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Gunendi Z, Polat M, Vuralli D, Cengiz B. Somatosensory temporal discrimination is impaired in fibromyalgia. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 60:44-48. [PMID: 30528354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibromyalgia is the prototypical central sensitivity syndrome which is associated with increased sensitivity to pain and other stimuli. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether somatosensory temporal discrimination ability, which provides information about central processing of sensory stimuli, was impaired in patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS Fifteen patients with fibromyalgia and 15 healthy subjects participated in the study. Demographic characteristics of participants and severity for fatigue, sleep quality, cognitive symptoms, somatic symptoms and health-related quality of life in fibromyalgia patients were recorded. Somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds were measured from the dorsum of the dominant hands of the participants by using a constant current stimulator (Medtronic, Keypoint). RESULTS Patients with fibromyalgia had higher somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds than healthy subjects (p < 0.001). There were significant correlations between STDTs and pain intensity, FIQ scores and symptom severity scale scores in fibromyalgia group (p = 0.006, r = 0.68; p = 0.037, r = 0.54; p = 0.017, r = 0.61 respectively). CONCLUSION Somatosensory temporal discrimination ability is impaired in fibromyalgia patients compared to healthy subjects. Disrupted somatosensory temporal discrimination ability correlates with increased widespread pain and severity of other symptoms including fatigue, sleep quality, cognitive symptoms, somatic symptoms and decreased functional status. The impaired somatosensory temporal discrimination ability indicates an alteration in higher cognitive sensory processing in fibromyalgia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Gunendi
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Besevler, 06510 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Musa Polat
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Besevler, 06510 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Doga Vuralli
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Algology, Besevler, 06510 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Bulent Cengiz
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Motor Control Laboratory, Besevler, 06510 Ankara, Turkey
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52
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Conte A, Belvisi D, De Bartolo MI, Manzo N, Cortese FN, Tartaglia M, Ferrazzano G, Fabbrini G, Berardelli A. Abnormal sensory gating in patients with different types of focal dystonias. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1910-1917. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Conte
- Department of Human Neurosciences; Sapienza, University of Rome; Rome Italy
- IRCCS NEUROMED; Pozzilli IS Italy
| | | | | | - Nicoletta Manzo
- Department of Human Neurosciences; Sapienza, University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | | | - Matteo Tartaglia
- Department of Human Neurosciences; Sapienza, University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Fabbrini
- Department of Human Neurosciences; Sapienza, University of Rome; Rome Italy
- IRCCS NEUROMED; Pozzilli IS Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences; Sapienza, University of Rome; Rome Italy
- IRCCS NEUROMED; Pozzilli IS Italy
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53
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Lazar M, Butz M, Baumgarten TJ, Füllenbach ND, Jördens MS, Häussinger D, Schnitzler A, Lange J. Impaired Tactile Temporal Discrimination in Patients With Hepatic Encephalopathy. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2059. [PMID: 30425672 PMCID: PMC6218607 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory system constantly receives stimuli from the external world. To discriminate two stimuli correctly as two temporally distinct events, the temporal distance or stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the two stimuli has to exceed a specific threshold. If the SOA between two stimuli is shorter than this specific threshold, the two stimuli will be perceptually fused and perceived as one single stimulus. Patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are known to show manifold perceptual impairments, including slowed visual temporal discrimination abilities as measured by the critical flicker frequency (CFF). Here, we hypothesized that HE patients are also impaired in their tactile temporal discrimination abilities and, thus, require a longer SOA between two tactile stimuli to perceive the stimuli as two temporally distinct events. To test this hypothesis, patients with varying grades of HE and age-matched healthy individuals performed a tactile temporal discrimination task. All participants received two tactile stimuli with varying SOA applied to their left index finger and reported how many distinct stimuli they perceived ("1" vs. "2"). HE patients needed a significantly longer SOA (138.0 ± 11.3 ms) between two tactile stimuli to perceive the stimuli as two temporally distinct events than healthy controls (78.6 ± 13.1 ms; p < 0.01). In addition, we found that the temporal discrimination ability in the tactile modality correlated positively with the temporal discrimination ability in the visual domain across all participants (i.e., negative correlation between tactile SOA and visual CFF: r = -0.37, p = 0.033). Our findings provide evidence that temporal tactile perception is substantially impaired in HE patients. In addition, the results suggest that tactile and visual discrimination abilities are affected in HE in parallel. This finding might argue for a common underlying pathophysiological mechanism. We argue that the known global slowing of neuronal oscillations in HE might represent such a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Lazar
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Butz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J Baumgarten
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nur-Deniz Füllenbach
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus S Jördens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Lange
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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54
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Erro R, Rocchi L, Antelmi E, Liguori R, Tinazzi M, Berardelli A, Rothwell J, Bhatia KP. High frequency somatosensory stimulation in dystonia: Evidence fordefective inhibitory plasticity. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1902-1909. [PMID: 30376603 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from motor symptoms, multiple deficits of sensory processing have been demonstrated in dystonia. The most consistent behavioural measure of this is abnormal somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold, which has recently been associated with physiological measures of reduced inhibition within the primary somatosensory area. High-frequency repetitive sensory stimulation is a patterned electric stimulation applied to the skin through surface electrodes that has been recently reported to shorten somatosensory temporal discrimination in healthy subjects and to increase the resting level of excitability in several different types of inhibitory interaction in the somatosensory and even motor areas. OBJECTIVES We tested whether high-frequency repetitive sensory stimulation could augment cortical inhibition and, in turn, ameliorate somatosensory temporal discrimination in cervical dystonia. METHODS Somatosensory temporal discrimination and a number of electrophysiological measures of sensorimotor inhibition and facilitation were measured before and after 45 minutes of high-frequency repetitive sensory stimulation. RESULTS As compared with a group of healthy volunteers of similar age, in whom high-frequency repetitive sensory stimulation increased inhibition and shortened somatosensory temporal discrimination, patients with cervical dystonia showed a consistent, paradoxical response: they had reduced suppression of paired-pulse somatosensory evoked potentials, as well as reduced high-frequency oscillations, lateral inhibition, and short interval intracortical inhibition. Somatosensory temporal discrimination deteriorated after the stimulation protocol, and correlated with reduced measures of inhibition within the primary somatosensory cortex. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that patients with dystonia have abnormal homeostatic inhibitory plasticity within the sensorimotor cortex and that this is responsible for their paradoxical response to high-frequency repetitive sensory stimulation. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana,", University of Salerno, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rome "Sapienza,", Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Antelmi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rome "Sapienza,", Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - John Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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55
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Cerebellar Theta-Burst Stimulation Impairs Memory Consolidation in Eyeblink Classical Conditioning. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:6856475. [PMID: 30402087 PMCID: PMC6198564 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6856475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative learning of sensorimotor contingences, as it occurs in eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC), is known to involve the cerebellum, but its mechanism remains controversial. EBCC involves a sequence of learning processes which are thought to occur in the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. Recently, the extinction phase of EBCC has been shown to be modulated after one week by cerebellar continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS). Here, we asked whether cerebellar cTBS could affect retention and reacquisition of conditioned responses (CRs) tested immediately after conditioning. We also investigated a possible lateralized cerebellar control of EBCC by applying cTBS on both the right and left cerebellar hemispheres. Both right and left cerebellar cTBSs induced a statistically significant impairment in retention and new acquisition of conditioned responses (CRs), the disruption effect being marginally more effective when the left cerebellar hemisphere was stimulated. These data support a model in which cTBS impairs retention and reacquisition of CR in the cerebellum, possibly by interfering with the transfer of memory to the deep cerebellar nuclei.
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56
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Cortical dynamics underpinning the self-other distinction of touch: A TMS-EEG study. Neuroimage 2018; 178:475-484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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57
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Somatosensory temporal discrimination in Parkinson’s disease, dystonia and essential tremor: Pathophysiological and clinical implications. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:1849-1853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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58
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Fiorio M, Emadi Andani M, Recchia S, Tinazzi M. The somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold changes after a placebo procedure. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2983-2990. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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59
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Saito K, Otsuru N, Inukai Y, Kojima S, Miyaguchi S, Tsuiki S, Sasaki R, Onishi H. Inhibitory Mechanisms in Primary Somatosensory Cortex Mediate the Effects of Peripheral Electrical Stimulation on Tactile Spatial Discrimination. Neuroscience 2018; 384:262-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
Within the field of movement disorders, the conceptual understanding of dystonia has continued to evolve. Clinical advances have included improvements in recognition of certain features of dystonia, such as tremor, and understanding of phenotypic spectrums in the genetic dystonias and dystonia terminology and classification. Progress has also been made in the understanding of underlying biological processes which characterize dystonia from discoveries using approaches such as neurophysiology, functional imaging, genetics, and animal models. Important advances include the role of the cerebellum in dystonia, the concept of dystonia as an aberrant brain network disorder, additional evidence supporting the concept of dystonia endophenotypes, and new insights into psychogenic dystonia. These discoveries have begun to shape treatment approaches as, in parallel, important new treatment modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound, have emerged and existing interventions such as deep brain stimulation have been further refined. In this review, these topics are explored and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Tisch
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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61
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Avanzino L, Fiorio M, Conte A. Actual and Illusory Perception in Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia: A Narrative Review. Front Neurol 2018; 9:584. [PMID: 30079051 PMCID: PMC6062595 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory information is continuously processed so as to allow behavior to be adjusted according to environmental changes. Before sensory information reaches the cortex, a number of subcortical neural structures select the relevant information to send to be consciously processed. In recent decades, several studies have shown that the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dystonia involve sensory processing abnormalities related to proprioceptive and tactile information. These abnormalities emerge from psychophysical testing, mainly temporal discrimination, as well as from experimental paradigms based on bodily illusions. Although the link between proprioception and movement may be unequivocal, how temporal tactile information abnormalities and bodily illusions relate to motor disturbances in PD and dystonia is still a matter of debate. This review considers the role of altered sensory processing in the pathophysiology of movement disorders, focusing on how sensory alteration patterns differ between PD and dystonia. We also discuss the evidence available and the potential for developing new therapeutic strategies based on the manipulation of multi-sensory information and bodily illusions in patients with these movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Avanzino
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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62
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Gating of Sensory Input at Subcortical and Cortical Levels during Grasping in Humans. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7237-7247. [PMID: 29976624 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0545-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Afferent input from the periphery to the cortex contributes to the control of grasping. How sensory input is gated along the ascending sensory pathway and its functional role during gross and fine grasping in humans remain largely unknown. To address this question, we assessed somatosensory-evoked potential components reflecting activation at subcortical and cortical levels and psychophysical tests at rest, during index finger abduction, precision, and power grip. We found that sensory gating at subcortical level and in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), as well as intracortical inhibition in the S1, increased during power grip compared with the other tasks. To probe the functional relevance of gating in the S1, we examined somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold by measuring the shortest time interval to perceive a pair of electrical stimuli. Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold increased during power grip, and higher threshold was associated with increased intracortical inhibition in the S1. These novel findings indicate that humans gate sensory input at subcortical level and in the S1 largely during gross compared with fine grasping. Inhibitory processes in the S1 may increase discrimination threshold to allow better performance during power grip.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most of our daily life actions involve grasping. Here, we demonstrate that gating of afferent input increases at subcortical level and in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) during gross compared with fine grasping in intact humans. The precise timing of sensory information is critical for human perception and behavior. Notably, we found that the ability to perceive a pair of electrical stimuli, as measured by the somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold, increased during power grip compared with the other tasks. We propose that reduced afferent input to the S1 during gross grasping behaviors diminishes temporal discrimination of sensory processes related, at least in part, to increased inhibitory processes within the S1.
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63
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Rocchi L, Ibáñez J, Benussi A, Hannah R, Rawji V, Casula E, Rothwell J. Variability and Predictors of Response to Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation: A TMS-EEG Study. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:400. [PMID: 29946234 PMCID: PMC6006718 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) is a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm reported to decrease the excitability of the stimulated cortical area and which is thought to reflect a form of inhibitory synaptic plasticity. However, since its introduction, the effect of cTBS has shown a remarkable variability in its effects, which are often quantified by measuring the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Part of this inconsistency in experimental results might be due to an intrinsic variability of TMS effects caused by genetic or neurophysiologic factors. However, it is also possible that MEP only reflect the excitability of a sub-population of output neurons; resting EEG power and measures combining TMS and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) might represent a more thorough reflection of cortical excitability. The aim of the present study was to verify the robustness of several predictors of cTBS response, such as I wave recruitment and baseline MEP amplitude, and to test cTBS after-effects on multiple neurophysiologic measurements such as MEP, resting EEG power, local mean field power (LMFP), TMS-related spectral perturbation (TRSP), and inter-trial phase clustering (ITPC). As a result, we were not able to confirm either the expected decrease of MEP amplitude after cTBS or the ability of I wave recruitment and MEP amplitude to predict the response to cTBS. Resting EEG power, LMFP, TRSP, and ITPC showed a more consistent trend toward a decrease after cTBS. Overall, our data suggest that the effect of cTBS on corticospinal excitability is variable and difficult to predict with common electrophysiologic markers, while its effect might be clearer when probed with combined TMS and EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rocchi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Ibáñez
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ricci Hannah
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vishal Rawji
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elias Casula
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - John Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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64
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Lee MS, Lee MJ, Conte A, Berardelli A. Abnormal somatosensory temporal discrimination in Parkinson’s disease: Pathophysiological correlates and role in motor control deficits. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:442-447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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65
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Jahanshahi M, Rothwell JC. Inhibitory dysfunction contributes to some of the motor and non-motor symptoms of movement disorders and psychiatric disorders. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0198. [PMID: 28242732 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been proposed that similar to goal-directed and habitual action mediated by the fronto-striatal circuits, the fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal-thalamo-cortical network may also mediate goal-directed and habitual (automatic) inhibition in both the motor and non-motor domains. Within this framework, some of the clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease, dystonia, Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder can be considered to represent an imbalance between goal-directed and habitual action and inhibition. It is possible that surgical interventions targeting the basal ganglia nuclei, such as deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the internal segment of the globus pallidus, improve these disorders by restoring a functional balance between facilitation and inhibition in the fronto-striatal networks. These proposals require investigation in future studies.This article is part of the themed issue 'Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Jahanshahi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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66
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Conte A, McGovern EM, Narasimham S, Beck R, Killian O, O'Riordan S, Reilly RB, Hutchinson M. Temporal Discrimination: Mechanisms and Relevance to Adult-Onset Dystonia. Front Neurol 2017; 8:625. [PMID: 29234300 PMCID: PMC5712317 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal discrimination is the ability to determine that two sequential sensory stimuli are separated in time. For any individual, the temporal discrimination threshold (TDT) is the minimum interval at which paired sequential stimuli are perceived as being asynchronous; this can be assessed, with high test–retest and inter-rater reliability, using a simple psychophysical test. Temporal discrimination is disordered in a number of basal ganglia diseases including adult-onset dystonia, of which the two most common phenotypes are cervical dystonia and blepharospasm. The causes of adult-onset focal dystonia are unknown; genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are relevant. Abnormal TDTs in adult-onset dystonia are associated with structural and neurophysiological changes considered to reflect defective inhibitory interneuronal processing within a network which includes the superior colliculus, basal ganglia, and primary somatosensory cortex. It is hypothesized that abnormal temporal discrimination is a mediational endophenotype and, when present in unaffected relatives of patients with adult-onset dystonia, indicates non-manifesting gene carriage. Using the mediational endophenotype concept, etiological factors in adult-onset dystonia may be examined including (i) the role of environmental exposures in disease penetrance and expression; (ii) sexual dimorphism in sex ratios at age of onset; (iii) the pathogenesis of non-motor symptoms of adult-onset dystonia; and (iv) subcortical mechanisms in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Conte
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Eavan M McGovern
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's University Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shruti Narasimham
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Beck
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Owen Killian
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean O'Riordan
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's University Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard B Reilly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Hutchinson
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's University Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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67
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Does the Somatosensory Temporal Discrimination Threshold Change over Time in Focal Dystonia? Neural Plast 2017; 2017:9848070. [PMID: 29062576 PMCID: PMC5618781 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9848070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) is defined as the shortest interval at which an individual recognizes two stimuli as asynchronous. Some evidence suggests that STDT depends on cortical inhibitory interneurons in the basal ganglia and in primary somatosensory cortex. Several studies have reported that the STDT in patients with dystonia is abnormal. No longitudinal studies have yet investigated whether STDT values in different forms of focal dystonia change during the course of the disease. Methods We designed a follow-up study on 25 patients with dystonia (15 with blepharospasm and 10 with cervical dystonia) who were tested twice: upon enrolment and 8 years later. STDT values from dystonic patients at the baseline were also compared with those from a group of 30 age-matched healthy subjects. Results Our findings show that the abnormally high STDT values observed in patients with focal dystonia remained unchanged at the 8-year follow-up assessment whereas disease severity worsened. Conclusions Our observation that STDT abnormalities in dystonia remain unmodified during the course of the disease suggests that the altered activity of inhibitory interneurons—either at cortical or at subcortical level—responsible for the increased STDT does not deteriorate as the disease progresses.
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Jahanshahi M. Neuropsychological and Neuropsychiatric Features of Idiopathic and DYT1 Dystonia and the Impact of Medical and Surgical treatment. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:888-905. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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69
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Conte A, Belvisi D, Manzo N, Bologna M, Barone F, Tartaglia M, Upadhyay N, Berardelli A. Understanding the link between somatosensory temporal discrimination and movement execution in healthy subjects. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/18/e12899. [PMID: 27650249 PMCID: PMC5037912 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) is the shortest interval at which an individual recognizes paired stimuli as separate in time. We investigated whether and how voluntary movement modulates STDT in healthy subjects. In 17 healthy participants, we tested STDT during voluntary index‐finger abductions at several time‐points after movement onset and during motor preparation. We then tested whether voluntary movement‐induced STDT changes were specific for the body segment moved, depended on movement kinematics, on the type of movement or on the intensity for delivering paired electrical stimuli for STDT. To understand the mechanisms underlying STDT modulation, we also tested STDT during motor imagery and after delivering repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to elicit excitability changes in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). When tested on the moving hand at movement onset and up to 200 msec thereafter, STDT values increased from baseline, but during motor preparation remained unchanged. STDT values changed significantly during fast and slow index‐finger movements and also, though less, during passive index‐finger abductions, whereas during tonic index‐finger abductions they remained unchanged. STDT also remained unchanged when tested in body parts other than those engaged in movement and during imagined movement. Nor did testing STDT at increased intensity influence movement‐induced STDT changes. The cTBS‐induced S1 cortical changes left movement‐induced STDT changes unaffected. Our findings suggest that movement execution in healthy subjects may alter STDT processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicoletta Manzo
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Barone
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Tartaglia
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Neeraj Upadhyay
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
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70
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Custead R, Oh H, Wang Y, Barlow S. Brain encoding of saltatory velocity through a pulsed pneumotactile array in the lower face. Brain Res 2017; 1677:58-73. [PMID: 28958864 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Processing dynamic tactile inputs is a primary function of the somatosensory system. Spatial velocity encoding mechanisms by the nervous system are important for skilled movement production and may play a role in recovery of sensorimotor function following neurological insult. Little is known about tactile velocity encoding in mechanosensory trigeminal networks required for speech, suck, mastication, and facial gesture. High resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate the neural substrates of velocity encoding in the human orofacial somatosensory system during unilateral saltatory pneumotactile stimulation of perioral and buccal hairy skin in 20 neurotypical adults. A custom multichannel, scalable pneumotactile array consisting of 7 TAC-Cells was used to present 5 stimulus conditions: 5cm/s, 25cm/s, 65cm/s, ALL-ON synchronous activation, and ALL-OFF. The spatiotemporal organization of whole-brain blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response was analyzed with general linear modeling (GLM) and fitted response estimates of percent signal change to compare activations associated with each velocity, and the main effect of velocity alone. Sequential saltatory inputs to the right lower face produced localized BOLD responses in 6 key regions of interest (ROI) including; contralateral precentral and postcentral gyri, and ipsilateral precentral, superior temporal (STG), supramarginal gyri (SMG), and cerebellum. The spatiotemporal organization of the evoked BOLD response was highly dependent on velocity, with the greatest amplitude of BOLD signal change recorded during the 5cm/s presentation in the contralateral hemisphere. Temporal analysis of BOLD response by velocity indicated rapid adaptation via a scalability of networks processing changing pneumotactile velocity cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Custead
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Hyuntaek Oh
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Steven Barlow
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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71
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Obeso I, Wilkinson L, Teo JT, Talelli P, Rothwell JC, Jahanshahi M. Theta burst magnetic stimulation over the pre-supplementary motor area improves motor inhibition. Brain Stimul 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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72
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Leodori G, Formica A, Zhu X, Conte A, Belvisi D, Cruccu G, Hallett M, Berardelli A. The third-stimulus temporal discrimination threshold: focusing on the temporal processing of sensory input within primary somatosensory cortex. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2311-2317. [PMID: 28747470 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00947.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) has been used in recent years to investigate time processing of sensory information, but little is known about the physiological correlates of somatosensory temporal discrimination. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the time interval required to discriminate between two stimuli varies according to the number of stimuli in the task. We used the third-stimulus temporal discrimination threshold (ThirdDT), defined as the shortest time interval at which an individual distinguishes a third stimulus following a pair of stimuli delivered at the STDT. The STDT and ThirdDT were assessed in 31 healthy subjects. In a subgroup of 10 subjects, we evaluated the effects of the stimuli intensity on the ThirdDT. In a subgroup of 16 subjects, we evaluated the effects of S1 continuous theta-burst stimulation (S1-cTBS) on the STDT and ThirdDT. Results show that ThirdDT is shorter than STDT. We found a positive correlation between STDT and ThirdDT values. As long as the stimulus intensity was within the perceivable and painless range, it did not affect ThirdDT values. S1-cTBS significantly affected both STDT and ThirdDT, although the latter was affected to a greater extent and for a longer period of time. We conclude that the interval needed to discriminate between time-separated tactile stimuli is related to the number of stimuli used in the task. STDT and ThirdDT are encoded in S1, probably by a shared tactile temporal encoding mechanism whose performance rapidly changes during the perception process. ThirdDT is a new method to measure somatosensory temporal discrimination.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To investigate whether the time interval required to discriminate between stimuli varies according to changes in the stimulation pattern, we used the third-stimulus temporal discrimination threshold (ThirdDT). We found that the somatosensory temporal discrimination acuity varies according to the number of stimuli in the task. The ThirdDT is a new method to measure somatosensory temporal discrimination and a possible index of inhibitory activity at the S1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Leodori
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Cruccu
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; .,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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73
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Jahanshahi M, Torkamani M. The cognitive features of idiopathic and DYT1 dystonia. Mov Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Jahanshahi
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience Group; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery; London UK
| | - Mariam Torkamani
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience Group; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery; London UK
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74
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Conte A, Belvisi D, Tartaglia M, Cortese FN, Baione V, Battista E, Zhu XY, Fabbrini G, Berardelli A. Abnormal Temporal Coupling of Tactile Perception and Motor Action in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28634466 PMCID: PMC5459880 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows altered somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) in Parkinson’s disease in comparison to normal subjects. In healthy subjects, movement execution modulates STDT values through mechanisms of sensory gating. We investigated whether STDT modulation during movement execution in patients with Parkinson’s disease differs from that in healthy subjects. In 24 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 20 healthy subjects, we tested STDT at baseline and during index finger abductions (at movement onset “0”, 100, and 200 ms thereafter). We also recorded kinematic features of index finger abductions. Fifteen out of the 24 patients were also tested ON medication. In healthy subjects, STDT increased significantly at 0, 100, and 200 ms after movement onset, whereas in patients with Parkinson’s disease in OFF therapy, it increased significantly at 0 and 100 ms but returned to baseline values at 200 ms. When patients were tested ON therapy, STDT during index finger abductions increased significantly, with a time course similar to that of healthy subjects. Differently from healthy subjects, in patients with Parkinson’s disease, the mean velocity of the finger abductions decreased according to the time lapse between movement onset and the delivery of the paired electrical stimuli for testing somatosensory temporal discrimination. In conclusion, patients with Parkinson’s disease show abnormalities in the temporal coupling between tactile information and motor outflow. Our study provides first evidence that altered temporal processing of sensory information play a role in the pathophysiology of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Conte
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Tartaglia
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Viola Baione
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Battista
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Xiao Y Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Giovanni Fabbrini
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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75
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Rocchi L, Erro R, Antelmi E, Berardelli A, Tinazzi M, Liguori R, Bhatia K, Rothwell J. High frequency somatosensory stimulation increases sensori-motor inhibition and leads to perceptual improvement in healthy subjects. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1015-1025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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76
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Méndez JC, Rocchi L, Jahanshahi M, Rothwell J, Merchant H. Probing the timing network: A continuous theta burst stimulation study of temporal categorization. Neuroscience 2017; 356:167-175. [PMID: 28528965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Time perception in the millisecond and second ranges is thought to be processed by different neural mechanisms. However, whether there is a sharp boundary between these ranges and whether they are implemented in the same, overlapped or separate brain areas is still not certain. To probe the role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the right supplementary motor area (SMA), and the cerebellum on time perception, we temporarily altered their activity on healthy volunteers on separate sessions using transcranial magnetic stimulation with the continuous Theta Burst Stimulation (cTBS) protocol. A control session was reserved for the stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Before and after stimulation, participants were tested on a temporal categorization task using intervals in the hundreds and thousands of milliseconds ranges, as well as on a pitch categorization task which was used as a further control. We then looked for changes in the Relative Threshold and the Constant Error, which, respectively, reflect participants' sensitivity to interval duration and their accuracy at setting an interval that acts as a boundary between categories. We found that after cTBS in all of the studied regions, the Relative Threshold, but not the Constant Error, was affected and only when hundreds of milliseconds intervals were being categorized. Categorization of thousands of milliseconds intervals and of pitch was not affected. These results suggest that the fronto-cerebellar circuit is particularly involved in the estimation of intervals in the hundreds of milliseconds range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Méndez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Neurologia e Psichiatria, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Merchant
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Pirio Richardson S, Altenmüller E, Alter K, Alterman RL, Chen R, Frucht S, Furuya S, Jankovic J, Jinnah HA, Kimberley TJ, Lungu C, Perlmutter JS, Prudente CN, Hallett M. Research Priorities in Limb and Task-Specific Dystonias. Front Neurol 2017; 8:170. [PMID: 28515706 PMCID: PMC5413505 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia, which causes intermittent or sustained abnormal postures and movements, can present in a focal or a generalized manner. In the limbs, focal dystonia can occur in either the upper or lower limbs and may be task-specific causing abnormal motor performance for only a specific task, such as in writer’s cramp, runner’s dystonia, or musician’s dystonia. Focal limb dystonia can be non-task-specific and may, in some circumstances, be associated with parkinsonian disorders. The true prevalence of focal limb dystonia is not known and is likely currently underestimated, leaving a knowledge gap and an opportunity for future research. The pathophysiology of focal limb dystonia shares some commonalities with other dystonias with a loss of inhibition in the central nervous system and a loss of the normal regulation of plasticity, called homeostatic plasticity. Functional imaging studies revealed abnormalities in several anatomical networks that involve the cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Further studies should focus on distinguishing cause from effect in both physiology and imaging studies to permit focus on most relevant biological correlates of dystonia. There is no specific therapy for the treatment of limb dystonia given the variability in presentation, but off-label botulinum toxin therapy is often applied to focal limb and task-specific dystonia. Various rehabilitation techniques have been applied and rehabilitation interventions may improve outcomes, but small sample size and lack of direct comparisons between methods to evaluate comparative efficacy limit conclusions. Finally, non-invasive and invasive therapeutic modalities have been explored in small studies with design limitations that do not yet clearly provide direction for larger clinical trials that could support new clinical therapies. Given these gaps in our clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic knowledge, we have identified priorities for future research including: the development of diagnostic criteria for limb dystonia, more precise phenotypic characterization and innovative clinical trial design that considers clinical heterogeneity, and limited available number of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pirio Richardson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eckart Altenmüller
- Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine (IMMM), Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharine Alter
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine, National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ron L Alterman
- Division of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (Neurology), Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Frucht
- Robert and John M. Bendheim Parkinson and Movement Disorders Center, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shinichi Furuya
- Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Teresa J Kimberley
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Codrin Lungu
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cecília N Prudente
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Casula EP, Pellicciari MC, Ponzo V, Stampanoni Bassi M, Veniero D, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Cerebellar theta burst stimulation modulates the neural activity of interconnected parietal and motor areas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36191. [PMID: 27796359 PMCID: PMC5086958 DOI: 10.1038/srep36191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Voluntary movement control and execution are regulated by the influence of the cerebellar output over different interconnected cortical areas, through dentato-thalamo connections. In the present study we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to directly assess the effects of cerebellar theta-burst stimulation (TBS) over the controlateral primary motor cortex (M1) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in a group of healthy volunteers. We found a TBS-dependent bidirectional modulation over TMS-evoked activity; specifically, cTBS increased whereas iTBS decreased activity between 100 and 200 ms after TMS, in a similar manner over both M1 and PPC areas. On the oscillatory domain, TBS induced specific changes over M1 natural frequencies of oscillation: TMS-evoked alpha activity was decreased by cTBS whereas beta activity was enhanced by iTBS. No effects were observed after sham stimulation. Our data provide novel evidence showing that the cerebellum exerts its control on the cortex likely by impinging on specific set of interneurons dependent on GABA-ergic activity. We show that cerebellar TBS modulates cortical excitability of distant interconnected cortical areas by acting through common temporal, spatial and frequency domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Paolo Casula
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pellicciari
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Domenica Veniero
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Stroke Unit, Tor Vergata Policlinic, Rome, Italy
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79
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Antelmi E, Erro R, Rocchi L, Liguori R, Tinazzi M, Di Stasio F, Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP. Neurophysiological correlates of abnormal somatosensory temporal discrimination in dystonia. Mov Disord 2016; 32:141-148. [PMID: 27671708 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold is often prolonged in patients with dystonia. Previous evidence suggested that this might be caused by impaired somatosensory processing in the time domain. Here, we tested if other markers of reduced inhibition in the somatosensory system might also contribute to abnormal somatosensory temporal discrimination in dystonia. METHODS Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold was measured in 19 patients with isolated cervical dystonia and 19 age-matched healthy controls. We evaluated temporal somatosensory inhibition using paired-pulse somatosensory evoked potentials, spatial somatosensory inhibition by measuring the somatosensory evoked potentials interaction between simultaneous stimulation of the digital nerves in thumb and index finger, and Gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) sensory inhibition using the early and late components of high-frequency oscillations in digital nerves somatosensory evoked potentials. RESULTS When compared with healthy controls, dystonic patients had longer somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds, reduced suppression of cortical and subcortical paired-pulse somatosensory evoked potentials, less spatial inhibition of simultaneous somatosensory evoked potentials, and a smaller area of the early component of the high-frequency oscillations. A logistic regression analysis found that paired pulse suppression of the N20 component at an interstimulus interval of 5 milliseconds and the late component of the high-frequency oscillations were independently related to somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds. "Dystonia group" was also a predictor of enhanced somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold, indicating a dystonia-specific effect that independently influences this threshold. CONCLUSIONS Increased somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold in dystonia is related to reduced activity of inhibitory circuits within the primary somatosensory cortex. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Antelmi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCSS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico; Research Hospital, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Erro
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCSS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico; Research Hospital, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Stasio
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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