human skin wounds or proteins extracted from the culture supernatants of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Greater understanding of the structural motifs of HG1 required for its protease resistance might provide feasible ways to solve the problems intrinsic to the development of an AMP-based antibiotic.
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79
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Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDP) produced by almost all species of living organisms and widely recognized as antimicrobial antibiotics have also proved to be capable of killing a wide variety of cancer cells. In this respect they have many advantages over conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. They seem to kill cancer cells by effects on plasma membranes and/or the membranes of mitochondria. They are often effective against multidrug-resistant cells. They have a broad spectrum of activity in that their killing effects are not restricted to particular kinds of cancer. Above all they commonly have few side effects in that they do not have the same detrimental effects on normal cells as they do on cancer cells. It has been demonstrated that HDP can be used as effective adjuvants to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. In addition they have effects on neo-angiogenesis which is important in relation to tumour growth. HDP have been shown to be powerful immunomodulators in a number of circumstances and in this respect they are believed to be instrumental in strengthening immunological host defence against cancer cells. Importantly it has also been shown that certain HDP have the capability to alter the capacity of cells to import Ca ions by affecting the location and thus function of calreticulin. Such changes it has been argued are significant in facilitating the killing of tumour cells by immunogical means. HDP constitute a novel class of anticancer agents for which, as we develop better knowledge of their pharmacokinetic profiles and learn better how to tailor their administration, hold high promise to augment or even replace the currently available cytotoxic anticancer chemotherapeutic agents most of which owe their efficacy to their capacity to bind to and damage target cell DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Lapis
- Semmelweis Egyetem, AOK I. sz. Patológiai és Kísérleti Rákkutató Intézet, 1085 Budapest, Ulloi út 26.
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80
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Catrina SB, Refai E, Andersson M. The cytotoxic effects of the anti-bacterial peptides on leukocytes. J Pept Sci 2010; 15:842-8. [PMID: 19827085 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are small molecular weight proteins with a large antibacterial spectrum. They can reach high local concentrations in tissues with active inflammation, being largely produced by immunocompetent cells. However, their effect on eukaryotic cells is still unclear. We have, therefore, studied three structurally different antimicrobial peptides (cecropin P1, PR-39 and NK-lysin) for their cytotoxic effects on blood mononuclear cells. None of the antimicrobial peptides tested exhibited significant cytotoxic effect on resting lymphocytes isolated either from peripheral blood or from the spleen with the exception of high concentrations (ten times higher than IC100 for Escherichia coli) of NK-lysin. Activated lymphocytes were, however, more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of the antimicrobial peptides. Both activated T-cells and B-cells were dose dependent sensitive to NK-lysin while only activated B-cells but not activated T-cells were sensitive to PR-39. Cecropin did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect on activated lymphocytes either. By using several cell lines (3B6, K562, U932 and EL-4) we were able to show that NK-lysin has a broad necrotic effect while PR-39 has a cell specific apoptotic effect dependent on the specifically cellular uptake. In conclusion we show here that antimicrobial peptides are not cytotoxic for the resting eukaryotic cells but can be cytotoxic on activated immune cells through distinct mechanisms of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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81
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Abstract
Developing new lead structures for drugs against multiresistant bacteria is an urgent need for modern medicine. Antimicrobial peptides are a class of drugs that can be used to discover such structures. In order to support development of this research, a fast, easy, and inexpensive method to synthesize peptides is necessary. The SPOT synthesis has the potential to produce the required peptide arrays, synthesizing up to 8,000 peptides, peptide mixtures, or other organic compounds on cellulose or other planar surfaces in a positionally addressable and multiple manner. Protocols for the preparation of cellulose membranes and the SPOT synthesis as well as cleavage of peptides from the support are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk F H Winkler
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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82
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Yu PL, van der Linden DS, Sugiarto H, Anderson RC. Antimicrobial peptides isolated from the blood of farm animals. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ea07185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial resistance by pathogenic bacteria has fuelled the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Endogenous antimicrobial peptides have the potential to be used as new antimicrobial substances because they have low minimum inhibitory concentration in vitro, have broad-spectrum activity, neutralise lipopolysaccharides, promote wound healing and have synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics. Farm animals, in particular the blood that is a by-product of the meat and poultry industries, are an abundant, and currently underutilised, source of such antimicrobial peptides. These antimicrobial peptides could be isolated and developed into high-value products such as biopreservatives, topical neutraceutical products and pharmaceuticals. There have been some clinical trials of antimicrobial peptides as pharmaceutical products, but up to now, the trials have shown disappointing results. Further research and development is still needed before such peptides can be commercialised and full advantage taken of this waste product of the meat and poultry industries.
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83
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Abstract
In nature, the majority of chemical reactions, biological responses, and regulatory processes are modulated in some part by specific amino acid sequences. The transfer of these interactive sequences and the biological activities they induce to short, stable, and readily synthesized peptides has created a diverse new field of modulating molecules applicable to dermatology and skin care industries. Areas such as inflammation, pigmentation, cell proliferation and migration, angiogenesis, innate immunity, and extracellular matrix synthesis have yielded peptide candidates for application to this area.
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84
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Pini A, Falciani C, Mantengoli E, Bindi S, Brunetti J, Iozzi S, Rossolini GM, Bracci L. A novel tetrabranched antimicrobial peptide that neutralizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide and prevents septic shock in vivo. FASEB J 2009; 24:1015-22. [PMID: 19917670 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-145474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe the nonnatural antimicrobial peptide KKIRVRLSA (M33) and its capacity to neutralize LPS-induced cytokine release, preventing septic shock in animals infected with bacterial species of clinical interest. M33 showed strong resistance to proteolytic degradation when synthesized in tetrabranched form with 4 peptides linked by a lysine core, making it suitable for use in vivo. HPLC and mass spectrometry demonstrated its stability in serum beyond 24 h. M33 was found to be very selective for gram-negative bacteria. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 0.3 to 3 muM for multidrug resistant clinical isolates of several pathogenic species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. M33 neutralized LPS derived from P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae, and prevented TNF-alpha release from LPS-activated macrophages, with an EC(50) of 3.8e-8 M and 2.8e-7 M, respectively, as detected by sandwich ELISA. M33 activity was also tested in sepsis animal models. It averted septic shock symptoms due to Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa in doses compatible with clinical use (5-25 mg/kg). These properties make tetrabranched M33 peptide a good candidate for the development of a new antibacterial drug.-Pini, A., Falciani, C., Mantengoli, E., Bindi, S., Brunetti, J., Iozzi, S., Rossolini, G. M., Bracci, L. A novel tetrabranched antimicrobial peptide that neutralizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide and prevents septic shock in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pini
- University of Siena, Molecular Biology Department, Section of Biochemistry, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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85
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Limbachiya MS, Pande AH. Peptide derived from the lipid binding domain of Group IB human pancreatic phospholipase A2 possesses antibacterial activity. Biochimie 2009; 91:1387-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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86
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Abstract
LL-37 is a human host defence peptide that has a wide range of biological functions, including antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. This review summarises how molecular structure influences the balance between the immunomodulatory and antimicrobial functions of LL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Burton
- Centre for Bioactive Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science Laboratory, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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87
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Lopez AI, Reins RY, McDermott AM, Trautner BW, Cai C. Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of PEGylated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1148-56. [PMID: 19756304 PMCID: PMC2965593 DOI: 10.1039/b904746h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of a series of amino-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) groups. The antibacterial activity of the PAMAM dendrimers and their derivatives against the common ocular pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, was evaluated by their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). For the unmodified third and fifth generation (G3 and G5) amino-terminated dendrimers, the MICs against both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were in the range of 6.3-12.5 microg mL(-1), comparable to that of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 (1.3-12.5 microg mL(-1)) and within the wide range of 0.047-128 microg mL(-1) for the fluoroquinolone antibiotics. PEGylation of the dendrimers decreased their antibacterial activities, especially for the Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus). The reduction in potency is likely due to the decrease in the number of protonated amino groups and shielding of the positive charges by the PEG chains, thus decreasing the electrostatic interactions of the dendrimers with the negatively-charged bacterial surface. Interestingly, localization of a greater number of amino groups on G5 vs. G3 dendrimers did not improve the potency. Significantly, even a low degree of PEGylation, e.g. 6% with EG(11) on G3 dendrimer, greatly reduced the cytotoxicity towards human corneal epithelial cells while maintaining a high potency against P. aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity of the PEGylated dendrimers to host cells is much lower than that reported for antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, the MICs of these dendrimers against P. aeruginosa are more than two orders of magnitude lower than other antimicrobial polymers reported to date. These results motivate further exploration of the potential of cationic dendrimers as a new class of antimicrobial agents that may be less likely to induce bacterial resistance than standard antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analette I. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. ; Fax: +1 713 743-2709; Tel: +1 713 743-2710
| | - Rose Y. Reins
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Barbara W. Trautner
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. ; Fax: +1 713 743-2709; Tel: +1 713 743-2710
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88
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Host defense peptides as effector molecules of the innate immune response: a sledgehammer for drug resistance? Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3951-3970. [PMID: 19865528 PMCID: PMC2769137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides can modulate the innate immune response and boost infection-resolving immunity, while dampening potentially harmful pro-inflammatory (septic) responses. Both antimicrobial and/or immunomodulatory activities are an integral part of the process of innate immunity, which itself has many of the hallmarks of successful anti-infective therapies, namely rapid action and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. This gives these peptides the potential to become an entirely new therapeutic approach against bacterial infections. This review details the role and activities of these peptides, and examines their applicability as development candidates for use against bacterial infections.
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89
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Soman NR, Baldwin SL, Hu G, Marsh JN, Lanza GM, Heuser JE, Arbeit JM, Wickline SA, Schlesinger PH. Molecularly targeted nanocarriers deliver the cytolytic peptide melittin specifically to tumor cells in mice, reducing tumor growth. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2830-42. [PMID: 19726870 DOI: 10.1172/jci38842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo application of cytolytic peptides for cancer therapeutics is hampered by toxicity, nonspecificity, and degradation. We previously developed a specific strategy to synthesize a nanoscale delivery vehicle for cytolytic peptides by incorporating the nonspecific amphipathic cytolytic peptide melittin into the outer lipid monolayer of a perfluorocarbon nanoparticle. Here, we have demonstrated that the favorable pharmacokinetics of this nanocarrier allows accumulation of melittin in murine tumors in vivo and a dramatic reduction in tumor growth without any apparent signs of toxicity. Furthermore, direct assays demonstrated that molecularly targeted nanocarriers selectively delivered melittin to multiple tumor targets, including endothelial and cancer cells, through a hemifusion mechanism. In cells, this hemifusion and transfer process did not disrupt the surface membrane but did trigger apoptosis and in animals caused regression of precancerous dysplastic lesions. Collectively, these data suggest that the ability to restrain the wide-spectrum lytic potential of a potent cytolytic peptide in a nanovehicle, combined with the flexibility of passive or active molecular targeting, represents an innovative molecular design for chemotherapy with broad-spectrum cytolytic peptides for the treatment of cancer at multiple stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh R Soman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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90
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Soehnlein O. Direct and alternative antimicrobial mechanisms of neutrophil-derived granule proteins. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:1157-64. [PMID: 19641860 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) contribute to bacterial clearance by uptake and intracellular killing of microbes. However, antimicrobial polypeptides are released extracellularly where they are enweaved in a chromatin web that traps and eliminates bacteria. In addition, PMN-derived antimicrobial polypeptides direct monocytes and macrophages to the site of infection and activate their antimicrobial armor. Increased expression of Fcgamma receptors as well as opsonization of bacteria by PMN granule proteins support bacterial uptake by macrophages. PMN granule proteins also increase intracellular reactive oxygen species formation in macrophages. Finally, apoptotic PMN transfer parts of their antimicrobial peptides to macrophages, hence increasing killing of intracellular bacteria. Understanding mechanisms by which PMN granule proteins stimulate antimicrobial mechanisms in macrophages may open novel strategies in fighting bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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91
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Ferre R, Melo MN, Correia AD, Feliu L, Bardají E, Planas M, Castanho M. Synergistic effects of the membrane actions of cecropin-melittin antimicrobial hybrid peptide BP100. Biophys J 2009; 96:1815-27. [PMID: 19254540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BP100 (KKLFKKILKYL-NH(2)) is a short cecropin A-melittin hybrid peptide, obtained through a combinatorial chemistry approach, which is highly effective in inhibiting both the in vitro and in vivo growth of economically important plant pathogenic Gram-negatives. The intrinsic Tyr fluorescence of BP100 was taken advantage of to study the peptide's binding affinity and damaging effect on phospholipid bilayers modeling the bacterial and mammalian cytoplasmic membranes. In vitro cytotoxic effects of this peptide were also studied on mammalian fibroblast cells. Results show a stronger selectivity of BP100 toward anionic bacterial membrane models as indicated by the high obtained partition constants, one order of magnitude greater than for the neutral mammalian membrane models. For the anionic systems, membrane saturation was observed at high peptide/lipid ratios and found to be related with BP100-induced vesicle permeabilization, membrane electroneutrality, and vesicle aggregation. Occurrence of BP100 translocation was unequivocally detected at both high and low peptide/lipid ratios using a novel and extremely simple method. Moreover, cytotoxicity against mammalian models was reached at a concentration considerably higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration. Our findings unravel the relationships among the closely coupled processes of charge neutralization, permeabilization, and translocation in the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ferre
- Laboratori d'Innovació en Processos i Productes de Síntesi Orgànica, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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92
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The Proline-rich Antibacterial Peptide Bac7 Binds to and Inhibits in vitro the Molecular Chaperone DnaK. Int J Pept Res Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-009-9182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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93
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Hirsch T, Spielmann M, Zuhaili B, Fossum M, Metzig M, Koehler T, Steinau HU, Yao F, Onderdonk AB, Steinstraesser L, Eriksson E. Human beta-defensin-3 promotes wound healing in infected diabetic wounds. J Gene Med 2009; 11:220-8. [PMID: 19115333 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infected wounds present a major complication in patients with diabetes. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common single isolate in diabetic wounds. Human beta-defensin (hBD)-3 is antimicrobial active and appears to play a key role in the immune response. The present study aimed to analyse the effect of hBD-3 expression in a model of infected diabetic wounds. METHODS Excisional wounds were created on the backs of Yorkshire pigs and Ad5-CMV-hBD-3 vectors were microseeded. Wounds were inoculated with S. aureus, covered with a polyurethane chamber and analysed for transgene expression, bacterial infection, re-epithelialization, wound contraction, wound fluid production and blood vessel formation. RESULTS hBD-3-treated wounds showed a total bacterial load of 2.1 x 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU)/g tissue, versus 1.3 x 10(9) CFU/g tissue for controls (p < 0.001) at day 4. At day 12, no statistical difference could be detected. Re-epithelialization showed 75 +/- 15% wound closure for hBD-3 expressing wounds and 50 +/- 16% for controls (p < 0.01). hBD-3 expression was in the range 15-20 ng/ml of wound fluid during day 1-4. The lower dose of 2 x 10(9) Ad5-CMV-hBD-3 showed no effect, suggesting a dose dependency for hBD-3. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we show that hBD-3 expression significantly promotes wound closure in S. aureus infected diabetic wounds in a preclinical large-animal model. Furthermore, a ten-fold reduction of bacterial growth on day 4 was detected. These findings indicate that beta-defensin-3 may play a major role in diabetic wound healing and wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hirsch
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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94
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Epand RM, Epand RF. Domains in bacterial membranes and the action of antimicrobial agents. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:580-7. [PMID: 19462015 DOI: 10.1039/b900278m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A major advance in the concept of the fluid mosaic model of biological membranes in recent years has been the appreciation of the domain structure of membranes. This concept is now well developed with mammalian plasma membranes but is an emerging focus with regard to bacterial membranes. In addition to bacterial domains that form spontaneously, it is possible to induce the separation of anionic and zwitterionic lipids with certain cationic antimicrobial agents. As a consequence, the bacterial species for which these agents will be toxic can be predicted on the basis of the lipid composition of the bacterial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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95
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Zampa MF, Araújo IMS, Costa V, Nery Costa CH, Santos JR, Zucolotto V, Eiras C, Leite JRSA. Leishmanicidal activity and immobilization of dermaseptin 01 antimicrobial peptides in ultrathin films for nanomedicine applications. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 5:352-8. [PMID: 19215729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential for the innate immune system of eukaryotes, imparting protection against pathogens and their proliferation in host organisms. The recent interest in AMPs as active materials in bionanostructures is due to the properties shown by these biological molecules, such as the presence of an alpha-helix structure and distribution of positive charges along the chain. In this study the antimicrobial peptide dermaseptin 01 (DS 01), from the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis frogs was immobilized in nanostructured layered films in conjunction with nickel tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines. The leishmanicidal activity of DS 01 was confirmed using kinetic essays, in which DS 01 promoted death of all metacyclic promastigote cells in 45 minutes. Surprisingly, the immobilized DS 01 molecules displayed electroactivity, as revealed by electrochemical experiments, in which an oxidation peak at about 0.61 V was observed for a DS 01 monolayer deposited on top of a conductive electrode. Such electroactivity was used to investigate the sensing abilities of the nanostructured films toward Leishmania. We observed an increase in the oxidation current as a function of number of Leishmania cells in the electrolytic solution at concentrations down to 10(3) cells/mL. The latter is indicative that the use of AMPs immobilized in electroactive nanostructured films may be of interest for applications in the pharmaceutical industry and diagnosis. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The recent interest in Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as active materials in bionanostructures is due to the properties shown by these biological molecules. Leishmanicidal activity of a particular AMP is demonstrated in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa F Zampa
- LAPETRO, Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, Teresina, Brazil
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96
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Abstract
Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides produced by a wide range of bacteria. Their antineoplastic properties have been inadequately revealed in the late 70s by using crude bacteriocin preparation toxic to mammalian cells. Nowadays, purified bacteriocins are available and have shown inhibitory properties toward diverse neoplastic line cells. Pyocin, colicin, pediocin, and microcin are among bacteriocins reported to present such activity. Moreover, modified bacteriocins proved to be effective in a glioblastoma xenograft mouse model. Screening for the presence of bacteriocin in colon cancer subjects has been studied with mixed results. Bacteriocin use as a therapeutic agent or in a prevention setting is discussed specifically evaluating bacteriocins biochemical properties and recent advances in peptide therapeutics.
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97
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Zhang G, Han B, Lin X, Wu X, Yan H. Modification of antimicrobial peptide with low molar mass poly(ethylene glycol). J Biochem 2008; 144:781-8. [PMID: 18845567 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PEGylation of peptide drugs prolongs their circulating lifetimes in plasma. However, PEGylation can produce a decrease in the in vitro bioactivity. Longer poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains are favourable for circulating lifetimes but unfavourable for in vitro bioactivities. In order to circumvent the conflicting effects of PEG length, a hydrophobic peptide, using an antimicrobial peptide as a model, was PEGylated with short PEG chains. The PEGylated peptides self-assembled in aqueous solution into micelles with PEG shell and peptide core. In these micelles, the core peptides were protected by the shell, thus reducing proteolytic degradation. Meanwhile, most of the in vitro antimicrobial activities still remained due to the short PEG chain attached. The stabilities of the PEGylated peptides were much higher than that of the unPEGylated peptides in the presence of chymotrypsin and serum. The antimicrobial activities of the PEGylated peptides in the presence of serum, an ex vivo assay, were much higher than that of the unPEGylated peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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98
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Lai XZ, Feng Y, Pollard J, Chin JN, Rybak MJ, Bucki R, Epand RF, Epand RM, Savage PB. Ceragenins: cholic acid-based mimics of antimicrobial peptides. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:1233-40. [PMID: 18616297 DOI: 10.1021/ar700270t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria drives the quest for new antimicrobials, including those that are not expected to readily engender resistance. One option is to mimic Nature's most ubiquitous means of controlling bacterial growth, antimicrobial peptides, which have evolved over eons. In general, bacteria remain susceptible to these peptides. Human antimicrobial peptides play a central role in innate immunity, and deficiencies in these peptides have been tied to increased rates of infection. However, clinical use of antimicrobial peptides is hampered by issues of cost and stability. The development of nonpeptide mimics of antimicrobial peptides may provide the best of both worlds: a means of using the same mechanism chosen by Nature to control bacterial growth without the problems associated with peptide therapeutics. The ceragenins were developed to mimic the cationic, facially amphiphilic structures of most antimicrobial peptides. These compounds reproduce the required morphology using a bile-acid scaffolding and appended amine groups. The resulting compounds are actively bactericidal against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, including drug-resistant bacteria. This antimicrobial activity originates from selective association of the ceragenins with negatively charged bacterial membrane components. Association has been studied with synthetic models of bacterial membrane components, with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, with vesicles derived from bacterial phospholipids, and with whole cells. Comparisons of the antimicrobial activities of ceragenins and representative antimicrobial peptides suggest that these classes of compounds share a mechanism of action. Rapid membrane depolarization is caused by both classes as well as blebbing of bacterial membranes. Bacteria express the same genes in response to both classes of compounds. On the basis of the antibacterial activities of ceragenins and preliminary in vivo studies, we expect these compounds to find use in augmenting or replacing antimicrobial peptides in treating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhong Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Yanshu Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Jacob Pollard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Judy N. Chin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Michael J. Rybak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Physiology and the Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Raquel F. Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5
| | - Richard M. Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5
| | - Paul B. Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
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99
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Steinstraesser L, Koehler T, Jacobsen F, Daigeler A, Goertz O, Langer S, Kesting M, Steinau H, Eriksson E, Hirsch T. Host defense peptides in wound healing. Mol Med 2008; 14:528-37. [PMID: 18385817 DOI: 10.2119/2008-00002.steinstraesser] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides are effector molecules of the innate immune system. They show broad antimicrobial action against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and they likely play a key role in activating and mediating the innate as well as adaptive immune response in infection and inflammation. These features make them of high interest for wound healing research. Non-healing and infected wounds are a major problem in patient care and health care spending. Increasing infection rates, growing bacterial resistance to common antibiotics, and the lack of effective therapeutic options for the treatment of problematic wounds emphasize the need for new approaches in therapy and pathophysiologic understanding. This review focuses on the current knowledge of host defense peptides affecting wound healing and infection. We discuss the current data and highlight the potential future developments in this field of research.
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100
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Abstract
Innate immune response and its effector molecules have received growing attention in research. Host defense peptides are known to be antimicrobially active. Recently, the peptides have been recognized as potent signaling molecules for cellular effectors of both innate and adaptive immunity. Mammalian peptides in particular revealed immunomodulatory functions, including endotoxin-binding and -neutralizing capacity, chemotactic activities, induction of cytokines and chemokines, promotion of wound healing, and angiogenesis. In sepsis, they present a family of natural substances that can be used in combination with antibiotics to complete a broad-spectrum antimicrobial regimen with endotoxin-neutralizing properties. Although there are side effects, host defense peptides have the potential to be significant reinforcements to the currently available therapeutic options in the future. In this review, we analyze the role of host defense peptides in infection and immune response, and discuss recent efforts to establish host defense peptides as potent novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of sepsis.
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