51
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Jin J, Sun Z, Yang F, Tang L, Chen W, Guan X. miR-19b-3p inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation and reverses saracatinib-resistance by regulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 645:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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52
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Lee HJ, Pham PC, Hyun SY, Baek B, Kim B, Kim Y, Min HY, Lee J, Lee HY. Development of a 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based dual IGF1R/Src inhibitor as a novel anticancer agent with minimal toxicity. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:50. [PMID: 29455661 PMCID: PMC5817804 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) and Src pathways are associated with the development and progression of numerous types of human cancer, and Src activation confers resistance to anti-IGF1R therapies. Hence, targeting both IGF1R and Src concurrently is one of the main challenges in combating resistance to the currently available anti-IGF1R-based anticancer therapies. However, the enhanced toxicity from this combinatorial treatment could be one of the main hurdles for this strategy, suggesting the necessity of developing a novel strategy for co-targeting IGF1R and Src to meet an urgent clinical need. METHODS We synthesized a series of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based dual IGF1R/Src inhibitors, selected LL28 as an active compound and evaluated its potential antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo using the MTT assay, colony formation assays, flow cytometric analysis, a tumor xenograft model, and the Kras G12D/+ -driven spontaneous lung tumorigenesis model. RESULTS LL28 markedly suppressed the activation of IGF1R and Src and significantly inhibited the viability of several NSCLC cell lines in vitro by inducing apoptosis. Administration of mice with LL28 significantly suppressed the growth of H1299 NSCLC xenograft tumors without overt toxicity and substantially reduced the multiplicity, volume, and load of lung tumors in the Kras G12D/+ -driven lung tumorigenesis model. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest the potential of LL28 as a novel anticancer drug candidate targeting both IGF1R and Src, providing a new avenue to efficient anticancer therapies. Further investigation is warranted in advanced preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jin Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Chi Pham
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeob Hyun
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungyeob Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunha Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Min
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Perez M, Lucena-Cacace A, Marín-Gómez LM, Padillo-Ruiz J, Robles-Frias MJ, Saez C, Garcia-Carbonero R, Carnero A. Dasatinib, a Src inhibitor, sensitizes liver metastatic colorectal carcinoma to oxaliplatin in tumors with high levels of phospho-Src. Oncotarget 2018; 7:33111-24. [PMID: 27105527 PMCID: PMC5078079 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of new antineoplastic agents for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidines remain the most commonly employed drugs for the treatment of both early and advanced disease. Intrinsic or acquired resistance is, however, an important limitation to pharmacological therapy, and the development of chemosensitization strategies constitute a major goal with important clinical implications. In the present work, we determined that high levels of activated Src kinase, measured as phospho-Src at the Tyr419 residue in CRC cell lines, can promote colorectal carcinoma cell resistance to oxaliplatin, but not to 5-fluorouracil (5FU), and that inhibition of this protein restores sensitivity to oxaliplatin. Similar results were observed with in vivo patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models that were orthotopically grown in murine livers. In PDX tumor lines derived from human CRC liver metastasis, dasatinib, a Src inhibitor, increases sensitivity to oxaliplatin only in tumors with high p-Src. However, dasatinib did not modify sensitivity to 5FU in any of the models. Our data suggest that chemoresistance induced by p-Src is specific to oxaliplatin, and that p-Src levels can be used to identify patients who may benefit from this combination therapy. These results are relevant for clinicians as they identify a novel biomarker of drug resistance that is suitable to pharmacological manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Perez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Marín-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,Department of General Surgery, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Padillo-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,Department of General Surgery, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Robles-Frias
- Department of Pathology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain.,Present address: HUVR-IBiS Biobank, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Saez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocio Garcia-Carbonero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain.,Present address: Department of Medical Oncology, 12 of October University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
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54
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Stefanucci A, Novellino E, Macedonio G, Dimmito MP, Mirzaie S, Caldas Cardoso F, Lewis R, Zádor F, Erdei AI, Dvorácskó S, Tömböly C, Benyhe S, Pieretti S, Minosi P, Mollica A. Design, synthesis and biological profile of mixed opioid agonist/N-VGCC blocker peptides. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04969b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel mixed opioid agonist/N-VGCC blocker peptides, design, synthesis and biological profile.
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55
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Heusschen R, Muller J, Binsfeld M, Marty C, Plougonven E, Dubois S, Mahli N, Moermans K, Carmeliet G, Léonard A, Baron F, Beguin Y, Menu E, Cohen-Solal M, Caers J. SRC kinase inhibition with saracatinib limits the development of osteolytic bone disease in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30712-29. [PMID: 27095574 PMCID: PMC5058712 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM)-associated osteolytic bone disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in MM patients and the development of new therapeutic strategies is of great interest. The proto-oncogene SRC is an attractive target for such a strategy. In the current study, we investigated the effect of treatment with the SRC inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) on osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation and function, and on the development of MM and its associated bone disease in the 5TGM.1 and 5T2MM murine MM models. In vitro data showed an inhibitory effect of saracatinib on osteoclast differentiation, polarization and resorptive function. In osteoblasts, collagen deposition and matrix mineralization were affected by saracatinib. MM cell proliferation and tumor burden remained unaltered following saracatinib treatment and we could not detect any synergistic effects with drugs that are part of standard care in MM. We observed a marked reduction of bone loss after treatment of MM-bearing mice with saracatinib as reflected by a restoration of trabecular bone parameters to levels observed in naive control mice. Histomorphometric analyses support that this occurs through an inhibition of bone resorption. In conclusion, these data further establish SRC inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of MM-associated osteolytic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Heusschen
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joséphine Muller
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marilène Binsfeld
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Marty
- INSERM-UMR-1132, Hôpital Lariboisière and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Plougonven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, PEPs (Products, Environments, Processes), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sophie Dubois
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nadia Mahli
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Karen Moermans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angélique Léonard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, PEPs (Products, Environments, Processes), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Baron
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University and CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yves Beguin
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University and CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- INSERM-UMR-1132, Hôpital Lariboisière and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University and CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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56
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Zhang X, Cha IH, Kim KY. Highly preserved consensus gene modules in human papilloma virus 16 positive cervical cancer and head and neck cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114031-114040. [PMID: 29371966 PMCID: PMC5768383 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the consensus gene modules in head and neck cancer (HNC) and cervical cancer (CC). We used a publicly available gene expression dataset, GSE6791, which included 42 HNC, 14 normal head and neck, 20 CC and 8 normal cervical tissue samples. To exclude bias because of different human papilloma virus (HPV) types, we analyzed HPV16-positive samples only. We identified 3824 genes common to HNC and CC samples. Among these, 977 genes showed high connectivity and were used to construct consensus modules. We demonstrated eight consensus gene modules for HNC and CC using the dissimilarity measure and average linkage hierarchical clustering methods. These consensus modules included genes with significant biological functions, including ATP binding and extracellular exosome. Eigengen network analysis revealed the consensus modules were highly preserved with high connectivity. These findings demonstrate that HPV16-positive head and neck and cervical cancers share highly preserved consensus gene modules with common potentially therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China.,Oral Cancer Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Ho Cha
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Yeol Kim
- Dental Education Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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57
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The role of STAT3 in leading the crosstalk between human cancers and the immune system. Cancer Lett 2017; 415:117-128. [PMID: 29222039 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development and progression of human cancers are continuously and dynamically regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. As a converging point of multiple oncogenic pathways, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated both in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrated immune cells. Activated STAT3 persistently triggers tumor progression through direct regulation of oncogenic gene expression. Apart from its oncogenic role in regulating gene expression in tumor cells, STAT3 also paves the way for human cancer growth through immunosuppression. Activated STAT3 in immune cells results in inhibition of immune mediators and promotion of immunosuppressive factors. Therefore, STAT3 modulates the interaction between tumor cells and host immunity. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting STAT3 may enhance anti-cancer immune responses and rescue the suppressed immunologic microenvironment in tumors. Taken together, STAT3 has emerged as a promising target in cancer immunotherapy.
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58
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Raghavendra NM, Pingili D, Kadasi S, Mettu A, Prasad SVUM. Dual or multi-targeting inhibitors: The next generation anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1277-1300. [PMID: 29126724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dual-targeting/Multi-targeting of oncoproteins by a single drug molecule represents an efficient, logical and alternative approach to drug combinations. An increasing interest in this approach is indicated by a steady upsurge in the number of articles on targeting dual/multi proteins published in the last 5 years. Combining different inhibitors that destiny specific single target is the standard treatment for cancer. A new generation of dual or multi-targeting drugs is emerging, where a single chemical entity can act on multiple molecular targets. Dual/Multi-targeting agents are beneficial for solving limited efficiencies, poor safety and resistant profiles of an individual target. Designing dual/multi-target inhibitors with predefined biological profiles present a challenge. The latest advances in bioinformatic tools and the availability of detailed structural information of target proteins have shown a way of discovering multi-targeting molecules. This neoteric artifice that amalgamates the molecular docking of small molecules with protein-based common pharmacophore to design multi-targeting inhibitors is gaining great importance in anticancer drug discovery. Current review focus on the discoveries of dual targeting agents in cancer therapy using rational, computational, proteomic, bioinformatics and polypharmacological approach that enables the discovery and rational design of effective and safe multi-target anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nulgumnalli Manjunathaiah Raghavendra
- Center for Technological Development in Health, National Institute of Science and Technology on Innovation on Neglected Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Divya Pingili
- Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India; Department of Pharmacy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, India
| | - Sundeep Kadasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Akhila Mettu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - S V U M Prasad
- Department of Pharmacy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, India
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59
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Targeting epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in cancer: clinical and preclinical advances in therapy and monitoring. Biochem J 2017; 474:3269-3306. [PMID: 28931648 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), which describes the dynamic flux within the spectrum of phenotypic states that invasive carcinoma cells may reside, is being increasingly recognised for its role in cancer progression and therapy resistance. The myriad of events that are able to induce EMP, as well as the more recently characterised control loops, results in dynamic transitions of cancerous epithelial cells to more mesenchymal-like phenotypes through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as the reverse transition from mesenchymal phenotypes to an epithelial one. The significance of EMP, in its ability to drive local invasion, generate cancer stem cells and facilitate metastasis by the dissemination of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), highlights its importance as a targetable programme to combat cancer morbidity and mortality. The focus of this review is to consolidate the existing knowledge on the strategies currently in development to combat cancer progression via inhibition of specific facets of EMP. The prevalence of relapse due to therapy resistance and metastatic propensity that EMP endows should be considered when designing therapy regimes, and such therapies should synergise with existing chemotherapeutics to benefit efficacy. To further improve upon EMP-targeted therapies, it is imperative to devise monitoring strategies to assess the impact of such treatments on EMP-related phenomenon such as CTC burden, chemosensitivity/-resistance and micrometastasis in patients.
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60
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Li Y, Zhou W, Tang K, Chen X, Feng Z, Chen J. Silencing Aurora A leads to re-sensitization of breast cancer cells to Taxol through downregulation of SRC-mediated ERK and mTOR pathways. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2011-2022. [PMID: 28849180 PMCID: PMC5652950 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While Taxol has been reported to improve the clinical survival of breast cancer patients, subsequently developed drug-resistance of the cancer cells limits its final efficacy and applications. Previous studies suggested that Aurora A is involved in the development of the Taxol-resistance of breast cancer. We established Taxol-resistant breast cancer MCF-7/T cells and xenograft models to explore the role of Aurora A in Taxol resistant ER-positive breast cancer. Compared with their parental MCF-7/C cells, the Taxol-resistant MCF-7/T cells exhibited enhanced colony formation, less cell death and higher invasive ability. The resistant cells presented overexpressed Aurora A, elevated phosphorylated SRC and upregulated Ras/Raf/ERK and Akt/mTOR pathways. Silencing of Aurora A reduced the activity of SRC and downregulated the ERK and Akt/mTOR pathways, which led to re-sensitization of the resistant MCF-7/T cells to Taxol in vitro. These results suggested that the activation of Aurora A and the subsequent upregulation of ERK and Akt through SRC induced Taxol-resistance in breast cancer cells, and inhibiting Aurora A and the related SRC/EKT/Akt pathway could restore the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to Taxol. These results might shed light on the development of strategies to circumvent Taxol-related chemoresistance in breast cancer clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Nature Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Wanqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Nature Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ke Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Nature Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Nature Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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61
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Hara R, Onizuka M, Matsusita E, Kikkawa E, Nakamura Y, Matsushita H, Ohgiya D, Murayama H, Machida S, Ohmachi K, Shirasugi Y, Ogawa Y, Kawada H, Ando K. NKG2D gene polymorphisms are associated with disease control of chronic myeloid leukemia by dasatinib. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:666-674. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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62
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Jin L, Chun J, Pan C, Alesi GN, Li D, Magliocca KR, Kang Y, Chen ZG, Shin DM, Khuri FR, Fan J, Kang S. Phosphorylation-mediated activation of LDHA promotes cancer cell invasion and tumour metastasis. Oncogene 2017; 36:3797-3806. [PMID: 28218905 PMCID: PMC5501759 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastases remain the major cause of death from cancer. Recent molecular advances have highlighted the importance of metabolic alterations in cancer cells, including the Warburg effect that describes an increased glycolysis in cancer cells. However, how this altered metabolism contributes to tumour metastasis remains elusive. Here, we report that phosphorylation-induced activation of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), an enzyme that catalyses the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, promotes cancer cell invasion, anoikis resistance and tumour metastasis. We demonstrate that LDHA is phosphorylated at tyrosine 10 by upstream kinases, HER2 and Src. Targeting HER2 or Src attenuated LDH activity as well as invasive potential in head and neck cancer and breast cancer cells. Inhibition of LDH activity by small hairpin ribonucleic acid or expression of phospho-deficient LDHA Y10F sensitized the cancer cells to anoikis induction and resulted in attenuated cell invasion and elevated reactive oxygen species, whereas such phenotypes were reversed by its product lactate or antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that Y10 phosphorylation-mediated LDHA activity promotes cancer cell invasion and anoikis resistance through redox homeostasis. In addition, LDHA knockdown or LDHA Y10F rescue expression in human cancer cells resulted in decreased tumour metastasis in xenograft mice. Furthermore, LDHA phosphorylation at Y10 positively correlated with progression of metastatic breast cancer in clinical patient tumour samples. Our findings demonstrate that LDHA phosphorylation and activation provide pro-invasive, anti-anoikis and pro-metastatic advantages to cancer cells, suggesting that Y10 phosphorylation of LDHA may represent a promising therapeutic target and a prognostic marker for metastatic human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Chun
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Pan
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - GN Alesi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Li
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - KR Magliocca
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Y Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - ZG Chen
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - DM Shin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - FR Khuri
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Fan
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Kang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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63
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Voon DC, Huang RY, Jackson RA, Thiery JP. The EMT spectrum and therapeutic opportunities. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:878-891. [PMID: 28544151 PMCID: PMC5496500 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinomas are phenotypically arrayed along an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) spectrum, a developmental program currently exploited to understand the acquisition of drug resistance through a re‐routing of growth factor signaling. This review collates the current approaches employed in developing therapeutics against cancer‐associated EMT, and provides an assessment of their respective strengths and drawbacks. We reflect on the close relationship between EMT and chemoresistance against current targeted therapeutics, with a special focus on the epigenetic mechanisms that link these processes. This prompts the hypothesis that carcinoma‐associated EMT shares a common epigenetic pathway to cellular plasticity as somatic cell reprogramming during tissue repair and regeneration. Indeed, their striking resemblance suggests that EMT in carcinoma is a pathological adaptation of an intrinsic program of cellular plasticity that is crucial to tissue homeostasis. We thus propose a revised approach that targets the epigenetic mechanisms underlying pathogenic EMT to arrest cellular plasticity regardless of upstream cancer‐driving mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C Voon
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ruby Y Huang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rebecca A Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean P Thiery
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Inserm Unit 1186 Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,CNRS UMR 7057 Matter and Complex Systems, University Paris Denis Diderot, Paris, France
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64
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Roubaud G, Liaw BC, Oh WK, Mulholland DJ. Strategies to avoid treatment-induced lineage crisis in advanced prostate cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:269-283. [PMID: 27874061 PMCID: PMC5567685 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing potency of therapies that target the androgen receptor (AR) signalling axis has correlated with a rise in the proportion of patients with prostate cancer harbouring an adaptive phenotype, termed treatment-induced lineage crisis. This phenotype is characterized by features that include soft-tissue metastasis and/or resistance to standard anticancer therapies. Potent anticancer treatments might force cancer cells to evolve and develop alternative cell lineages that are resistant to primary therapies, a mechanism similar to the generation of multidrug- resistant microorganisms after continued antibiotic use. Herein, we assess the hypothesis that treatment-adapted phenotypes harbour reduced AR expression and/or activity, and acquire compensatory strategies for cell survival. We highlight the striking similarities between castration-resistant prostate cancer and triple-negative breast cancer, another poorly differentiated endocrine malignancy. Alternative treatment paradigms are needed to avoid therapy-induced resistance. Herein, we present a new clinical trial strategy designed to evaluate the potential of rapid drug cycling as an approach to delay the onset of resistance and treatment-induced lineage crisis in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Roubaud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Bobby C Liaw
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - William K Oh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - David J Mulholland
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
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65
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Abstract
The significant parallels between cell plasticity during embryonic development and carcinoma progression have helped us understand the importance of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human disease. Our expanding knowledge of EMT has led to a clarification of the EMT program as a set of multiple and dynamic transitional states between the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, as opposed to a process involving a single binary decision. EMT and its intermediate states have recently been identified as crucial drivers of organ fibrosis and tumor progression, although there is some need for caution when interpreting its contribution to metastatic colonization. Here, we discuss the current state-of-the-art and latest findings regarding the concept of cellular plasticity and heterogeneity in EMT. We raise some of the questions pending and identify the challenges faced in this fast-moving field.
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66
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Re-calculating! Navigating through the osteosarcoma treatment roadblock. Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:54-64. [PMID: 27940205 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The survival rates for patients with osteosarcoma have remained almost static for the past three decades. Current standard of care therapy includes chemotherapies such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, and methotrexate along with complete surgical resection and surgery with or without ifosfamide and etoposide for relapse, though outcomes are hoped to be improved through clinical trials. Additionally, increased understanding of the genetics, signaling pathways and microenvironmental factors driving the disease have led to the identification of promising agents and potential paths towards translation of an exciting array of novel targeted therapies. Here, we review the mechanism of action of these emerging therapies and how, with clinical translation, they can potentially improve the survival rates for osteosarcoma patients in the near future.
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67
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Li YH, Wang PP, Li XX, Yu CY, Yang H, Zhou J, Xue WW, Tan J, Zhu F. The Human Kinome Targeted by FDA Approved Multi-Target Drugs and Combination Products: A Comparative Study from the Drug-Target Interaction Network Perspective. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165737. [PMID: 27828998 PMCID: PMC5102354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human kinome is one of the most productive classes of drug target, and there is emerging necessity for treating complex diseases by means of polypharmacology (multi-target drugs and combination products). However, the advantages of the multi-target drugs and the combination products are still under debate. A comparative analysis between FDA approved multi-target drugs and combination products, targeting the human kinome, was conducted by mapping targets onto the phylogenetic tree of the human kinome. The approach of network medicine illustrating the drug-target interactions was applied to identify popular targets of multi-target drugs and combination products. As identified, the multi-target drugs tended to inhibit target pairs in the human kinome, especially the receptor tyrosine kinase family, while the combination products were able to against targets of distant homology relationship. This finding asked for choosing the combination products as a better solution for designing drugs aiming at targets of distant homology relationship. Moreover, sub-networks of drug-target interactions in specific disease were generated, and mechanisms shared by multi-target drugs and combination products were identified. In conclusion, this study performed an analysis between approved multi-target drugs and combination products against the human kinome, which could assist the discovery of next generation polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hong Li
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Pan Wang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Xu Li
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Yan Yu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wei Xue
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Institute of Bioinformation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, Innovative Drug Research Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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68
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Kim BH, Yi EH, Ye SK. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 as a therapeutic target for cancer and the tumor microenvironment. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1085-99. [PMID: 27515050 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a cytoplasmic transcription factor that modulates the transcription of a variety of genes to regulate important biological functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, angiogenesis, and immune response. Constitutive activation of STAT3 is important in oncogenic signaling and occurs at high frequency in human cancers, including diverse solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Moreover, it is associated with a poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment has recently been recognized as a key condition for cancer progression, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance by activation of STAT3 signaling. Therefore, understanding the biology associated with STAT3-mediated signaling cascades in the tumor microenvironment may offer the therapeutic potential to treat human cancers. This review presents an overview of the critical roles of STAT3 in the tumor microenvironment related to cancer biology and discusses recent advancements in the development of anticancer drugs that therapeutically inhibit STAT3 signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hak Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Neuro-Immune Information Storage Network Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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69
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Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Fotopoulos G, Tzanninis IG, Kotteas EA. The Emerging Role of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review. Cancer Invest 2016; 34:313-39. [PMID: 27486869 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2016.1206117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present systematic review summarizes current evidence regarding the mechanisms of action, the efficacy, and the adverse effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in ovarian cancer patients. Phase II and III clinical trials were sought in the PubMed database and in the Clinical Trials.gov registry through September 30, 2015. Seventy-five clinical trials regarding TKIs targeting mainly vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and sarcoma tyrosine kinase (Src) were yielded. The most promising results were noted with cediranib, nintedanib, and pazopanib. However, drawing universal conclusions about the potential integration of TKIs in ovarian cancer therapy remains elusive. Furthermore, emerging challenges and directions for the future research are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Fotopoulos
- a Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital , Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | | | - Elias A Kotteas
- a Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital , Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
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70
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Xiong J, Wu JS, Mao SS, Yu XN, Huang XX. Effect of saracatinib on pulmonary metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1483-90. [PMID: 27460949 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Src is involved in multiple processes of cancer metastasis; however, its significance in HCC is not well defined. In the present study, overexpression of Src phosphorylation (Y416) was observed in the highly metastatic MHCC97H cell line; additionally, through inhibition of Src kinase activation, HCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation were significantly reduced in vitro. Tumour growth was not affected in the orthotopic xenograft HCC model, but the metastasic potential was inhibited as revealed by reduced lung metastasic foci after administration of saracatinib. Phosphorylation level of Src pathway signalling molecules, such as Src, FAK and Stat3, were also reduced in vitro and in vivo, as a result of the anti-metastasic effects caused by saracatinib treatment. In conclusion, we demonstrated the pro-metastasic role of Src in HCC, and further experiments suggest the use of the Src inhibitor in combination with cytotoxic agents and other anticancer treatments to improve HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Sheng Wu
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Nonken Nada Hospital, Danzhou, Hainan 571700, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Haikou People's Hospital Affiliated to Central South University, Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou 570028, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Nan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Haikou People's Hospital Affiliated to Central South University, Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou 570028, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xi Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Haikou People's Hospital Affiliated to Central South University, Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou 570028, P.R. China
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71
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Miller RE, Brough R, Bajrami I, Williamson CT, McDade S, Campbell J, Kigozi A, Rafiq R, Pemberton H, Natrajan R, Joel J, Astley H, Mahoney C, Moore JD, Torrance C, Gordan JD, Webber JT, Levin RS, Shokat KM, Bandyopadhyay S, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. Synthetic Lethal Targeting of ARID1A-Mutant Ovarian Clear Cell Tumors with Dasatinib. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1472-84. [PMID: 27364904 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New targeted approaches to ovarian clear cell carcinomas (OCCC) are needed, given the limited treatment options in this disease and the poor response to standard chemotherapy. Using a series of high-throughput cell-based drug screens in OCCC tumor cell models, we have identified a synthetic lethal (SL) interaction between the kinase inhibitor dasatinib and a key driver in OCCC, ARID1A mutation. Imposing ARID1A deficiency upon a variety of human or mouse cells induced dasatinib sensitivity, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that this is a robust synthetic lethal interaction. The sensitivity of ARID1A-deficient cells to dasatinib was associated with G1-S cell-cycle arrest and was dependent upon both p21 and Rb. Using focused siRNA screens and kinase profiling, we showed that ARID1A-mutant OCCC tumor cells are addicted to the dasatinib target YES1. This suggests that dasatinib merits investigation for the treatment of patients with ARID1A-mutant OCCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1472-84. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan E Miller
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Brough
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilirjana Bajrami
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris T Williamson
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - James Campbell
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asha Kigozi
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rumana Rafiq
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Pemberton
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Natrajan
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Joel
- Horizon Discovery, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Astley
- Horizon Discovery, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Mahoney
- Horizon Discovery, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Torrance
- Horizon Discovery, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John D Gordan
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - James T Webber
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca S Levin
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sourav Bandyopadhyay
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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72
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Weir ME, Mann JE, Corwin T, Fulton ZW, Hao JM, Maniscalco JF, Kenney MC, Roman Roque KM, Chapdelaine EF, Stelzl U, Deming PB, Ballif BA, Hinkle KL. Novel autophosphorylation sites of Src family kinases regulate kinase activity and SH2 domain-binding capacity. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1042-52. [PMID: 27001024 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are critical players in normal and aberrant biological processes. While phosphorylation importantly regulates SFKs at two known tyrosines, large-scale phosphoproteomics have revealed four additional tyrosines commonly phosphorylated in SFKs. We found these novel tyrosines to be autophosphorylation sites. Mimicking phosphorylation at the C-terminal site to the activation loop decreased Fyn activity. Phosphomimetics and direct phosphorylation at the three SH2 domain sites increased Fyn activity while reducing phosphotyrosine-dependent interactions. While 68% of human SH2 domains exhibit conservation of at least one of these tyrosines, few have been found phosphorylated except when found in cis to a kinase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E Weir
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Mann
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Thomas Corwin
- Otto-Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zachary W Fulton
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Biology and Physical Education, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA
| | - Jennifer M Hao
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Marie C Kenney
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth F Chapdelaine
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Biology and Physical Education, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA
| | - Ulrich Stelzl
- Otto-Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula B Deming
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Karen L Hinkle
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Biology and Physical Education, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA
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73
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Leng AW, Li D, Chen L, Xia H, Tang Q, Chen B, Gong Q, Gao F, Bi F. Novel Bioluminescent Activatable Reporter for Src Tyrosine Kinase Activity in Living Mice. Theranostics 2016; 6:594-609. [PMID: 26941850 PMCID: PMC4775867 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Src kinase is implicated in the development of a variety of human malignancies. However, it is almost impossible to monitor Src activity in an in vivo setting with current biochemical techniques. To facilitate the noninvasive investigation of the activity of Src kinase both in vitro and in vivo, we developed a genetically engineered, activatable bioluminescent reporter using split-luciferase complementation. The bioluminescence of this reporter can be used as a surrogate for Src activity in real time. This hybrid luciferase reporter was constructed by sandwiching a Src-dependent conformationally responsive unit (SH2 domain-Srcpep) between the split luciferase fragments. The complementation bioluminescence of this reporter was dependent on the Src activity status. In our study, Src kinase activity in cultured cells and tumor xenografts was monitored quantitatively and dynamically in response to clinical small-molecular kinase inhibitors, dasatinib and saracatinib. This system was also applied for high-throughput screening of Src inhibitors against a kinase inhibitor library in living cells. These results provide unique insights into drug development and pharmacokinetics/phoarmocodynamics of therapeutic drugs targeting Src signaling pathway enabling the optimization of drug administration schedules for maximum benefit. Using both Firefly and Renilla luciferase imaging, we have successfully monitored Src tyrosine kinase activity and Akt serine/threonine kinase activity concurrently in one tumor xenograft. This dual luciferase reporter imaging system will be helpful in exploring the complex signaling networks in vivo. The strategies reported here can also be extended to study and image other important kinases and the cross-talks among them.
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74
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Improvement of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines pharmacokinetic properties: nanosystem approaches for drug delivery. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21509. [PMID: 26898318 PMCID: PMC4761914 DOI: 10.1038/srep21509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines are a class of compounds with a good activity against several cancer cell lines. Despite the promising anticancer activity, these molecules showed a poor aqueous solubility. This issue could threat the future development of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as clinical drug candidates. With the aim of improving their solubility profile and consequently their pharmacokinetic properties, we have chosen four compounds (1–4) on the base of their anti-neuroblastoma activity and we have developed albumin nanoparticles and liposomes for the selected candidates. Albumin nanoparticles and liposomes were prepared and characterized regarding size and ζ-potential distribution, polidispersity index, entrapment efficiency and activity against SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. The most promising nanosystem, namely LP-2, was chosen to perform further studies: confocal microscopy, stability and drug release in physiological conditions, and biodistribution. Altogether, the obtained data strongly indicate that the encapsulation of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines in liposomes represent an effective method to overcome the poor water solubility.
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75
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Furtek SL, Backos DS, Matheson CJ, Reigan P. Strategies and Approaches of Targeting STAT3 for Cancer Treatment. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:308-18. [PMID: 26730496 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes related to cell cycle, cell survival, and immune response associated with cancer progression and malignancy in a number of cancer types. Once activated, STAT3 forms a homodimer and translocates to the nucleus where it binds DNA promoting the translation of target genes associated with antiapoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion/migration. In normal cells, levels of activated STAT3 remain transient; however, STAT3 remains constitutively active in approximately 70% of human solid tumors. The pivotal role of STAT3 in tumor progression has promoted a campaign in drug discovery to identify small molecules that disrupt the function of STAT3. A range of approaches have been used to identify novel small molecule inhibitors of STAT3, including high-throughput screening of chemical libraries, computational-based virtual screening, and fragment-based design strategies. The most common approaches in targeting STAT3 activity are either via the inhibition of tyrosine kinases capable of phosphorylating and thereby activating STAT3 or by preventing the formation of functional STAT3 dimers through disruption of the SH2 domains. However, the targeting of the STAT3 DNA-binding domain and disruption of binding of STAT3 to its DNA promoter have not been thoroughly examined, mainly due to the lack of adequate assay systems. This review summarizes the development of STAT3 inhibitors organized by the approach used to inhibit STAT3, the current inhibitors of each class, and the assay systems used to evaluate STAT3 inhibition and offers an insight into future approaches for small molecule STAT3 inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffanie L. Furtek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Donald S. Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Christopher J. Matheson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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76
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Marcucci F, Stassi G, De Maria R. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: a new target in anticancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:311-25. [PMID: 26822829 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of cells with an epithelial phenotype into cells with a mesenchymal phenotype, referred to as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, is a critical process for embryonic development that also occurs in adult life, particularly during tumour progression. Tumour cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition acquire the capacity to disarm the body's antitumour defences, resist apoptosis and anticancer drugs, disseminate throughout the organism, and act as a reservoir that replenishes and expands the tumour cell population. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is therefore becoming a target of prime interest for anticancer therapy. Here, we discuss the screening and classification of compounds that affect epithelial-mesenchymal transition, highlight some compounds of particular interest, and address issues related to their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Scientific Directorate, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy. Present address: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Trentacoste 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 131, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Scientific Directorate, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Zhou X. How do kinases contribute to tonicity-dependent regulation of the transcription factor NFAT5? World J Nephrol 2016; 5:20-32. [PMID: 26788461 PMCID: PMC4707165 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v5.i1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NFAT5 plays a critical role in maintaining the renal functions. Its dis-regulation in the kidney leads to or is associated with certain renal diseases or disorders, most notably the urinary concentration defect. Hypertonicity, which the kidney medulla is normally exposed to, activates NFAT5 through phosphorylation of a signaling molecule or NFAT5 itself. Hypotonicity inhibits NFAT5 through a similar mechanism. More than a dozen of protein and lipid kinases have been identified to contribute to tonicity-dependent regulation of NFAT5. Hypertonicity activates NFAT5 by increasing its nuclear localization and transactivating activity in the early phase and protein abundance in the late phase. The known mechanism for inhibition of NFAT5 by hypotonicity is a decrease of nuclear NFAT5. The present article reviews the effect of each kinase on NFAT5 nuclear localization, transactivation and protein abundance, and the relationship among these kinases, if known. Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus suppress immune reactions by inhibiting the phosphatase calcineurin-dependent activation of NFAT1. It is hoped that this review would stimulate the interest to seek explanations from the NFAT5 regulatory pathways for certain clinical presentations and to explore novel therapeutic approaches based on the pathways. On the basic science front, this review raises two interesting questions. The first one is how these kinases can specifically signal to NFAT5 in the context of hypertonicity or hypotonicity, because they also regulate other cellular activities and even opposite activities in some cases. The second one is why these many kinases, some of which might have redundant functions, are needed to regulate NFAT5 activity. This review reiterates the concept of signaling through cooperation. Cells need these kinases working in a coordinated way to provide the signaling specificity that is lacking in the individual one. Redundancy in regulation of NFAT5 is a critical strategy for cells to maintain robustness against hypertonic or hypotonic stress.
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78
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Src inhibition blocks renal interstitial fibroblast activation and ameliorates renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 2016; 89:68-81. [PMID: 26444028 PMCID: PMC4824676 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increased Src activity has been associated with the pathogenesis of renal tumors and some glomerular diseases, but its role in renal interstitial fibrosis remains elusive. To evaluate this, cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F) were treated with PP1, a selective inhibitor of Src. This resulted in decreased expression of α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and collagen I in response to serum, angiotension II, or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Silencing Src with siRNA also inhibited expression of those proteins. Furthermore, inhibition of Src activity blocked renal fibroblast proliferation. In a murine model of renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction, the active form of Src (phopsho-Src Tyr416) was upregulated in both renal interstitial fibroblasts and renal tubular cells of the fibrotic kidney. Its inactivation reduced renal fibroblast activation and attenuated extracellular matrix protein deposition. Src inhibition also suppressed activation of TGF-β1 signaling, activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and STAT3, and reduced the number of renal epithelial cells arrested at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle after ureteral obstruction. Thus, Src is an important mediator of renal interstitial fibroblast activation and renal fibrosis, and suggest that Src is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of chronic renal fibrosis.
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79
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Abstract
The Abelson (ABL) tyrosine kinases were identified as drivers of leukemia in mice and humans. Emerging data has shown a role for the ABL family kinases, ABL1 and ABL2, in the progression of several solid tumors. This review will focus on recent reports of the involvement of the ABL kinases in tumor progression using mouse models as well as recent data generated from genomic and proteomic studies linking enhanced expression and hyper-activation of the ABL kinases to some human cancers. Preclinical studies on small molecule inhibitors of the ABL kinases suggest that their use may have beneficial effects for the treatment of selected solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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Jain S, Wang X, Chang CC, Ibarra-Drendall C, Wang H, Zhang Q, Brady SW, Li P, Zhao H, Dobbs J, Kyrish M, Tkaczyk TS, Ambrose A, Sistrunk C, Arun BK, Richards-Kortum R, Jia W, Seewaldt VL, Yu D. Src Inhibition Blocks c-Myc Translation and Glucose Metabolism to Prevent the Development of Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4863-75. [PMID: 26383165 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preventing breast cancer will require the development of targeted strategies that can effectively block disease progression. Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors are effective in addressing estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) breast cancer development, but estrogen receptor-negative (ER(-)) breast cancer remains an unmet challenge due to gaps in pathobiologic understanding. In this study, we used reverse-phase protein array to identify activation of Src kinase as an early signaling alteration in premalignant breast lesions of women who did not respond to tamoxifen, a widely used ER antagonist for hormonal therapy of breast cancer. Src kinase blockade with the small-molecule inhibitor saracatinib prevented the disorganized three-dimensional growth of ER(-) mammary epithelial cells in vitro and delayed the development of premalignant lesions and tumors in vivo in mouse models developing HER2(+) and ER(-) mammary tumors, extending tumor-free and overall survival. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Src blockade reduced glucose metabolism as a result of an inhibition in ERK1/2-MNK1-eIF4E-mediated cap-dependent translation of c-Myc and transcription of the glucose transporter GLUT1, thereby limiting energy available for cell growth. Taken together, our results provide a sound rationale to target Src pathways in premalignant breast lesions to limit the development of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Jain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chia-Chi Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Cancer Biology Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Hai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Samuel W Brady
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Cancer Biology Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica Dobbs
- Bioengineering Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Matt Kyrish
- Bioengineering Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Adrian Ambrose
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Banu K Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Wei Jia
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Monoa, Honolulu. Hawaii
| | | | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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81
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Torres-Ayuso P, Daza-Martín M, Martín-Pérez J, Ávila-Flores A, Mérida I. Diacylglycerol kinase α promotes 3D cancer cell growth and limits drug sensitivity through functional interaction with Src. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9710-26. [PMID: 25339152 PMCID: PMC4259432 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)α converts diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid. This lipid kinase sustains survival, migration and invasion of tumor cells, with no effect over untransformed cells, suggesting its potential as a cancer-specific target. Nonetheless the mechanisms that underlie DGKα specific contribution to cancer survival have not been elucidated. Using three-dimensional (3D) colon and breast cancer cell cultures, we demonstrate that DGKα upregulation is part of the transcriptional program that results in Src activation in these culture conditions. Pharmacological or genetic DGKα silencing impaired tumor growth in vivo confirming its function in malignant transformation. DGKα-mediated Src regulation contributed to limit the effect of Src inhibitors, and its transcriptional upregulation in response to PI3K/Akt inhibitors resulted in reduced toxicity. Src oncogenic properties and contribution to pharmacological resistance have been linked to its overactivation in cancer. DGKα participation in this central node helps to explain why its pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated targeting specifically alters tumor viability with no effect on untransformed cells. Our results identify DGKα-mediated stabilization of Src activation as an important mechanism in tumor growth, and suggest that targeting this enzyme, alone or in combination with other inhibitors in wide clinical use, could constitute a treatment strategy for aggressive forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Torres-Ayuso
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Daza-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Martín-Pérez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Ávila-Flores
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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82
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Koshikawa N, Hoshino D, Taniguchi H, Minegishi T, Tomari T, Nam SO, Aoki M, Sueta T, Nakagawa T, Miyamoto S, Nabeshima K, Weaver AM, Seiki M. Proteolysis of EphA2 Converts It from a Tumor Suppressor to an Oncoprotein. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3327-39. [PMID: 26130649 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases are considered candidate therapeutic targets in cancer, but they can exert opposing effects on cell growth. In the presence of its ligands, Eph receptor EphA2 suppresses signaling by other growth factor receptors, including ErbB, whereas ligand-independent activation of EphA2 augments ErbB signaling. To deploy EphA2-targeting drugs effectively in tumors, the anti-oncogenic ligand-dependent activation state of EphA2 must be discriminated from its oncogenic ligand-independent state. Because the molecular basis for the latter is little understood, we investigated how the activation state of EphA2 can be switched in tumor tissue. We found that ligand-binding domain of EphA2 is cleaved frequently by the membrane metalloproteinase MT1-MMP, a powerful modulator of the pericellular environment in tumor cells. EphA2 immunostaining revealed a significant loss of the N-terminal portion of EphA2 in areas of tumor tissue that expressed MT1-MMP. Moreover, EphA2 phosphorylation patterns that signify ligand-independent activation were observed specifically in these areas of tumor tissue. Mechanistic experiments revealed that processing of EphA2 by MT1-MMP promoted ErbB signaling, anchorage-independent growth, and cell migration. Conversely, expression of a proteolysis-resistant mutant of EphA2 prevented tumorigenesis and metastasis of human tumor xenografts in mice. Overall, our results showed how the proteolytic state of EphA2 in tumors determines its effector function and influences its status as a candidate biomarker for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Koshikawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hoshino
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Minegishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizo Tomari
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sung-Ouk Nam
- Department of Obstetrics, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikiko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sueta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Integrated Center for Advanced Medical Technologies, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
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83
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Reddy SM, Kopetz S, Morris J, Parikh N, Qiao W, Overman MJ, Fogelman D, Shureiqi I, Jacobs C, Malik Z, Jimenez CA, Wolff RA, Abbruzzese JL, Gallick G, Eng C. Phase II study of saracatinib (AZD0530) in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:977-84. [PMID: 26062928 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Src has a critical role in tumor cell migration and invasion. Increased Src activity has been shown to correlate with disease progression and poor prognosis, suggesting Src could serve as a therapeutic target for kinase inhibition. Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a novel selective oral Src kinase inhibitor. METHODS Metastatic colorectal cancer patients who had received one prior treatment and had measurable disease were enrolled in this phase 2 study. Saracatinib was administered at 175 mg by mouth daily for 28 day cycles until dose-limiting toxicity or progression as determined by staging every 2 cycles. The primary endpoint was improvement in 4 month progression-free survival. Design of Thall, Simon, and Estey was used to monitor proportion of patients that were progression free at 4 months. The trial was opened with plan to enroll maximum of 35 patients, with futility assessment every 10 patients. RESULTS A total of 10 patients were enrolled between January and November 2007. Further enrollment was stopped due to futility. Median progression-free survival was 7.9 weeks, with all 10 patients showing disease progression following radiographic imaging. Median overall survival was 13.5 months. All patients were deceased by time of analysis. Observed adverse events were notable for a higher than expected number of patients with grade 3 hypophosphatemia (n = 5). CONCLUSION Saracatinib is a novel oral Src kinase inhibitor that was well tolerated but failed to meet its primary endpoint of improvement in 4 month progression-free survival as a single agent in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Reddy
- Hematology-Oncology Fellow, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 463, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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84
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Schiff D, Sarkaria J. Dasatinib in recurrent glioblastoma: failure as a teacher. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:910-1. [PMID: 25964312 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Schiff
- University of Virginia Neuro-Oncology Center, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.S.)
| | - Jann Sarkaria
- University of Virginia Neuro-Oncology Center, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.S.)
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85
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A phase II study of saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src inhibitor, administered orally daily to patients with advanced thymic malignancies. Lung Cancer 2015; 89:57-60. [PMID: 26009269 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thymic malignancies are rare, and options are limited for metastatic disease. Src plays a role in normal thymic epithelial maturation, and its inhibition with the oral compound saracatinib was postulated to be effective in controlling thymic malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with unresectable thymic malignancy were treated with saracatinib 175mg by mouth daily in 28 days cycles with radiographic evaluation at cycle 2 day 1 for safety, then cycle 3 day 1 and every 8 weeks thereafter. Response was evaluated by RECIST 1.0. A two-stage optimal design was used, powered to detect a true response rate of 20%. RESULTS 21 patients were enrolled at two institutions, 12 of them with thymoma, 9 with thymic carcinoma. Thymoma patients received a median of 4.5 cycles and thymic carcinoma patients a median of 1 cycle. There were no responses, so accrual was halted after the first stage per protocol. 9 patients had stable disease beyond the first assessment. Median time to progression was 5.7 months for thymoma patients and 3.6 months for thymic carcinoma patients. Saracatinib was well tolerated. CONCLUSION Src inhibition by saracatinib did not produce any radiographic responses, though some patients did experience stable disease. Though negative, this study shows the feasibility of completing a trial in this rare disease, and of accruing reasonably significant numbers of thymic carcinoma patients. More clinical trials are required for this population (NCT00718809).
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86
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Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular events that contribute to prostate cancer progression has created opportunities to develop novel therapy strategies. It is now well established that c-Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, regulates a complex signaling network that drives the development of castrate-resistance and bone metastases, events that signal the lethal phenotype of advanced disease. Preclinical studies have established a role for c-Src and Src Family Kinases (SFKs) in proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and bone metabolism, thus implicating Src signaling in both epithelial and stromal mechanisms of disease progression. A number of small molecule inhibitors of SFK now exist, many of which have demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models and several that have been tested in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. These agents have demonstrated provocative clinic activity, particularly in modulating the bone microenvironment in a therapeutically favorable manner. Here, we review the discovery and basic biology of c-Src and further discuss the role of SFK inhibitors in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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87
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Roskoski R. Src protein-tyrosine kinase structure, mechanism, and small molecule inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2015; 94:9-25. [PMID: 25662515 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physiological Src proto-oncogene is a protein-tyrosine kinase that plays key roles in cell growth, division, migration, and survival signaling pathways. From the N- to C-terminus, Src contains a unique domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a protein-tyrosine kinase domain, and a regulatory tail. The chief phosphorylation sites of human Src include an activating pTyr419 that results from phosphorylation in the kinase domain by an adjacent Src molecule and an inhibitory pTyr530 in the regulatory tail that results from phosphorylation by C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) or Chk (Csk homologous kinase). The oncogenic Rous sarcoma viral protein lacks the equivalent of Tyr530 and is constitutively activated. Inactive Src is stabilized by SH2 and SH3 domains on the rear of the kinase domain where they form an immobilizing and inhibitory clamp. Protein kinases including Src contain hydrophobic regulatory and catalytic spines and collateral shell residues that are required to assemble the active enzyme. In the inactive enzyme, the regulatory spine contains a kink or a discontinuity with a structure that is incompatible with catalysis. The conversion of inactive to active Src is accompanied by electrostatic exchanges involving the breaking and making of distinct sets of kinase domain salt bridges and hydrogen bonds. Src-catalyzed protein phosphorylation requires the participation of two Mg(2+) ions. Although nearly all protein kinases possess a common K/E/D/D signature, each enzyme exhibits its unique variations of the protein-kinase reaction template. Bosutinib, dasatinib, and ponatinib are Src/multikinase inhibitors that are approved by the FDA for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and vandetanib is approved for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. The Src and BCR-Abl inhibitors saracatinib and AZD0424, along with the previous four drugs, are in clinical trials for a variety of solid tumors including breast and lung cancers. Both ATP and targeted therapeutic Src protein kinase inhibitors such as dasatinib and ponatinib make hydrophobic contacts with catalytic spine residues and form hydrogen bonds with hinge residues connecting the small and large kinase lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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88
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Zimmer AS, Steeg PS. Meaningful prevention of breast cancer metastasis: candidate therapeutics, preclinical validation, and clinical trial concerns. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:13-29. [PMID: 25412774 PMCID: PMC6545582 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of drugs to treat breast and other cancers proceeds through phase I dose finding, phase II efficacy, and phase III comparative studies in the metastatic setting, only then asking if metastasis can be prevented in adjuvant trials. Compounds without overt cytotoxic activity, such as those developed to inhibit metastatic colonization, will likely fail to shrink established lesions in the metastatic setting and never be tested in a metastasis prevention scenario where they were preclinically validated. We and others have proposed phase II primary and secondary metastasis prevention studies to address this need. Herein, we have asked whether preclinical metastasis prevention data agrees with the positive adjuvant setting trials. The data are limited but complimentary. We also review fundamental pathways involved in metastasis, including Src, integrins, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and fibrosis, for their clinical progress to date and potential for metastasis prevention. Issues of inadequate preclinical validation and clinical toxicity profiles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Zimmer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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89
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Moroco JA, Baumgartner MP, Rust HL, Choi HG, Hur W, Gray NS, Camacho CJ, Smithgall TE. A Discovery Strategy for Selective Inhibitors of c-Src in Complex with the Focal Adhesion Kinase SH3/SH2-binding Region. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 86:144-55. [PMID: 25376742 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The c-Src tyrosine kinase co-operates with the focal adhesion kinase to regulate cell adhesion and motility. Focal adhesion kinase engages the regulatory SH3 and SH2 domains of c-Src, resulting in localized kinase activation that contributes to tumor cell metastasis. Using assay conditions where c-Src kinase activity required binding to a tyrosine phosphopeptide based on the focal adhesion kinase SH3-SH2 docking sequence, we screened a kinase-biased library for selective inhibitors of the Src/focal adhesion kinase peptide complex versus c-Src alone. This approach identified an aminopyrimidinyl carbamate compound, WH-4-124-2, with nanomolar inhibitory potency and fivefold selectivity for c-Src when bound to the phospho-focal adhesion kinase peptide. Molecular docking studies indicate that WH-4-124-2 may preferentially inhibit the 'DFG-out' conformation of the kinase active site. These findings suggest that interaction of c-Src with focal adhesion kinase induces a unique kinase domain conformation amenable to selective inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Moroco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Matthew P Baumgartner
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Heather L Rust
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School , 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wooyoung Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School , 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School , 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos J Camacho
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
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90
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An S, Yang Y, Ward R, Liu Y, Guo XX, Xu TR. Raf-interactome in tuning the complexity and diversity of Raf function. FEBS J 2014; 282:32-53. [PMID: 25333451 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Raf kinases have been intensely studied subsequent to their discovery 30 years ago. The Ras-Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK/MAPK) signaling pathway is at the heart of the signaling networks that control many fundamental cellular processes and Raf kinases takes centre stage in the MAPK pathway, which is now appreciated to be one of the most common sources of the oncogenic mutations in cancer. The dependency of tumors on this pathway has been clearly demonstrated by targeting its key nodes; however, blockade of the central components of the MAPK pathway may have some unexpected side effects. Over recent years, the Raf-interactome or Raf-interacting proteins have emerged as promising targets for protein-directed cancer therapy. This review focuses on the diversity of Raf-interacting proteins and discusses the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate Raf function, as well as the implications of targeting Raf-interacting proteins in the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, China
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91
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Dasatinib (BMS-35482) interacts synergistically with docetaxel, gemcitabine, topotecan, and doxorubicin in ovarian cancer cells with high SRC pathway activation and protein expression. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24:218-25. [PMID: 24407585 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the activity of dasatinib in combination with docetaxel, gemcitabine, topotecan, and doxorubicin in ovarian cancer cells. METHODS Cells with previously determined SRC pathway and protein expression (SRC pathway/SRC protein IGROV1, both high; SKOV3, both low) were treated with dasatinib in combination with the cytotoxic agents. SRC and paxillin protein expression were determined pretreatment and posttreatment. Dose-response curves were constructed, and the combination index (CI) for drug interaction was calculated. RESULTS In the IGROV1 cells, dasatinib alone reduced phospho-SRC/total SRC 71% and p-paxillin/t-paxillin ratios 77%. Phospho-SRC (3%-33%; P = 0.002 to 0.04) and p-paxicillin (6%-19%; P = 0.01 to 0.05) levels were significantly reduced with dasatinib in combination with each cytotoxic agent. The combination of dasatinib and docetaxel, gemcitabine, or topotecan had a synergistic antiproliferative effect (CI, 0.49-0.68), whereas dasatinib combined with doxorubicin had an additive effect (CI, 1.08).In SKOV3 cells, dasatinib resulted in less pronounced reductions of phospho-SRC/total SRC (49%) and p-paxillin/t-paxillin (62%). Phospho-SRC (18%; P < 0.001) and p-paxillin levels (18%; P = 0.001; 9%; P = 0.007) were significantly decreased when dasatinib was combined with docetaxel and topotecan (p-paxillin only). Furthermore, dasatinib combined with the cytotoxics in the SKOV3 cells produced an antagonistic interaction on the proliferation of these cells (CI, 1.49-2.27). CONCLUSIONS Dasatinib in combination with relapse chemotherapeutic agents seems to interact in a synergistic or additive manner in cells with high SRC pathway activation and protein expression. Further evaluation of dasatinib in combination with chemotherapy in ovarian cancer animal models and exploration of the use of biomarkers to direct therapy are warranted.
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92
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Isakoff SJ, Wang D, Campone M, Calles A, Leip E, Turnbull K, Bardy-Bouxin N, Duvillié L, Calvo E. Bosutinib plus capecitabine for selected advanced solid tumours: results of a phase 1 dose-escalation study. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2058-66. [PMID: 25290090 PMCID: PMC4260032 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This phase 1 study evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and efficacy of bosutinib (competitive Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor) plus capecitabine. Methods: Patients with locally advanced/metastatic breast, pancreatic, or colorectal cancers; cholangiocarcinoma; or glioblastoma received bosutinib plus capecitabine at eight of nine possible dose combinations using an ‘up-down' design to determine the toxicity contour of the combination. Results: Among 32 enrolled patients, none of the 9 patients receiving MTD (bosutinib 300 mg once daily plus capecitabine 1000 mg m−2 twice daily) experienced dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Overall, 2 out of 31 (6%) evaluable patients experienced DLTs (grade 3 neurologic pain (n=1); grade 3 pruritus/rash and increased alanine aminotransferase (n=1)). Most common treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE), fatigue; most frequent grade 3/4 AEs: PPE, fatigue, and increased alanine/aspartate aminotransferase. Although diarrhoea was common, 91% of affected patients experienced maximum grade 1/2 events that resolved. Best overall confirmed partial response or stable disease >24 weeks (all tumour types) was observed in 6 and 13% of patients. Conclusions: In this population of patients with advanced solid tumours, bosutinib plus capecitabine demonstrated a safety profile similar to that previously reported for bosutinib or capecitabine monotherapy; limited efficacy was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Isakoff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - D Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trials Program, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - M Campone
- Institut de Cancerologie de l'Quest-Rene Gauducheau, Saint Herblain, Nantes Cedex 44805, France
| | - A Calles
- START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital Madrid Norte-Sanchinarro, C/Oña n°10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Leip
- Oncology Clinical Statistics, Pfizer Inc, 10 Fawcett Street, Suite 2013, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - K Turnbull
- Oncology Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc, 10 Fawcett Street, Suite 2013, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - N Bardy-Bouxin
- Oncology Late Phase Strategy Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 23-25 av du Dr Lannelongue, Paris 75668, France
| | - L Duvillié
- Oncology Clinical Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 23-25 av du Dr Lannelongue, Paris 75668, France
| | - E Calvo
- START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital Madrid Norte-Sanchinarro, C/Oña n°10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
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93
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Beck TN, Chikwem AJ, Solanki NR, Golemis EA. Bioinformatic approaches to augment study of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:699-724. [PMID: 25096367 PMCID: PMC4187119 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00062.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatic approaches are intended to provide systems level insight into the complex biological processes that underlie serious diseases such as cancer. In this review we describe current bioinformatic resources, and illustrate how they have been used to study a clinically important example: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and is often diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to limited therapeutic success. While EMT is essential during development and wound healing, pathological reactivation of this program by cancer cells contributes to metastasis and drug resistance, both major causes of death from lung cancer. Challenges of studying EMT include its transient nature, its molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity, and the complicated networks of rewired signaling cascades. Given the biology of lung cancer and the role of EMT, it is critical to better align the two in order to advance the impact of precision oncology. This task relies heavily on the application of bioinformatic resources. Besides summarizing recent work in this area, we use four EMT-associated genes, TGF-β (TGFB1), NEDD9/HEF1, β-catenin (CTNNB1) and E-cadherin (CDH1), as exemplars to demonstrate the current capacities and limitations of probing bioinformatic resources to inform hypothesis-driven studies with therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim N Beck
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Program in Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Adaeze J Chikwem
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Nehal R Solanki
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Program in Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
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94
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Paz H, Pathak N, Yang J. Invading one step at a time: the role of invadopodia in tumor metastasis. Oncogene 2014; 33:4193-202. [PMID: 24077283 PMCID: PMC3969876 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to degrade extracellular matrix is critical for tumor cells to invade and metastasize. Recent studies show that tumor cells use specialized actin-based membrane protrusions termed invadopodia to perform matrix degradation. Invadopodia provide an elegant way for tumor cells to precisely couple focal matrix degradation with directional movement. Here we discuss several key components and regulators of invadopodia that have been uniquely implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, we discuss existing and new therapeutic opportunities to target invadopodia for anti-metastasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helicia Paz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Navneeta Pathak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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95
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Wu J, Feng X, Zhang B, Li J, Xu X, Liu J, Wang X, Wang J, Tong X. Blocking the bFGF/STAT3 interaction through specific signaling pathways induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. J Neurooncol 2014; 120:33-41. [PMID: 25048528 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) demonstrates an intimate connection with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in malignant brain tumor cells. However, its mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we used inhibitors to block specific signaling pathways, including JAK, PI3K/Akt, and Src pathways, to explore how bFGF mediates crosstalk with STAT3 in two glioblastoma(GBM) cell lines: U251 (mutant p53) and U87 (wild-type p53). Furthermore, we explored how the bFGF/STAT3 pathway affects GBM cell apoptosis. Our results suggest that bFGF can induce the activation of STAT3 mainly through the JAK and PI3K/Akt pathways, and that siRNA-mediated knockdown of STAT3 markedly reduces the bFGF levels in U251 cells. Our results also suggest that STAT3 knockdown increases the expression of pro-apoptotic genes and decreases the expression of anti-apoptotic genes, subsequently collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potentials in vitro and impairs tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Src is considered a rising therapeutic target for the treatment of solid tumors, and Src family kinases (SFKs) participate in cancer cell proliferation and survival. The role of SFK suppression was investigated in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS Knockdown of the SFKs in pancreatic cancer cells was achieved by transfecting small interfering RNAs, and its effects were investigated using proliferation, wound, and invasion assays. RESULTS The SFK inhibitors suppressed proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in pancreatic cancer cells. The SFK messenger RNA profiles showed that Yes1, Lyn, Fyn, Frk, Hck, and Src were expressed. Specific small interfering RNA transfection suppressed the messenger RNA expressions of Yes1, Lyn, Fyn, Frk, and Src, and the knockdown suppressed cell proliferation by 16.7% to 47.3% in PANC-1 cells. Knockdown of any of these 5 SFKs suppressed proliferation in other pancreatic cancer cell lines by 3.0% to 40.5%. The knockdowns significantly reduced pancreatic cancer cell migration by 24.9% to 66.7% and completely inhibited invasion. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the knockdown of Yes1, Lyn, Fyn, Frk, or Src reduce human pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and that SFKs should be viewed as critical therapeutic targets of pancreatic cancer.
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97
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Zhong L, Fu XY, Zou C, Yang LL, Zhou S, Yang J, Tang Y, Cheng C, Li LL, Xiang R, Chen LJ, Chen YZ, Wei YQ, Yang SY. A preclinical evaluation of a novel multikinase inhibitor, SKLB-329, as a therapeutic agent against hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2972-83. [PMID: 24789676 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious life-threatening malignant disease of liver. Molecular targeted therapies are considered a promising strategy for the treatment of HCC. Sorafenib is the first, and so far the only targeted drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical therapy of HCC. Despite being effective in some HCC patients, some demerits of sorafenib in the treatment of HCC, such as modest survival benefits, and drug resistance, have also been reported, which highlights the unmet medical need among patients with HCC. Here, we report a novel multikinase inhibitor discovered by us, SKLB-329, which potently inhibits angiogenesis-related kinases including VEGFR1/2/3, and FGFR2, and the Src kinase. SKLB-329 significantly inhibited endothelial cell growth, migration, invasion and tube formation. It showed potent anti-angiogenic activity in a transgenic zebrafish model. Moreover, SKLB-329 could efficiently restrain the proliferation of HCC cells through down-regulation of Src-mediated FAK and Stat3 activity. In vivo, oral administration of SKLB-329 considerably suppressed the tumor growth in HCC xenograft models (HepG2 and SMMC7721) in a dose-dependent manner. In all of the in vitro and in vivo assays of this investigation, sorafenib was used as a positive control, and in most assays SKLB-329 exhibited a higher potency compared with the positive control. In addition, SKLB-329 also bears favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Collectively, the results of preclinical studies presented here demonstrate that SKLB-329 is a promising drug candidate for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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98
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Chang MY, Ong ACM. New treatments for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 76:524-35. [PMID: 23594398 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease and results from mutations in PKD1 or PKD2. Cyst initiation and expansion arise from a combination of abnormal cell proliferation, fluid secretion and extracellular matrix defects and results in kidney enlargement and interstitial fibrosis. Since its first description over 200 years ago, ADPKD has been considered an untreatable condition and its management is limited to blood pressure reduction and symptomatic treatment of disease complications. Results of the recently reported TEMPO 3/4 trial thus represent a paradigm shift in demonstrating for the first time that cystic disease and loss of renal function can be slowed in humans. In this paper, we review the major therapeutic strategies currently being explored in ADPKD including a range of novel approaches in preclinical models. It is anticipated that the clinical management of ADPKD will undergo a revolution in the next decade with the translation of new treatments into routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Chang
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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99
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Strickler JH, McCall S, Nixon AB, Brady JC, Pang H, Rushing C, Cohn A, Starodub A, Arrowood C, Haley S, Meadows KL, Morse MA, Uronis HE, Blobe GC, Hsu SD, Zafar SY, Hurwitz HI. Phase I study of dasatinib in combination with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab followed by an expanded cohort in previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:330-9. [PMID: 24173967 PMCID: PMC4108590 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dasatinib inhibits src family kinases and has anti-angiogenic properties. We conducted a phase I study of dasatinib, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab (CapeOx/bevacizumab), with an expansion cohort in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Patients were enrolled in a dose escalation cohort to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Using a "3 + 3" design, twelve patients with advanced solid tumors received dasatinib (50 mg twice daily or 70 mg daily), capecitabine (850 mg/m(2) twice daily, days 1-14), oxaliplatin (130 mg/m(2) on day 1) and bevacizumab (7.5 mg/kg on day1), every 3 weeks. Ten patients with previously untreated metastatic CRC were then enrolled in an expansion cohort. Activated src (src(act)) expression was measured by immunohistochemistry, using an antibody that selectively recognizes the active conformation of src (clone 28). RESULTS Twenty-two patients were enrolled between June 2009 and May 2011. Two DLTs were observed in the 50 mg bid dasatinib cohort, and one DLT was observed in the 70 mg daily dasatinib cohort. The MTD and RP2D for dasatinib was 70 mg daily. The most common treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (20; 91 %) and diarrhea (18; 82 %). Biomarker analysis of src(act) expression demonstrated that the overall response rate (ORR) was 75 % (6/8) for patients with high src(act) expression (IHC ≥ 2), compared to 0 % (0/8) for patients with low srcact expression (IHC 0 or 1); (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS The RP2D of dasatinib is 70 mg daily in combination with CapeOx/bevacizumab. High levels of srcact expression may predict those patients most likely to benefit from dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John C. Brady
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Herbert Pang
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Allen Cohn
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers Denver, CO, 80218, USA
| | - Alexander Starodub
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Indiana University Health Goshen Cancer Center, Goshen, IN, 46526, USA
| | | | - Sherri Haley
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - S. David Hsu
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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100
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Lowe DB, Bose A, Taylor JL, Tawbi H, Lin Y, Kirkwood JM, Storkus WJ. Dasatinib promotes the expansion of a therapeutically superior T-cell repertoire in response to dendritic cell vaccination against melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e27589. [PMID: 24734217 PMCID: PMC3984268 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dasatinib (DAS) is a potent inhibitor of the BCR-ABL, SRC, c-KIT, PDGFR, and ephrin tyrosine kinases that has demonstrated only modest clinical efficacy in melanoma patients. Given reports suggesting that DAS enhances T cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment, we analyzed whether therapy employing the combination of DAS plus dendritic cell (DC) vaccination would promote superior immunotherapeutic benefit against melanoma. Using a M05 (B16.OVA) melanoma mouse model, we observed that a 7-day course of orally-administered DAS (0.1 mg/day) combined with a DC-based vaccine (VAC) against the OVA257–264 peptide epitope more potently inhibited tumor growth and extended overall survival as compared with treatment with either single modality. The superior efficacy of the combinatorial treatment regimen included a reduction in hypoxic-signaling associated with reduced levels of immunosuppressive CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) populations in the melanoma microenvironment. Furthermore, DAS + VAC combined therapy upregulated expression of Type-1 T cell recruiting CXCR3 ligand chemokines in the tumor stroma correlating with activation and recruitment of Type-1, vaccine-induced CXCR3+CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and CD11c+ DC into the tumor microenvironment. The culmination of this bimodal approach was a profound “spreading” in the repertoire of tumor-associated antigens recognized by CD8+ TILs, in support of the therapeutic superiority of combined DAS + VAC immunotherapy in the melanoma setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B Lowe
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Anamika Bose
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jennifer L Taylor
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Hussein Tawbi
- Department of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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