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Halvorsen EC, Mahmoud SM, Bennewith KL. Emerging roles of regulatory T cells in tumour progression and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:1025-41. [PMID: 25359584 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis of cancer is a complex and life-threatening process that is only partially understood. Immune suppressive cells are recognized as important contributors to tumour progression and may also promote the development and growth of tumour metastases. Specifically, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been found to promote primary tumour progression, and emerging pre-clinical data suggests that Tregs may promote metastasis and metastatic tumour growth. While the precise role that Tregs play in metastatic progression is understudied, recent findings have indicated that by suppressing innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity, Tregs may shield tumour cells from immune detection, and thereby allow tumour cells to survive, proliferate and acquire characteristics that facilitate dissemination. This review will highlight our current understanding of Tregs in metastasis, including an overview of pre-clinical findings and discussion of clinical data regarding Tregs and therapeutic outcome. Evolving strategies to directly ablate Tregs or to inhibit their function will also be discussed. Improving our understanding of how Tregs may influence tumour metastasis may lead to novel treatments for metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Halvorsen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 9-202, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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Mrizak D, Martin N, Barjon C, Jimenez-Pailhes AS, Mustapha R, Niki T, Guigay J, Pancré V, de Launoit Y, Busson P, Moralès O, Delhem N. Effect of nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived exosomes on human regulatory T cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 107:363. [PMID: 25505237 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Treg) and tumor-exosomes are thought to play a role in preventing the rejection of malignant cells in patients bearing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS Treg recruitment by exosomes derived from NPC cell lines (C15/C17-Exo), exosomes isolated from NPC patients' plasma (Patient-Exo), and CCL20 were tested in vitro using Boyden chamber assays and in vivo using a xenograft SCID mouse model (n = 5), both in the presence and absence of anti-CCL20 monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Impact of these NPC exosomes (NPC-Exo) on Treg phenotype and function was determined using adapted assays (FACS, Q-PCR, ELISA, and MLR). Experiments were performed in comparison with exosomes derived from plasma of healthy donors (HD-Exo). The Student's t test was used for group comparisons. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS CCL20 allowed the intratumoral recruitment of human Treg. NPC-Exo also facilitated Treg recruitment (3.30 ± 0.34 fold increase, P < .001), which was statistically significantly inhibited (P < .001) by an anti-CCL20 blocking mAb. NPC-Exo also recruited conventional CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells and mediated their conversion into inhibitory CD4(+)CD25(high) cells. Moreover, NPC-Exo enhanced (P = .0048) the expansion of human Treg, inducing the generation of Tim3(Low) Treg with increased expression of CD25 and FOXP3. Finally, NPC-Exo induced an overexpression of cell markers associated with Treg phenotype, properties and recruitment capacity. For example, GZMB mean fold change was 21.45 ± 1.75 (P < .001). These results were consistent with a stronger suppression of responder cells' proliferation and the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines (IL10, TGFB1). CONCLUSION Interactions between NPC-Exo and Treg represent a newly defined mechanism that may be involved in regulating peripheral tolerance by tumors and in supporting immune evasion in human NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhafer Mrizak
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Nathalie Martin
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Clément Barjon
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Anne-Sophie Jimenez-Pailhes
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Rami Mustapha
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Toshiro Niki
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Joël Guigay
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Véronique Pancré
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Yvan de Launoit
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Olivier Moralès
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG).
| | - Nadira Delhem
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG).
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Lv M, Xu Y, Tang R, Ren J, Shen S, Chen Y, Liu B, Hou Y, Wang T. miR141–CXCL1–CXCR2 Signaling–Induced Treg Recruitment Regulates Metastases and Survival of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:3152-62. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ellison AR, Savage AE, DiRenzo GV, Langhammer P, Lips KR, Zamudio KR. Fighting a losing battle: vigorous immune response countered by pathogen suppression of host defenses in the chytridiomycosis-susceptible frog Atelopus zeteki. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2014; 4:1275-89. [PMID: 24841130 PMCID: PMC4455776 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.010744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the disease chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been implicated in dramatic global amphibian declines. Although many species have undergone catastrophic declines and/or extinctions, others appear to be unaffected or persist at reduced frequencies after Bd outbreaks. The reasons behind this variance in disease outcomes are poorly understood: differences in host immune responses have been proposed, yet previous studies suggest a lack of robust immune responses to Bd in susceptible species. Here, we sequenced transcriptomes from clutch-mates of a highly susceptible amphibian, Atelopus zeteki, with different infection histories. We found significant changes in expression of numerous genes involved in innate and inflammatory responses in infected frogs despite high susceptibility to chytridiomycosis. We show evidence of acquired immune responses generated against Bd, including increased expression of immunoglobulins and major histocompatibility complex genes. In addition, fungal-killing genes had significantly greater expression in frogs previously exposed to Bd compared with Bd-naïve frogs, including chitinase and serine-type proteases. However, our results appear to confirm recent in vitro evidence of immune suppression by Bd, demonstrated by decreased expression of lymphocyte genes in the spleen of infected compared with control frogs. We propose susceptibility to chytridiomycosis is not due to lack of Bd-specific immune responses but instead is caused by failure of those responses to be effective. Ineffective immune pathway activation and timing of antibody production are discussed as potential mechanisms. However, in light of our findings, suppression of key immune responses by Bd is likely an important factor in the lethality of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Ellison
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Anna E Savage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013
| | - Grace V DiRenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Penny Langhammer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Karen R Lips
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Geng Y, Wang H, Lu C, Li Q, Xu B, Jiang J, Wu C. Expression of costimulatory molecules B7-H1, B7-H4 and Foxp3+ Tregs in gastric cancer and its clinical significance. Int J Clin Oncol 2014; 20:273-81. [PMID: 24804867 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-014-0701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune escape plays an important role in tumor progression. In the present study, the expression of B7-H1, B7-H4 and Foxp3 involved in immune escape in gastric carcinoma was investigated and the corresponding clinical significance was evaluated. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of B7-H1, B7-H4 and Foxp3 in 100 gastric cancer specimens, and 30 paracarcinoma tissues were used as the control. RESULTS Both B7-H1 and B7-H4 showed high expression levels in gastric cancer tissues (65.0 and 71.0 %, respectively), and the expressions of B7-H1 and B7-H4 were positively correlated with the depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage (P < 0.05). The number of Foxp3(+) Tregs was much higher in gastric cancer tissues than control tissues, which was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Similarly, a positive correlation between B7-H1 or B7-H4 expression and the number of Foxp3(+) Tregs was observed. The median overall survival rate of patients with high expression of B7-H1, B7-H4 and Foxp3 was significantly poorer than that of patients with low expression of these proteins (P < 0.05). Cox regression multivariate analysis confirmed that lymph node metastasis, AJCC stage, and B7-H1 and Foxp3 overexpression were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION B7-H1, B7-H4 and Foxp3 were overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues. B7-H1 and Foxp3 are negative prognostic factors for patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Geng
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Chaudhary B, Abd Al Samid M, al-Ramadi BK, Elkord E. Phenotypic alterations, clinical impact and therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells in cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:931-45. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.900539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pozo-Balado MM, Martínez-Bonet M, Rosado I, Ruiz-Mateos E, Méndez-Lagares G, Rodríguez-Méndez MM, Vidal F, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Pacheco YM, Leal M. Maraviroc reduces the regulatory T-cell frequency in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected subjects. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:890-8. [PMID: 24652492 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maraviroc is the first antiretroviral (ART) drug to target a human protein, the CCR5 coreceptor; however, the mechanisms of maraviroc-associated immunomodulation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects remain to be elucidated. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in HIV-associated immunopathology and are susceptible to maraviroc-mediated CCR5 blockade. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of maraviroc on Tregs. METHODS We compared the effect of maraviroc-containing or -sparing combination ART (cART) on Tregs in ART-naive, HIV-infected subjects. Tregs were characterized as CD4(+)CD25(hi)FoxP3(+) on day 0, 8, and 30. Additional analysis on week 48 was performed in a subgroup of patients. The potential reduction in the frequency of Tregs among maraviroc-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was also tested in vitro. The suppressive function of Tregs was also analyzed in maraviroc-treated Tregs. RESULTS We found that maraviroc significantly reduced the Treg frequency in both the short term and 1 year after treatment initiation. In vitro experiments showed a dose-dependent reduction in the Treg frequency after treatment of PBMCs with maraviroc, although their in vitro suppressive function was not altered. CONCLUSIONS These findings partially explain maraviroc-associated immunomodulatory effects and open new therapeutic expectations for the development of Treg-depleting immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mar Pozo-Balado
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Marta Martínez-Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac Rosado
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Gema Méndez-Lagares
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis
| | - María Mar Rodríguez-Méndez
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Francisco Vidal
- Infectious Diseases and HIV/AIDS Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda María Pacheco
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
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Priceman SJ, Shen S, Wang L, Deng J, Yue C, Kujawski M, Yu H. S1PR1 is crucial for accumulation of regulatory T cells in tumors via STAT3. Cell Rep 2014; 6:992-999. [PMID: 24630990 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
S1PR1 signaling has been shown to restrain the number and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the periphery under physiological conditions and in colitis models, but its role in regulating tumor-associated T cells is unknown. Here, we show that S1PR1 signaling in T cells drives Treg accumulation in tumors, limits CD8(+) T cell recruitment and activation, and promotes tumor growth. T-cell-intrinsic S1PR1 affects Treg cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, as demonstrated by adoptive transfer models and transient pharmacological S1PR1 modulation. An increase in S1PR1 in CD4(+) T cells promotes STAT3 activation and JAK/STAT3-dependent Treg tumor migration, whereas STAT3 ablation in T cells diminishes tumor-associated Treg accumulation and tumor growth. Our study demonstrates a stark contrast between the consequences of S1PR1 signaling in Treg cells in the periphery versus tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul J Priceman
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Shudan Shen
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Chanyu Yue
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Maciej Kujawski
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Huen NY, Pang ALY, Tucker JA, Lee TL, Vergati M, Jochems C, Intrivici C, Cereda V, Chan WY, Rennert OM, Madan RA, Gulley JL, Schlom J, Tsang KY. Up-regulation of proliferative and migratory genes in regulatory T cells from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:373-82. [PMID: 23319273 PMCID: PMC3695702 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A higher frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with different types of solid tumors and hematological malignancies as compared to healthy donors. In prostate cancer patients, Tregs in PBMC have been shown to have increased suppressive function. Tumor-induced biological changes in Tregs may enable tumor cells to escape immunosurveillance. We performed genome-wide expression analyses comparing the expression levels of more than 38,500 genes in Tregs with similar suppressive activity, isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The differentially expressed genes in mCRPC Tregs are involved in cell cycle processes, cellular growth and proliferation, immune responses, hematological system development and function and the interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways. Studies revealed that the levels of expression of genes responsible for T-cell proliferation (C-FOS, C-JUN and DUSP1) and cellular migration (RGS1) were greater in Tregs from mCRPC patients as compared to values observed in healthy donors. Increased RGS1 expression in Tregs from mCRPC patients suggests a decrease in these Tregs' migratory ability. In addition, the higher frequency of CD4(+) CD25(high) CD127(-) Tregs in the peripheral blood of mCRPC patients may be the result of an increase in Treg proliferation capacity. Results also suggest that the alterations observed in gene expression profiles of Tregs in mCRPC patients may be part of the mechanism of tumor escape from host immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngar-Yee Huen
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan Lap-Yin Pang
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jo A. Tucker
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tin-Lap Lee
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matteo Vergati
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiara Intrivici
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vittore Cereda
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Owen M. Rennert
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ravi A. Madan
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L. Gulley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kwong Y. Tsang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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IRF-8 controls melanoma progression by regulating the cross talk between cancer and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. Neoplasia 2013; 14:1223-35. [PMID: 23308054 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8) is crucial for myeloid cell development and immune response and also acts as a tumor suppressor gene. Here, we analyzed the role of IRF-8 in the cross talk between melanoma cells and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. B16-F10 melanoma cells transplanted into IRF-8-deficient (IRF-8(-/-)) mice grow more rapidly, leading to higher numbers of lung metastasis, with respect to control animals. These events correlated with reduced dendritic cell and T cell infiltration, accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and a chemokine/chemokine receptor expression profile within the tumor microenvironment supporting tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Noticeably, primary tumors developing in IRF-8(-/-) mice displayed a clear-cut inhibition of IRF-8 expression in melanoma cells. Injection of the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine into melanoma-bearing IRF-8(-/-) animals induced intratumoral IRF-8 expression and resulted in the re-establishment of a chemokine/ chemokine receptor pattern favoring leukocyte infiltration and melanoma growth arrest. Importantly, intrinsic IRF-8 expression was progressively down-modulated during melanoma growth in mice and in human metastatic melanoma cells with respect to primary tumors. Lastly, IRF-8 expression in melanoma cells was directly modulated by soluble factors, among which interleukin-27 (IL-27), released by immune cells from tumor-bearing mice. Collectively, these results underscore a key role of IRF-8 in the cross talk between melanoma and immune cells, thus revealing its critical function within the tumor microenvironment in regulating melanoma progression and invasiveness.
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Mattiussi C. Can an engineer fix an immune system?--Rethinking theoretical biology. Acta Biotheor 2013; 61:223-58. [PMID: 23456507 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-013-9180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In an instant classic paper (Lazebnik, in Cancer Cell 2(3); 2002: 179-182) biologist Yuri Lazebnik deplores the poor effectiveness of the approach adopted by biologists to understand and "fix" biological systems. Lazebnik suggests that to remedy this state of things biologist should take inspiration from the approach used by engineers to design, understand, and troubleshoot technological systems. In the present paper I substantiate Lazebnik's analysis by concretely showing how to apply the engineering approach to biological problems. I use an actual example of electronic circuit troubleshooting to ground the thesis that, in engineering, the crucial phases of any non-trivial troubleshooting process are aimed at generating a mechanistic explanation of the functioning of the system, which makes extensive recourse to problem-driven qualitative reasoning possibly based on cognitive artifacts applied to systems that are known to have been designed for function. To show how to translate these findings into biological practice I consider a concrete example of biological model building and "troubleshooting", aimed at the identification of a "fix" for the human immune system in presence of progressing cancer, autoimmune disease, and transplant rejection. The result is a novel immune system model--the danger model with regulatory cells--and new, original hypotheses concerning the development, prophylaxis, and therapy of these unwanted biological processes. Based on the manifest efficacy of the proposed approach, I suggest a refocusing of the activity of theoretical biologists along the engineering-inspired lines illustrated in the paper.
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Wainwright DA, Dey M, Chang A, Lesniak MS. Targeting Tregs in Malignant Brain Cancer: Overcoming IDO. Front Immunol 2013; 4:116. [PMID: 23720663 PMCID: PMC3654236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmark features of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common adult primary brain tumor with a very dismal prognosis, is the accumulation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) segregate into two primary categories: thymus-derived natural Tregs (nTregs) that develop from the interaction between immature T cells and thymic epithelial stromal cells, and inducible Tregs (iTregs) that arise from the conversion of CD4+FoxP3− T cells into FoxP3 expressing cells. Normally, these Treg subsets complement one another’s actions by maintaining tolerance of self-antigens, thereby suppressing autoimmunity, while also enabling effective immune responses toward non-self-antigens, thus promoting infectious protection. However, Tregs have also been shown to be associated with the promotion of pathological outcomes, including cancer. In the setting of GBM, nTregs appear to be primary players that contribute to immunotherapeutic failure, ultimately leading to tumor progression. Several attempts have been made to therapeutically target these cells with variable levels of success. The blood brain barrier-crossing chemotherapeutics, temozolomide, and cyclophosphamide (CTX), vaccination against the Treg transcriptional regulator, FoxP3, as well as mAbs against Treg-associated cell surface molecules CD25, CTLA-4, and GITR are all different therapeutic approaches under investigation. Contributing to the poor success of past approaches is the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO), a tryptophan catabolizing enzyme overexpressed in GBM, and critically involved in regulating tumor-infiltrating Treg levels. Herein, we review the current literature on Tregs in brain cancer, providing a detailed phenotype, causative mechanisms involved in their pathogenesis, and strategies that have been used to target this population, therapeutically.
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Ng SP, Silverstone AE, Lai ZW, Zelikoff JT. Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke alters later-life antitumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity via possible changes in T-regulatory cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:1096-1110. [PMID: 24274151 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.839976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that maternal smoking increases the incidence in the progeny of certain childhood cancers. Our previous study in mice demonstrated the feasibility of such an association by demonstrating that prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) elevated the incidence of transplanted tumors and reduced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity in juvenile male offspring. The current study extends these findings by investigating the relationship between CS-induced CTL suppression and effects on regulators of effector T-cell activity, such as T-regulatory (Treg; CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+) cells and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Results here demonstrate that in utero exposure to CS, at a maternal particle concentration of 15 mg/m3 (4 h/d, 5 d/wk), significantly reduced ex vivo CTL activity of whole splenocytes (and isolated CD8+ cells) against tumor cells both before and after injection of prenatally exposed mice with EL4 lymphoma cells. In contrast, prenatal CS exposure significantly increased levels of thymic Treg cells in a time-dependent manner following tumor cell injection. In vitro production of TGF-β by splenocytes recovered from prenatally exposed, tumor-bearing mice was also altered. Neither prenatal CS exposure nor subsequent administration of EL4 cells exerted any marked effects on lymphoid organ weights, cellularity, or histologic profiles. Given that Treg cells and TGF-β suppress effector T-cell activities, these findings suggest possible immune mechanisms by which early exposure to CS reduces CTL tumoricidal activity during tumor cell development. Data suggest that children of smoking mothers may be less able to mount an appropriate adaptive immune response to tumors, thus increasing their risk for some cancers later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheung P Ng
- a E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , Haskell Global Centers for Heath & Environmental Sciences , Newark , Delaware , USA
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Savage PA, Malchow S, Leventhal DS. Basic principles of tumor-associated regulatory T cell biology. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:33-40. [PMID: 22999714 PMCID: PMC3534814 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the critical role of forkhead box (Fox)p3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the regulation of immunity and the enrichment of Tregs within many human tumors, several emerging therapeutic strategies for cancer involve the depletion or modulation of Tregs, with the aim of eliciting enhanced antitumor immune responses. Here, we review recent advances in understanding of the fundamental biology of Tregs, and discuss the implications of these findings for current models of tumor-associated Treg biology. In particular, we discuss the context-dependent functional diversity of Tregs, the developmental origins of these cells, and the nature of the antigens that they recognize within the tumor environment. In addition, we highlight critical areas of focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Savage
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Yang P, Li QJ, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Markowitz GJ, Ning S, Deng Y, Zhao J, Jiang S, Yuan Y, Wang HY, Cheng SQ, Xie D, Wang XF. TGF-β-miR-34a-CCL22 signaling-induced Treg cell recruitment promotes venous metastases of HBV-positive hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:291-303. [PMID: 22975373 PMCID: PMC3443566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is strongly correlated to a poor prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we uncovered a causative link between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and development of PVTT. Mechanistically, elevated TGF-β activity, associated with the persistent presence of HBV in the liver tissue, suppresses the expression of microRNA-34a, leading to enhanced production of chemokine CCL22, which recruits regulatory T (Treg) cells to facilitate immune escape. These findings strongly suggest that HBV infection and activity of the TGF-β-miR-34a-CCL22 axis serve as potent etiological factors to predispose HCC patients for the development of PVTT, possibly through the creation of an immune-subversive microenvironment to favor colonization of disseminated HCC cells in the portal venous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yuxiong Feng
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Geoffrey J. Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shanglei Ning
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yuezhen Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiangsha Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shu-Qun Cheng
- The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence to: Xiao-Fan Wang, Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Box 3813, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Tel.: +1-919-681-4861; Fax: +1-919-681-7152; or Dong Xie, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai20031, China. Fax: (86)-21-54920291;
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence to: Xiao-Fan Wang, Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Box 3813, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Tel.: +1-919-681-4861; Fax: +1-919-681-7152; or Dong Xie, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai20031, China. Fax: (86)-21-54920291;
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Trabanelli S, Ocadlíková D, Gulinelli S, Curti A, Salvestrini V, Vieira RDP, Idzko M, Di Virgilio F, Ferrari D, Lemoli RM. Extracellular ATP exerts opposite effects on activated and regulatory CD4+ T cells via purinergic P2 receptor activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1303-10. [PMID: 22753942 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that ATP inhibits or stimulates lymphoid cell proliferation depending on the cellular subset analyzed. In this study, we show that ATP exerts strikingly opposite effects on anti-CD3/CD28-activated and regulatory CD4(+) T cells (T(regs)), based on nucleotide concentration. We demonstrate that physiological concentrations of extracellular ATP (1-50 nM) do not affect activated CD4(+) T cells and T(regs). Conversely, higher ATP concentrations have a bimodal effect on activated CD4(+) T cells. Whereas 250 nM ATP stimulates proliferation, cytokine release, expression of adhesion molecules, and adhesion, 1 mM ATP induces apoptosis and inhibits activated CD4(+) T cell functions. The expression analysis and pharmacological profile of purinergic P2 receptors for extracellular nucleotides suggest that activated CD4(+) T cells are induced to apoptosis via the upregulation and engagement of P2X7R and P2X4R. On the contrary, 1 mM ATP enhances proliferation, adhesion, migration, via P2Y2R activation, and immunosuppressive ability of T(regs). Similar results were obtained when activated CD4(+) T cells and T(regs) were exposed to ATP released by necrotized leukemic cells. Taken together, our results show that different concentrations of extracellular ATP modulate CD4(+) T cells according to their activated/regulatory status. Because extracellular ATP concentration highly increases in fast-growing tumors or hyperinflamed tissues, the manipulation of purinergic signaling might represent a new therapeutic target to shift the balance between activated CD4(+) T cells and T(regs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trabanelli
- Department of Hematology and Oncological Sciences L. & A. Seràgnoli, University of Bologna, 9-40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Regulatory T cells in human ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:345164. [PMID: 22481922 PMCID: PMC3306929 DOI: 10.1155/2012/345164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple layers of suppressive components including regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells, suppressive antigen-presenting cells, and inhibitory cytokines form suppressive networks in the ovarian cancer microenvironment. It has been demonstrated that as a major suppressive element, T(Reg) cells infiltrate tumor, interact with several types of immune cells, and mediate immune suppression through different molecular and cellular mechanisms. In this paper, we focus on human ovarian cancer and will discuss the nature of T(Reg) cells including their subsets, trafficking, expansion, and function. We will briefly review the development of manipulation of T(Reg) cells in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Melve GK, Ersvssr E, Kittang AO, Bruserud O. The chemokine system in allogeneic stem-cell transplantation: a possible therapeutic target? Expert Rev Hematol 2012; 4:563-76. [PMID: 21939423 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.11.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Further improvements in allogeneic stem-cell transplantation will probably depend on a better balance between immunosuppression to control graft-versus-host disease and immunological reconstitution sufficient to ensure engraftment, reduction of infection-related mortality and maintenance of post-transplant antileukemic immune reactivity. The chemokine network is an important part of the immune system, and, in addition, CXCL12/CXCR4 seem to be essential for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced stem-cell mobilization. Partial ex vivo graft T-cell depletion based on the expression of specific chemokine receptors involved in T-cell recruitment to graft-versus-host disease target organs may also become a future therapeutic strategy; an alternative approach could be pharmacological inhibition (single-receptor inhibitors or dual-receptor inhibitors) in vivo of specific chemokine receptors involved in this T-cell recruitment. Future clinical studies should therefore be based on a better characterization of various immunocompetent cells, including their chemokine receptor profile, both in the allografts and during post-transplant reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Kristin Melve
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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