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The endocannabinoid signaling system in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:273-82. [PMID: 23602129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in lipid metabolism are intimately related to cancer. Several classes of bioactive lipids play roles in the regulation of signaling pathways involved in neoplastic transformation and tumor growth and progression. The endocannabinoid system, comprising lipid-derived endocannabinoids, their G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the enzymes for their metabolism, is emerging as a promising therapeutic target in cancer. This report highlights the main signaling pathways for the antitumor effects of the endocannabinoid system in cancer and its basic role in cancer pathogenesis, and discusses the alternative view of cannabinoid receptors as tumor promoters. We focus on new players in the antitumor action of the endocannabinoid system and on emerging crosstalk among cannabinoid receptors and other membrane or nuclear receptors involved in cancer. We also discuss the enzyme MAGL, a key player in endocannabinoid metabolism that was recently recognized as a marker of tumor lipogenic phenotype.
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Pertwee RG. Targeting the endocannabinoid system with cannabinoid receptor agonists: pharmacological strategies and therapeutic possibilities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3353-63. [PMID: 23108552 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tissues express cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors that can be activated by endogenously released 'endocannabinoids' or exogenously administered compounds in a manner that reduces the symptoms or opposes the underlying causes of several disorders in need of effective therapy. Three medicines that activate cannabinoid CB(1)/CB(2) receptors are now in the clinic: Cesamet (nabilone), Marinol (dronabinol; Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC)) and Sativex (Δ(9)-THC with cannabidiol). These can be prescribed for the amelioration of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (Cesamet and Marinol), stimulation of appetite (Marinol) and symptomatic relief of cancer pain and/or management of neuropathic pain and spasticity in adults with multiple sclerosis (Sativex). This review mentions several possible additional therapeutic targets for cannabinoid receptor agonists. These include other kinds of pain, epilepsy, anxiety, depression, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, cancer, drug dependence, glaucoma, autoimmune uveitis, osteoporosis, sepsis, and hepatic, renal, intestinal and cardiovascular disorders. It also describes potential strategies for improving the efficacy and/or benefit-to-risk ratio of these agonists in the clinic. These are strategies that involve (i) targeting cannabinoid receptors located outside the blood-brain barrier, (ii) targeting cannabinoid receptors expressed by a particular tissue, (iii) targeting upregulated cannabinoid receptors, (iv) selectively targeting cannabinoid CB(2) receptors, and/or (v) adjunctive 'multi-targeting'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Pertwee
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-ones as fatty-acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors: Synthesis, in vitro evaluation and insight into potency and selectivity determinants by molecular modelling. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:423-33. [PMID: 23557840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the key hydrolytic enzymes of the endocannabinoid system, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), has been proposed as potential mode of action for various therapeutic applications. Continuing our previous work, we take the first steps of structure-activity relationship exploration and show that 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ones can serve as scaffold for both selective FAAH and MAGL inhibitors, and also function as a dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor at sub-micromolar IC50 values. Moreover, 10-fold selectivity against MAGL over FAAH was achieved with compound 3d (FAAH and MAGL IC50; 2.0 and 0.22 μM). Lastly, enzyme and ligand features contributing to the potency and selectivity differences are analysed by molecular docking.
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54
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Cannabinoid CB1 receptor is expressed in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and renal oncocytoma. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:638-41. [PMID: 23318578 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the mRNA and protein expression of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) and renal oncocytoma (RO). DESIGN AND METHODS Fresh and formalin-fixed tissue samples of ChRCC and RO were analyzed by using real-time quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical techniques (n=40). RESULTS Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that CB1 mRNA was underexpressed by 12-fold in ChRCC and had a variable expression in RO. CB1 protein showed intense positive immunostaining in both neoplasms. Both CB2 mRNA and protein were not expressed in tumor and non tumor renal tissue. CONCLUSION This distinct immunoprofile may eventually be used as an additional tool with practical interest in the differential diagnosis of renal tumors.
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Brown I, Cascio MG, Rotondo D, Pertwee RG, Heys SD, Wahle KW. Cannabinoids and omega-3/6 endocannabinoids as cell death and anticancer modulators. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:80-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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56
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Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is involved in processes as diverse as control of appetite, perception of pain and the limitation of cancer cell growth and invasion. The enzymes responsible for eCB breakdown are attractive pharmacological targets, and fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors, which potentiate the levels of the eCB anandamide, are now undergoing pharmaceutical development. 'Drugable' selective inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase, a key enzyme regulating the levels of the other main eCB, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, were however not identified until very recently. Their availability has resulted in a large expansion of our knowledge concerning the pharmacological consequences of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition and hence the role(s) played by the enzyme in the body. In this review, the pharmacology of monoacylglycerol lipase will be discussed, together with an analysis of the therapeutic potential of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors as analgesics and anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Sweden.
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57
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Piscitelli F, Ligresti A, La Regina G, Coluccia A, Morera L, Allarà M, Novellino E, Di Marzo V, Silvestri R. Indole-2-carboxamides as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB₁ receptor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5627-31. [PMID: 22571451 DOI: 10.1021/jm201485c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized new N-phenylethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxamides as the first SAR study of allosteric modulators of the CB(1) receptor. The presence of the carboxamide functionality was required in order to obtain a stimulatory effect. The maximum stimulatory activity on CB(1) was exerted by carboxamides 13 (EC(50) = 50 nM) and 21 (EC(50) = 90 nM) bearing a dimethylamino or piperidinyl group, respectively, at position 4 of the phenethyl moiety and a chlorine atom at position 5 of the indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piscitelli
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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58
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Abstract
Various reports have shown that cannabinoids (the active components of marijuana and their derivatives) can reduce tumour growth and progression in animal models of cancer, in addition to their well-known palliative effects on some cancer-associated symptoms. This Opinion article discusses our current understanding of cannabinoids as antitumour agents, focusing on recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of action, including emerging resistance mechanisms and opportunities for combination therapy approaches. Such knowledge is required for the optimization of preclinical cannabinoid-based therapies and for the preliminary clinical testing that is currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, and the Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. 3: Tetra-substituted azetidine ureas with in vivo activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:901-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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60
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Gutiérrez M, Pereira AR, Debonsi HM, Ligresti A, Di Marzo V, Gerwick WH. Cannabinomimetic lipid from a marine cyanobacterium. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2313-2317. [PMID: 21999614 PMCID: PMC3325759 DOI: 10.1021/np200610t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
NMR-guided fractionation of two independent collections of the marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula obtained from Papua New Guinea and Oscillatoria sp. collected in Panama led to the isolation of the new lipids serinolamide A (3) and propenediester (4). Their structures were determined by NMR and MS data analysis. Serinolamide A (3) exhibited a moderate agonist effect and selectivity for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (Ki=1.3 μM, >5-fold) and represents the newest addition to the known cannabinomimetic natural products of marine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelino Gutiérrez
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Clayton 0843-01103, Panamá
| | - Alban R. Pereira
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hosana M. Debonsi
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040903, Brazil
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Sasmal PK, Talwar R, Swetha J, Balasubrahmanyam D, Venkatesham B, Rawoof KA, Neelima Devi B, Jadhav VP, Khan SK, Mohan P, Srinivasa Reddy D, Nyavanandi VK, Nanduri S, Kyasa SK, Kannan M, Srinivas P, Nadipalli P, Chaudhury H, Sebastian VJ. Structure-activity relationship studies of novel pyrazole and imidazole carboxamides as cannabinoid-1 (CB1) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4913-8. [PMID: 21741835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole and imidazole carboxamides as CB1 antagonists are described. As a part of eastern amide SAR, various chemically diverse motifs were introduced on rimonabant template. The central pyrazole core was also replaced with its conformationally constrained motif and imidazole moieties. In general, a range of modifications were well tolerated. Several molecules with low- and sub-nanomolar potencies were identified as potent CB1 receptor antagonists. The in vivo proof of principle for weight loss is demonstrated with a lead compound in DIO mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Sasmal
- Discovery Research, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India.
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