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Verden D, Macklin WB. Neuroprotection by central nervous system remyelination: Molecular, cellular, and functional considerations. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1411-1420. [PMID: 27618492 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes and their myelin sheaths play an intricate role in axonal health and function. The prevalence of white matter pathology in a wide variety of central nervous system disorders has gained attention in recent years. Remyelination has therefore become a major target of therapeutic research, with the aim of protecting axons from further damage. The axon-myelin unit is elaborate, and demyelination causes profound changes in axonal molecular domains, signal transmission, and metabolism. Remyelination is known to restore some of these changes, but many of its outcomes remain unknown. Understanding how different aspects of the axon-myelin unit are restored by remyelination is important for making effective, targeted therapeutics for white matter dysfunction. Additionally, understanding how subtle deficits relate to axonal function during demyelination and remyelination may provide clues into the impact of myelin on neuronal circuits. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the neuroprotective effects of remyelination, as well as gaps in our knowledge. Finally, we propose systems with unique myelin profiles that may serve as useful models for investigating remyelination efficacy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Verden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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52
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Lariosa-Willingham KD, Rosler ES, Tung JS, Dugas JC, Collins TL, Leonoudakis D. A high throughput drug screening assay to identify compounds that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation using acutely dissociated and purified oligodendrocyte precursor cells. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:419. [PMID: 27592856 PMCID: PMC5011342 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis is caused by an autoimmune response resulting in demyelination and neural degeneration. The adult central nervous system has the capacity to remyelinate axons in part through the generation of new oligodendrocytes (OLs). To identify clinical candidate compounds that may promote remyelination, we have developed a high throughput screening (HTS) assay to identify compounds that promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into OLs. Results Using acutely dissociated and purified rat OPCs coupled with immunofluorescent image quantification, we have developed an OL differentiation assay. We have validated this assay with a known promoter of differentiation, thyroid hormone, and subsequently used the assay to screen the NIH clinical collection library. We have identified twenty-seven hit compounds which were validated by dose response analysis and the generation of half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values allowed for the ranking of efficacy. The assay identified novel promoters of OL differentiation which we attribute to (1) the incorporation of an OL toxicity pre-screen to allow lowering the concentrations of toxic compounds and (2) the utilization of freshly purified, non-passaged OPCs. These features set our assay apart from other OL differentiation assays used for drug discovery efforts. Conclusions This acute primary OL-based differentiation assay should be of use to those interested in screening large compound libraries for the identification of drugs for the treatment of MS and other demyelinating diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2220-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Lariosa-Willingham
- Translational Medicine Center, Myelin Repair Foundation, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA.,Teva Pharmaceuticals, Biologics and CNS Discovery, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Elen S Rosler
- Translational Medicine Center, Myelin Repair Foundation, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA.,Alios BioPharma, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jay S Tung
- Translational Medicine Center, Myelin Repair Foundation, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA
| | - Jason C Dugas
- Translational Medicine Center, Myelin Repair Foundation, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA.,Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tassie L Collins
- Translational Medicine Center, Myelin Repair Foundation, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA.,NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Dmitri Leonoudakis
- Translational Medicine Center, Myelin Repair Foundation, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA. .,Teva Pharmaceuticals, Biologics and CNS Discovery, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA.
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Dietz KC, Polanco JJ, Pol SU, Sim FJ. Targeting human oligodendrocyte progenitors for myelin repair. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:489-500. [PMID: 27001544 PMCID: PMC5666574 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte development has been studied for several decades, and has served as a model system for both neurodevelopmental and stem/progenitor cell biology. Until recently, the vast majority of studies have been conducted in lower species, especially those focused on rodent development and remyelination. In humans, the process of myelination requires the generation of vastly more myelinating glia, occurring over a period of years rather than weeks. Furthermore, as evidenced by the presence of chronic demyelination in a variety of human neurologic diseases, it appears likely that the mechanisms that regulate development and become dysfunctional in disease may be, in key ways, divergent across species. Improvements in isolation techniques, applied to primary human neural and oligodendrocyte progenitors from both fetal and adult brain, as well as advancements in the derivation of defined progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells, have begun to reveal the extent of both species-conserved signaling pathways and potential key differences at cellular and molecular levels. In this article, we will review the commonalities and differences in myelin development between rodents and man, describing the approaches used to study human oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, as well as heterogeneity within targetable progenitor pools, and discuss the advances made in determining which conserved pathways may be both modeled in rodents and translate into viable therapeutic strategies to promote myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Dietz
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, 119 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
| | - Jessie J Polanco
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, 119 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
| | - Suyog U Pol
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, 119 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
| | - Fraser J Sim
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, 119 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
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54
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Filley CM, Fields RD. White matter and cognition: making the connection. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:2093-2104. [PMID: 27512019 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00221.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the cerebral cortex has long been regarded by neuroscientists as the major locus of cognitive function, the white matter of the brain is increasingly recognized as equally critical for cognition. White matter comprises half of the brain, has expanded more than gray matter in evolution, and forms an indispensable component of distributed neural networks that subserve neurobehavioral operations. White matter tracts mediate the essential connectivity by which human behavior is organized, working in concert with gray matter to enable the extraordinary repertoire of human cognitive capacities. In this review, we present evidence from behavioral neurology that white matter lesions regularly disturb cognition, consider the role of white matter in the physiology of distributed neural networks, develop the hypothesis that white matter dysfunction is relevant to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and the newly described entity chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and discuss emerging concepts regarding the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with white matter disorders. Investigation of the role of white matter in cognition has yielded many valuable insights and promises to expand understanding of normal brain structure and function, improve the treatment of many neurobehavioral disorders, and disclose new opportunities for research on many challenging problems facing medicine and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Filley
- Behavioral Neurology Section, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; .,Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - R Douglas Fields
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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55
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Abstract
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin, an insulating sheath required for the saltatory conduction of electrical impulses along axons. Oligodendrocyte loss results in demyelination, which leads to impaired neurological function in a broad array of diseases ranging from pediatric leukodystrophies and cerebral palsy, to multiple sclerosis and white matter stroke. Accordingly, replacing lost oligodendrocytes, whether by transplanting oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) or by mobilizing endogenous progenitors, holds great promise as a therapeutic strategy for the diseases of central white matter. In this Primer, we describe the molecular events regulating oligodendrocyte development and how our understanding of this process has led to the establishment of methods for producing OPCs and oligodendrocytes from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as directly from somatic cells. In addition, we will discuss the safety of engrafted stem cell-derived OPCs, as well as approaches by which to modulate their differentiation and myelinogenesis in vivo following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Nicholas J Kuypers
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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56
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Kremer D, Göttle P, Hartung HP, Küry P. Pushing Forward: Remyelination as the New Frontier in CNS Diseases. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:246-263. [PMID: 26964504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary acquisition of myelin sheaths around large caliber axons in the central nervous system (CNS) represented a milestone in the development of vertebrate higher brain function. Myelin ensheathment of axons enabled saltatory conduction and thus accelerated information processing. However, a number of CNS diseases harm or destroy myelin and oligodendrocytes (myelin-producing cells), ultimately resulting in demyelination. In the adult CNS, new oligodendrocytes can be generated from a quiescent pool of precursor cells, which - upon differentiation - can replace lost myelin sheaths. The efficiency of this spontaneous regeneration is limited, which leads to incomplete remyelination and residual clinical symptoms. Here, we discuss CNS pathologies characterized by white matter degeneration and regeneration and highlight drugs that could potentially serve as remyelination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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57
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Marinelli C, Bertalot T, Zusso M, Skaper SD, Giusti P. Systematic Review of Pharmacological Properties of the Oligodendrocyte Lineage. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:27. [PMID: 26903812 PMCID: PMC4751280 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrogenesis and oligodendrocyte precursor maturation are essential processes during the course of central nervous system development, and lead to the myelination of axons. Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage are generated in the germinal zone from migratory bipolar oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and acquire cell surface markers as they mature and respond specifically to factors which regulate proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. Loss of myelin underlies a wide range of neurological disorders, some of an autoimmune nature—multiple sclerosis probably being the most prominent. Current therapies are based on the use of immunomodulatory agents which are likely to promote myelin repair (remyelination) indirectly by subverting the inflammatory response, aspects of which impair the differentiation of OPCs. Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage express and are capable of responding to a diverse array of ligand-receptor pairs, including neurotransmitters and nuclear receptors such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, adenosine triphosphate, serotonin, acetylcholine, nitric oxide, opioids, prostaglandins, prolactin, and cannabinoids. The intent of this review is to provide the reader with a synopsis of our present state of knowledge concerning the pharmacological properties of the oligodendrocyte lineage, with particular attention to these receptor-ligand (i.e., neurotransmitters and nuclear receptor) interactions that can influence oligodendrocyte migration, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination, and an appraisal of their therapeutic potential. For example, many promising mediators work through Ca2+ signaling, and the balance between Ca2+ influx and efflux can determine the temporal and spatial properties of oligodendrocytes (OLs). Moreover, Ca2+ signaling in OPCs can influence not only differentiation and myelination, but also process extension and migration, as well as cell death in mature mouse OLs. There is also evidence that oligodendroglia exhibit Ca2+ transients in response to electrical activity of axons for activity-dependent myelination. Cholinergic antagonists, as well as endocannabinoid-related lipid-signaling molecules target OLs. An understanding of such pharmacological pathways may thus lay the foundation to allow its leverage for therapeutic benefit in diseases of demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Thomas Bertalot
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Giusti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
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58
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Li N, Leung GKK. Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review and Update. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:235195. [PMID: 26491661 PMCID: PMC4600489 DOI: 10.1155/2015/235195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition to individuals, families, and society. Oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination contribute as major pathological processes of secondary damages after injury. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a subpopulation that accounts for 5 to 8% of cells within the central nervous system, are potential sources of oligodendrocyte replacement after SCI. OPCs react rapidly to injuries, proliferate at a high rate, and can differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. However, posttraumatic endogenous remyelination is rarely complete, and a better understanding of OPCs' characteristics and their manipulations is critical to the development of novel therapies. In this review, we summarize known characteristics of OPCs and relevant regulative factors in both health and demyelinating disorders including SCI. More importantly, we highlight current evidence on post-SCI OPCs transplantation as a potential treatment option as well as the impediments against regeneration. Our aim is to shed lights on important knowledge gaps and to provoke thoughts for further researches and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Gilberto K. K. Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Larson VA, Zhang Y, Bergles DE. Electrophysiological properties of NG2(+) cells: Matching physiological studies with gene expression profiles. Brain Res 2015; 1638:138-160. [PMID: 26385417 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NG2(+) glial cells are a dynamic population of non-neuronal cells that give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. These cells express numerous ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, which endow them with a complex electrophysiological profile that is unique among glial cells. Despite extensive analysis of the electrophysiological properties of these cells, relatively little was known about the molecular identity of the channels and receptors that they express. The generation of new RNA-Seq datasets for NG2(+) cells has provided the means to explore how distinct genes contribute to the physiological properties of these progenitors. In this review, we systematically compare the results obtained through RNA-Seq transcriptional analysis of purified NG2(+) cells to previous physiological and molecular studies of these cells to define the complement of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors expressed by NG2(+) cells in the mammalian brain and discuss the potential significance of the unique physiological properties of these cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Larson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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60
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Ortiz FC, Balia M, Orduz D. A commentary on: "Anti-muscarinic adjunct therapy accelerates functional human oligodendrocyte repair". Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:274. [PMID: 26257606 PMCID: PMC4508516 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Ortiz
- Neurophysiology and New Microscopies Laboratory, INSERM U1128, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - Maddalena Balia
- Neurophysiology and New Microscopies Laboratory, INSERM U1128, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - David Orduz
- Neurophysiology and New Microscopies Laboratory, INSERM U1128, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
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