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Godoy Zanicotti D, Coates DE, Duncan WJ. In vivo bone regeneration on titanium devices using serum-free grown adipose-derived stem cells, in a sheep femur model. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 28:64-75. [PMID: 26853552 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC), grown in serum-free conditions, to regenerate bone around titanium discs with different titanium surfaces. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ovine ADSC (oADSC) were isolated from seven sheep and cultured using serum-free and osteogenic conditions. Prior to in vivo testing, the growth and osteogenic behaviour of these cells were analysed in vitro using cell proliferation and extracellular matrix mineralisation assays. The bone regenerative capacity of autologous oADSC was evaluated in vivo on titanium discs in a sheep femur epicondyle model. Machined (MTi) and alumina-blasted (ABTi) titanium discs were used. Bone regeneration within the defects was evaluated after 1 month using histology and histomorphometry. PKH26 cell-tracking dye was used to verify the persistence of oADSC in the surgical wound. RESULTS oADSC sourced from five of seven sheep differentiated into osteoblast-like cells. Cellular proliferation was reduced only for osteogenically induced oADSC (oOS-ADSC) grown on ABTi, compared to non-induced oADSC grown on ABTi and tissue culture polystyrene (P = 0.03 and 0.02 respectively). There was no significant difference for in vitro mineralisation assays comparing oADSC with oOS-ADSC, regardless of implant surface type. oADSC labelled with PKH26 were detected 1 month after surgery within the defect. There was no difference in bone regeneration between the bone defects treated with oADSC vs. just blood clot. CONCLUSION After 1-month healing, the use of autologous oADSC did not improve bone regeneration in defects containing titanium devices with different surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Godoy Zanicotti
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dawn Elizabeth Coates
- Department of Oral Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warwick John Duncan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Lei H, Schmidt-Bleek K, Dienelt A, Reinke P, Volk HD. Regulatory T cell-mediated anti-inflammatory effects promote successful tissue repair in both indirect and direct manners. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:184. [PMID: 26388774 PMCID: PMC4557110 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) offer new immunotherapeutic options to control undesired immune reactions, such as those in transplant rejection and autoimmunity. In addition, tissue repair and regeneration depend on a multitude of tightly regulated immune and non-immune cells and signaling molecules. There is mounting evidence that adequate innate responses, and even more importantly balanced adaptive immune responses, are key players in the tissue repair and regeneration processes, even in absence of any immune-related disease or infection. Thus, the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic capacities of Treg can affect not only the effector immune response, creating the appropriate immune environment for successful tissue repair and regeneration, but growing evidence shows that they also have direct effects on tissue cell functions. Here we summarize the present views on how Treg might support tissue regeneration by direct control of undesired immune reactivity and also by direct interaction with non-immune tissue cells. We describe tissue-resident Treg and their specific phenotypes in skin, visceral adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. In addition, we touch on the topic of osteoimmunology, discussing the direct interactions of Treg with bone-forming cells, such as osteoblasts and their mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) progenitors-a field which is under-investigated. We hypothesize a cross-talk between Treg and bone-forming cells through the CD39-CD73-(adenosine)-adenosine receptor pathway, which might also potentiate the differentiation of MSCs, thus facilitating bone regeneration. This hypothesis may provide a road map for further investigations on the cross-talk between the immune and the skeletal system, and also enable the development of better strategies to promote bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lei
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Julius Wolff Institute, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Dienelt
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Julius Wolff Institute, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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Croes M, Oner FC, Kruyt MC, Blokhuis TJ, Bastian O, Dhert WJA, Alblas J. Proinflammatory Mediators Enhance the Osteogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells after Lineage Commitment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132781. [PMID: 26176237 PMCID: PMC4503569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several inflammatory processes underlie excessive bone formation, including chronic inflammation of the spine, acute infections, or periarticular ossifications after trauma. This suggests that local factors in these conditions have osteogenic properties. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their differentiated progeny contribute to bone healing by synthesizing extracellular matrix and inducing mineralization. Due to the variation in experimental designs used in vitro, there is controversy about the osteogenic potential of proinflammatory factors on MSCs. Our goal was to determine the specific conditions allowing the pro-osteogenic effects of distinct inflammatory stimuli. Human bone marrow MSCs were exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cells were cultured in growth medium or osteogenic differentiation medium. Alternatively, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) was used as osteogenic supplement to simulate the conditions in vivo. Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition were indicators of osteogenicity. To elucidate lineage commitment-dependent effects, MSCs were pre-differentiated prior treatment. Our results show that TNF-α and LPS do not affect the expression of osteogenic markers by MSCs in the absence of an osteogenic supplement. In osteogenic differentiation medium or together with BMP-2 however, these mediators highly stimulated their alkaline phosphatase activity and subsequent matrix mineralization. In pre-osteoblasts, matrix mineralization was significantly increased by these mediators, but irrespective of the culture conditions. Our study shows that inflammatory factors potently enhance the osteogenic capacity of MSCs. These properties may be harnessed in bone regenerative strategies. Importantly, the commitment of MSCs to the osteogenic lineage greatly enhances their responsiveness to inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Croes
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F. Cumhur Oner
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Moyo C. Kruyt
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Taco J. Blokhuis
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Okan Bastian
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. A. Dhert
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Schmidt-Bleek K, Kwee BJ, Mooney DJ, Duda GN. Boon and Bane of Inflammation in Bone Tissue Regeneration and Its Link with Angiogenesis. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:354-64. [PMID: 25742724 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Delayed healing or nonhealing of bone is an important clinical concern. Although bone, one of the two tissues with scar-free healing capacity, heals in most cases, healing is delayed in more than 10% of clinical cases. Treatment of such delayed healing condition is often painful, risky, time consuming, and expensive. Tissue healing is a multistage regenerative process involving complex and well-orchestrated steps, which are initiated in response to injury. At best, these steps lead to scar-free tissue formation. At the onset of healing, during the inflammatory phase, stationary and attracted macrophages and other immune cells at the fracture site release cytokines in response to injury. This initial reaction to injury is followed by the recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells, synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, angiogenesis, and finally tissue remodeling. Failure to heal is often associated with poor revascularization. Since blood vessels mediate the transport of circulating cells, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products, they appear essential for successful healing. The strategy of endogenous regeneration in a tissue such as bone is interesting to analyze since it may represent a blueprint of successful tissue formation. This review highlights the interdependency of the time cascades of inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration. A better understanding of these inter-relations is mandatory to early identify patients at risk as well as to overcome critical clinical conditions that limit healing. Instead of purely tolerating the inflammatory phase, modulations of inflammation (immunomodulation) might represent a valid therapeutic strategy to enhance angiogenesis and foster later phases of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- 1 Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany .,2 Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian J Kwee
- 3 The Mooney Lab: Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Harvard-School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David J Mooney
- 3 The Mooney Lab: Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Harvard-School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Georg N Duda
- 1 Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany .,2 Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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Schlundt C, Schell H, Goodman SB, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Duda GN, Schmidt-Bleek K. Immune modulation as a therapeutic strategy in bone regeneration. J Exp Orthop 2015; 2:1. [PMID: 26914869 PMCID: PMC4545842 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-014-0017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize research approaches and findings on bone healing and regeneration that were presented at a workshop at the 60th annual meeting of the Orthopedic Research Society (ORS) in New Orleans in 2014. The workshop was designed to discuss the role of inflammation in bone regeneration in the context of fundamental biology, and to develop therapeutic strategies that involve immune modulation. Delayed or non-healing of bone is a major clinical problem, with around 10% of fracture patients suffering from unsatisfying healing outcomes. Inflammation is traditionally seen as a defense mechanism, but was recently found essential in supporting and modulating regenerative cascades. In bone healing, macrophages and T- and B-cells interact with progenitor cells, bone forming osteoblasts and remodeling osteoclasts. Among the cells of the innate immunity, macrophages are promising candidates for targets in immune-modulatory interventions that would overcome complications in bone healing and bone-related diseases. Among the cells of the adaptive immune system, CD8+ T cells have been shown to have a negative impact on bone fracture healing outcome, whereas regulatory T cells could be promising candidates that have a positive, modulating effect on bone fracture healing. This workshop addressed recent advances and key challenges in this exciting interdisciplinary research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schlundt
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hanna Schell
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and (by courtesy) Bioengineering, Stanford University Medical Center Outpatient Center, 450 Broadway St., M/C 6342, 94063, Redwood City, CA, USA.
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 west 168th Street, VC12-234, 10032, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Gaber T, Strehl C, Sawitzki B, Hoff P, Buttgereit F. Cellular energy metabolism in T-lymphocytes. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:34-49. [PMID: 25259409 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.956358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is a hallmark of cell survival and maintenance of cell function. Here we focus on the impact of cellular energy metabolism on T-lymphocyte differentiation, activation, and function in health and disease. We describe the role of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of lymphocyte metabolism on immune functions of T cells. We also summarize the current knowledge about T-lymphocyte adaptations to inflammation and hypoxia, and the impact on T-cell behavior of pathophysiological hypoxia (as found in tumor tissue, chronically inflamed joints in rheumatoid arthritis and during bone regeneration). A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control immune cell metabolism and immune response may provide therapeutic opportunities to alter the immune response under conditions of either immunosuppression or inflammation, potentially targeting infections, vaccine response, tumor surveillance, autoimmunity, and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Gaber
- 1Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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Könnecke I, Serra A, El Khassawna T, Schlundt C, Schell H, Hauser A, Ellinghaus A, Volk HD, Radbruch A, Duda GN, Schmidt-Bleek K. T and B cells participate in bone repair by infiltrating the fracture callus in a two-wave fashion. Bone 2014; 64:155-65. [PMID: 24721700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fracture healing is a regenerative process in which bone is restored without scar tissue formation. The healing cascade initiates with a cycle of inflammation, cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. Immune cells invade the fracture site immediately upon bone damage and contribute to the initial phase of the healing process by recruiting accessory cells to the injury site. However, little is known about the role of the immune system in the later stages of fracture repair, in particular, whether lymphocytes participate in soft and hard callus formation. In order to answer this question, we analyzed femoral fracture healing in mice by confocal microscopy. Surprisingly, after the initial inflammatory phase, when soft callus developed, T and B cells withdrew from the fracture site and were detectable predominantly at the femoral neck and knee. Thereafter lymphocytes massively infiltrated the callus region (around day 14 after injury), during callus mineralization. Interestingly, lymphocytes were not found within cartilaginous areas of the callus but only nearby the newly forming bone. During healing B cell numbers seemed to exceed those of T cells and B cells progressively underwent effector maturation. Both, osteoblasts and osteoclasts were found to have direct cell-cell contact with lymphocytes, strongly suggesting a regulatory role of the immune cells specifically in the later stages of fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireen Könnecke
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin - Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alessandro Serra
- German Arthritis Research Center (DRFZ), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thaqif El Khassawna
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Kerkraderstr. 9, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Claudia Schlundt
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin - Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hanna Schell
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin - Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Hauser
- German Arthritis Research Center (DRFZ), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Agnes Ellinghaus
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin - Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Berlin - Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; German Arthritis Research Center (DRFZ), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin - Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin - Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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