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Peng Y, Chen J, Shao W, Wang F, Dai H, Cheng P, Xia J, Wang F, Huang R, Zhu Q, Qi Z. Xenoreactive CD4+ memory T cells resist inhibition by anti-CD44 mAb and reject islet grafts via a Th2-dependent pathway. Xenotransplantation 2012; 18:252-61. [PMID: 21848543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory T cells are a significant barrier to the induction of transplant tolerance. Our previous study demonstrated that multiple applications of anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody (mAb) could significantly inhibit CD4(+) memory T cells from mediating rejection of cardiac allografts. Now, we sought to explore the effect and mechanism of anti-CD44 mAb on the rejection of islet allografts and xenografts mediated by CD4(+) memory T cells. METHODS In this study, we first engrafted skin grafts of C57BL/6 (B6) mice or Dark Agouti (DA) rats onto BALB/c mice to induce donor-reactive memory T cells. We adoptively transferred purified CD4(+) memory T cells to BALB/c origin nude mice and then transplanted islet allografts and xenografts to produce the Allo-Tx and Xeno-Tx models, respectively. We subsequently administered multiple anti-CD44 mAb and observed changes in the survival times of the islet grafts. RESULTS In the Allo-Tx model, the mean survival time (MST) of the grafts was 7.7 days in the isotype group, and 20.3 days in the anti-CD44 group. In the Xeno-Tx model, the MST of the grafts was 7.2 days in the isotype group and 8.2 days in the anti-CD44 group. Compared with the isotype group, CD4(+) T cells on the grafts in the anti-CD44 group were significantly decreased in both the Allo-Tx and Xeno-Tx models, but the proportion of CD4(+) memory T cells in the spleens and draining lymph nodes of the recipient nude mice in the anti-CD44 group was significantly decreased in the Allo-Tx model, while it was increased in the Xeno-Tx model. The production of donor-specific IgG antibody in the anti-CD44 group did not vary in the Allo-Tx model, while it was markedly elevated in the Xeno-Tx model. Furthermore, the expression of interferon gamma in the anti-CD44 group was markedly decreased in both the Allo-Tx and Xeno-Tx models, while the expression of IL-4 in the anti-CD44 group was significantly increased only in the Xeno-Tx model. CONCLUSION Multiple applications of the anti-CD44 mAb could significantly inhibit donor-reactive CD4(+) memory T cells from rejecting grafts via a Th1-dependent pathway, but xenoreactive CD4(+) memory T cells can avoid the effects of anti-CD44 mAb to reject islet xenografts via a Th2-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Peng
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
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Shariff H, Greenlaw RE, Meader L, Gardner N, Yagita H, Coccia M, Mamode N, Jurcevic S. Role of the Fc region in CD70-specific antibody effects on cardiac transplant survival. Transplantation 2011; 92:1194-201. [PMID: 22089665 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182347ecd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the CD70-specific antibody and the mechanisms by which it extends transplant survival are not known. METHODS Fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched heterotopic heart transplantation (BALB/c to C57BL/6) was performed. Treated mice received intraperitoneal injections of wild-type (WT) CD70-specific antibody (FR70) or IgG1 or IgG2a chimeric antibodies on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 posttransplantation. RESULTS WT FR70 antibody significantly extended heart transplant survival to 19 days compared with untreated mice (median survival time [MST]=10 days). Graft survival using the nondepleting IgG1 antibody was significantly shorter (MST=14 days), whereas the survival using depleting IgG2a antibody (MST=18) was similar to that using WT FR70. The FR70 and IgG2a antibodies demonstrated a greater efficiency of fixing mouse complement over the IgG1 variant in vitro. CD4 and CD8 T-cell graft infiltration was reduced with treatment; however, this was most pronounced with WT FR70 and IgG2a antibody therapy compared with the IgG1 chimeric variant. Circulating donor-specific IgG alloantibodies were initially reduced with WT FR70 treatment (day 8 posttransplantation) but increased at days 15 and 20 posttransplantation to the level detected in untreated controls. CONCLUSION We conclude that WT (FR70) and the IgG2a depleting variant of CD70-specific antibody reduce graft infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T cells, transiently reduce serum alloantibody levels, and extend graft survival. In contrast, the nondepleting IgG1 variant of this antibody showed lower efficacy. These data suggest that a depleting mechanism of action and not merely costimulation blockade plays a substantial role in the therapeutic effects of CD70-specific antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Shariff
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Plater-Zyberk C, Lopes Estêvão DM, d'Argouges S, Haanstra KG, Kondova I, Vierboom M, Boehm T, Neef R, Vieser EM, Rattel B, Baeuerle PA, Jonker M. The interleukin-2 antagonizing antibody MT204 delays allogeneic skin graft rejection in non-human primates and is well tolerated. Transpl Immunol 2011; 25:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Combination of monoclonal antibodies with DST inhibits accelerated rejection mediated by memory T cells to induce long-lived heart allograft acceptance in mice. Immunol Lett 2011; 138:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dinavahi R, George A, Tretin A, Akalin E, Ames S, Bromberg JS, Deboccardo G, Dipaola N, Lerner SM, Mehrotra A, Murphy BT, Nadasdy T, Paz-Artal E, Salomon DR, Schröppel B, Sehgal V, Sachidanandam R, Heeger PS. Antibodies reactive to non-HLA antigens in transplant glomerulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:1168-78. [PMID: 21566057 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010111183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although T and B cell alloimmunity contribute to transplant injury, autoimmunity directed at kidney-expressed, non-HLA antigens may also participate. Because the specificity, prevalence, and importance of antibodies to non-HLA antigens in late allograft injury are poorly characterized, we used a protein microarray to compare antibody repertoires in pre- and post-transplant sera from several cohorts of patients with and without transplant glomerulopathy. Transplantation routinely induced changes in antibody repertoires, but we did not identify any de novo non-HLA antibodies common to patients with transplant glomerulopathy. The screening studies identified three reactivities present before transplantation that persisted after transplant and strongly associated with transplant glomerulopathy. ELISA confirmed that reactivity against peroxisomal-trans-2-enoyl-coA-reductase strongly associated with the development of transplant glomerulopathy in independent validation sets. In addition to providing insight into effects of transplantation on non-HLA antibody repertoires, these results suggest that pretransplant serum antibodies to peroxisomal-trans-2-enoyl-coA-reductase may predict prognosis in kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Dinavahi
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Snanoudj R, Zuber J, Legendre C. Co-stimulation blockade as a new strategy in kidney transplantation: benefits and limits. Drugs 2011; 70:2121-31. [PMID: 20964456 DOI: 10.2165/11538140-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New immunosuppressive drugs have greatly decreased the frequency of graft failure due to acute rejection but have had little impact on long-term graft survival. This is due, at least in part, to the broad non-immune effects of the current immunosuppressive drugs, which are involved in the death of patients and in chronic allograft dysfunction, particularly due to their nephrotoxicity. Recent progress in the development of biologicals, i.e. antibodies and fusion proteins, allows precise targeting of the immune system, preventing the non-immune side effects encountered with current protocols. In particular, targeting of the two most important co-stimulation pathways critical for T-cell activation, i.e. B7/CD28 and CD40/CD40L, has provided excellent results in many experimental models of organ transplantation. This has led to the clinical development of belatacept, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig) fusion protein, which has proved to be efficient in preventing acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients. Its use is associated with improved renal function and a better metabolic profile than calcineurin inhibitors. However, because belatacept does not selectively target alloreactive T lymphocytes and must be combined with classical immunosuppressive drugs, infectious and neoplastic complications may occur, particularly post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. We also address the current development of molecules targeting other co-stimulatory pathways (CD40/CD40L, leukocyte function-associated antigen [LFA]-1/intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM], CD2/LFA-3). Many unresolved issues regarding the use of co-stimulation blocking agents are also discussed, e.g. their long half-life, which can be problematic in cases of serious adverse events, their long-term safety and efficacy, and the lack of monitoring tools to allow modulation of their use over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Snanoudj
- Service de Transplantation Rénale Adulte, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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The significance of non-T-cell pathways in graft rejection: implications for transplant tolerance. Transplantation 2011; 90:1043-7. [PMID: 20686444 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181efcfe9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Both innate and adaptive immune cells are actively involved in the initiation and destruction of allotransplants, and there is a true need now to look beyond T cells in the allograft response, examining various non-T-cell types in transplant models and how such cell types interact with T cells in determining the fate of an allograft. Studies in this area may lead to further improvement in transplant outcomes.
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Wang F, Chen J, Shao W, Kang X, Xu S, Xia J, Dai H, Peng Y, Thorlacius H, Xing J, Qi Z. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) of the Secondary Transplant Tissue Donor Influences the Cross-Reactivity of Alloreactive Memory Cells. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:190-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Badell IR, Russell MC, Thompson PW, Turner AP, Weaver TA, Robertson JM, Avila JG, Cano JA, Johnson BE, Song M, Leopardi FV, Swygert S, Strobert EA, Ford ML, Kirk AD, Larsen CP. LFA-1-specific therapy prolongs allograft survival in rhesus macaques. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:4520-31. [PMID: 21099108 DOI: 10.1172/jci43895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Outcomes in transplantation have been limited by suboptimal long-term graft survival and toxicities associated with current immunosuppressive approaches. T cell costimulation blockade has shown promise as an alternative strategy to avoid the side effects of conventional immunosuppressive therapies, but targeting CD28-mediated costimulation alone has proven insufficient to prevent graft rejection in primates. Donor-specific memory T (TM) cells have been implicated in costimulation blockade-resistant transplant rejection, due to their enhanced effector function and decreased reliance on costimulatory signaling. Thus, we have tested a potential strategy to overcome TM cell-driven rejection by targeting molecules preferentially expressed on these cells, such as the adhesion molecule lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1). Here, we show that short-term treatment (i.e., induction therapy) with the LFA-1-specific antibody TS-1/22 in combination with either basiliximab (an IL-2Rα-specific mAb) and sirolimus (a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor) or belatacept (a high-affinity variant of the CD28 costimulation-blocker CTLA4Ig) prolonged islet allograft survival in nonhuman primates relative to control treatments. Moreover, TS-1/22 masked LFA-1 on TM cells in vivo and inhibited the generation of alloproliferative and cytokine-producing effector T cells that expressed high levels of LFA-1 in vitro. These results support the use of LFA-1-specific induction therapy to neutralize costimulation blockade-resistant populations of T cells and further evaluation of LFA-1-specific therapeutics for use in transplantation.
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Structure and function of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010; 15:499-504. [PMID: 20613521 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32833bfb33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules control the repertoire and function of CD8 T cells and NK cells, and both cell types are involved in transplant rejection. Understanding the regulatory role of MHC class I molecules is important in the design of better therapies. This review article focuses on molecular aspects of alloreactive recognition of MHC class I molecules by CD8 T cells and NK cells and on the functional activities of CD8 T cells and NK cells in transplant rejection and tolerance. RECENT FINDINGS Recent T cell receptor (TCR)-peptide-MHC class I crystal structures and structural and functional analyses of MHC class I interactions with NK cell inhibitory receptors have revealed new insights into molecular aspects of allorecognition of MHC class I molecules by CD8 T cells and NK cells. In functional studies, CD8 T cells and NK cells have been shown to have conditional and model-dependent roles in allograft rejection. NK cells have also been shown to have an unexpected role in tolerance induction in the transplantation setting. SUMMARY Both CD8 and NK cells play diverse roles in graft rejection and tolerance induction. Further understanding of molecular interactions between MHC class I molecules and TCRs or NK receptors is important and highly relevant to transplantation.
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Perico N, Casiraghi F, Introna M, Gotti E, Todeschini M, Cavinato RA, Capelli C, Rambaldi A, Cassis P, Rizzo P, Cortinovis M, Marasà M, Golay J, Noris M, Remuzzi G. Autologous mesenchymal stromal cells and kidney transplantation: a pilot study of safety and clinical feasibility. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 6:412-22. [PMID: 20930086 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04950610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) abrogate alloimmune response in vitro, suggesting a novel cell-based approach in transplantation. Moving this concept toward clinical application in organ transplantation should be critically assessed. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS & MEASUREMENTS A safety and clinical feasibility study (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00752479) of autologous MSC infusion was conducted in two recipients of kidneys from living-related donors. Patients were given T cell-depleting induction therapy and maintenance immunosuppression with cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil. On day 7 posttransplant, MSCs were administered intravenously. Clinical and immunomonitoring of MSC-treated patients was performed up to day 360 postsurgery. RESULTS Serum creatinine levels increased 7 to 14 days after cell infusion in both MSC-treated patients. A graft biopsy in patient 2 excluded acute graft rejection, but showed a focal inflammatory infiltrate, mostly granulocytes. In patient 1 protocol biopsy at 1-year posttransplant showed a normal graft. Both MSC-treated patients are in good health with stable graft function. A progressive increase of the percentage of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+CD127- Treg and a marked inhibition of memory CD45RO+RA-CD8+ T cell expansion were observed posttransplant. Patient T cells showed a profound reduction of CD8+ T cell activity. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study in the two patients show that MSC infusion in kidney transplant recipients is feasible, allows enlargement of Treg in the peripheral blood, and controls memory CD8+ T cell function. Future clinical trials with MSCs to look with the greatest care for unwanted side effects is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Perico
- Transplant Research Center Chiara Cucchi de Alessandri e Gilberto Crespi, Department of Immunology and Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Parco Scientifico Tecnologico Kilometro Rosso, via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
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Intermittent antibody-based combination therapy removes alloantibodies and achieves indefinite heart transplant survival in presensitized recipients. Transplantation 2010; 90:270-8. [PMID: 20571468 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181e228bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that primed/memory T cells play a critical role in heart transplant rejection. This contributes to the challenges faced in the transplant clinic because current treatments that are efficient in controlling naïve T cell alloresponses have limited efficacy on primed T cell responders. METHODS Fully MHC-mismatched heart transplantation was performed from BALB/c to C57BL/6 mice presensitized with BALB/c splenocytes 14 days pretransplantation. A combination therapy comprising CD70-, CD154-, and CD8-specific antibodies (Abs) was administered at day 0 and 4 posttransplantation with rapamycin on days 0 to 4. RESULTS The Ab combination therapy extended heart transplant survival in presensitized recipients from median survival time 8 days (MST) to MST 78 days. A decrease in the number of splenic interferon-gamma-secreting cells measured by ELISpot assay was seen in the treated group compared with the untreated controls. However, graft-infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells persisted despite treatment and the number of intragraft CD4+ T cells increased at day 30 posttransplantation. When an additional "rescue therapy" comprising the same Abs was readministered at days 30, 60, and 90 posttransplantation, T cell infiltration was reduced and indefinite graft survival was observed. Furthermore, rescue therapy resulted in gradual decrease in titer and, by day 90 posttransplantation, the complete loss of the preexisting, donor-specific Abs. CONCLUSION We conclude that our Ab combination therapy extends allograft survival in presensitized recipients. When combined with intermittent Ab-mediated rescue therapy, this results in indefinite allograft survival and a loss of the preexisting, donor-specific Abs from the circulation.
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Wang F, Chen J, Shao W, Xie B, Wang Y, Lan T, Thorlacius H, Qi Z. Anti-CD44 Monoclonal Antibody Inhibits Heart Transplant Rejection Mediated by Alloantigen-primed CD4+Memory T Cells in Nude Mice. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:807-19. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.497833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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64
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Xie B, Chen J, Wang F, Lan T, Wang Y, Xia J, Li Z, Xie Q, Huang R, Qi Z. Monoclonal antibody treatment to prolong the secondary cardiac allograft survival in alloantigen-primed mice. Scand J Immunol 2010; 71:345-52. [PMID: 20500685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that costimulation blockade using a combination of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) - CTLA4Ig, antibodies to CD154, LFA-1, and OX40L - can induce tolerance of cardiac allografts in mice with adoptively transferred CD4(+) memory T cells [1]. However, the effect of costimulatory blockade in secondary allograft rejection has not been studied. B6 mice that rejected BALB/c skin grafts for more than 4 weeks (defined as alloantigen-primed mice) were used as recipients. The recipient mice were treated with the mAbs to CD154, LFA-1, OX40L, and CD122 on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 after the secondary transplantation of BALB/c heart. The mean survival time (MST) of secondary cardiac allografts in rats treated with antibodies to CD154 and LFA-1 (2-antibodies approach) and those treated with antibodies to CD154, LFA-1, OX40L, and CD122 (4-antibodies approach) was greater than that of the controls (MST = 6.7 days, 22.2 days, and 3.2 days, respectively). The 4-antibodies approach prevented lymphocytic infiltration in the grafts, inhibited memory T-cells proliferation in the spleen, increased IL-10 secretion in the serum, and enhanced the expression of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in spleen. Expression levels of alloreactive antibodies were high in the recipient mice of experimental and control groups. Inhibiting the memory T cells by costimulation blockade extended allograft survival in secondary transplant models but could not induce tolerance of graft. Alloreactive antibodies may participate in alloresponse and play an important role in secondary cardiac allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Xie
- Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, PR China
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Lan T, Chen J, Xia J, Wang Y, Xie B, Wang F, Qi Z. Inhibition of Alloantigen-Primed Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells by Hematopoietic Chimerism in Mice. Scand J Immunol 2010; 72:86-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Isatis tinctoria L. combined with co-stimulatory molecules blockade prolongs survival of cardiac allografts in alloantigen-primed mice. Transpl Immunol 2010; 23:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yamaura K, Boenisch O, Watanabe T, Ueno T, Vanguri V, Yang J, Tanaka K, Guleria I, Borst J, Zhai Y, Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Najafian N. Differential requirement of CD27 costimulatory signaling for naïve versus alloantigen-primed effector/memory CD8+ T cells. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1210-20. [PMID: 20353477 PMCID: PMC2889922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) memory T cells endanger allograft survival by causing acute and chronic rejection and prevent tolerance induction. We explored the role of CD27:CD70 T-cell costimulatory pathway in alloreactive CD8(+)/CD4(+) T-cell activation. CD27-deficient (CD27(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) B6 mice rejected BALB/c cardiac allografts at similar tempo, with or without depletion of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that CD27 is not essential during primary T-cell alloimmune responses. To dissect the role of CD27 in primed effector and memory alloreactive T cells, CD27(-/-) or WT mice were challenged with BALB/c hearts either 10 or 40 days after sensitization with donor-type skin grafts. Compared to WT controls, allograft survival was prolonged in day 40- but not day 10-sensitized CD27(-/-) recipients. Improved allograft survival was accompanied by diminished secondary responsiveness of memory CD8(+) T cells, which resulted from deficiency in memory formation rather than their lack of secondary expansion. Chronic allograft vasculopathy and fibrosis were diminished in CD27(-/-) recipients of class I- but not class II-mismatched hearts as compared to WT controls. These data establish a novel role for CD27 as an important costimulatory molecule for alloreactive CD8(+) memory T cells in acute and chronic allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Yamaura
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - O. Boenisch
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - T. Watanabe
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - T. Ueno
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - V. Vanguri
- Immunology Research Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - K. Tanaka
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - I. Guleria
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. Borst
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y. Zhai
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J. W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - N. Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: Nader Najafian,
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloreactive T cells and anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies mediate transplant injury. Environmental exposures, including vaccinations, may activate the alloimmune repertoire leading to accelerated allograft injury. To test whether vaccination impacts human alloimmunity, we analyzed humoral and cellular immune reactivity in subjects undergoing influenza vaccination. METHODS We serially obtained blood samples from 30 healthy subjects and 8 kidney and 9 lung transplant recipients who received influenza vaccination, and from 20 healthy unvaccinated controls. We measured cellular and humoral anti-influenza responses, anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies, and alloreactive T-cell immunity (interferon-gamma ELISPOT) at 0, 2, 4, and 12 weeks after vaccination. RESULTS Vaccination induced influenza-reactive humoral and cellular responses in control subjects and in transplant recipients. Only two of 30 vaccinated volunteers developed new alloantibodies, but none of the transplant patients. Vaccination also specifically and significantly augmented cellular alloimmunity based on reactivity to a panel of stimulators in both healthy subjects and in transplant recipients within 4 weeks of vaccination. The enhanced cellular alloresponse waned toward prevaccine levels by week 12. CONCLUSION Our findings newly demonstrate that influenza vaccination can have a significant impact on the potency of the alloimmune repertoire. Because the strength of the alloresponse influences long-term graft function, our results suggest that further investigation of alloimmune monitoring after vaccination is needed.
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Weaver TA, Charafeddine AH, Agarwal A, Turner AP, Russell M, Leopardi FV, Kampen RL, Stempora L, Song M, Larsen CP, Kirk AD. Alefacept promotes co-stimulation blockade based allograft survival in nonhuman primates. Nat Med 2009; 15:746-9. [PMID: 19584865 PMCID: PMC2772128 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells promote allograft rejection particularly in co-stimulation blockade-based immunosuppressive regimens. Here we show that the CD2-specific fusion protein alefacept (lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3-Ig; LFA -3-Ig) selectively eliminates memory T cells and, when combined with a co-stimulation blockade-based regimen using cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)-Ig, a CD80- and CD86-specific fusion protein, prevents renal allograft rejection and alloantibody formation in nonhuman primates. These results support the immediate translation of a regimen for the prevention of allograft rejection without the use of calcineurin inhibitors, steroids or pan-T cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Weaver
- Transplantation Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Monti P, Heninger AK, Bonifacio E. Differentiation, expansion, and homeostasis of autoreactive T cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2009; 9:113-8. [PMID: 19323955 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-009-0020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and are considered a major target of immunomodulatory strategies aimed at preventing or delaying the disease onset. However, the T-cell response against insulin-producing beta cells is still poorly understood. T cells potentially able to recognize and destroy beta cells are present in most individuals, but only in a few do they differentiate into pathogenic effectors. Recent and novel findings in T-cell biology on the dynamics of T-cell activation and memory maintenance are shedding new light on the general mechanisms of the T-cell response. In this article, we discuss how new discoveries about T-cell differentiation, expansion, and homeostasis could help to clarify mechanisms of autoimmunity that lead to T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Monti
- Laboratory for Pre-clinical Approaches to Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the past few years, much effort has been focused on the identification of new pathways, new mechanisms, and new therapeutic targets in transplant models. Understanding of T-cell costimulatory molecules remains one of the highly contested areas of research. In this review, we will focus specifically on OX40, and summarize the latest developments on the role of OX40 in transplant models. RECENT FINDINGS OX40 regulates multiple aspects of the T-cell response; it delivers a potent costimulatory signal to T effector cells and plays a key role in their survival and proliferation. OX40 also supports the transition of activated T effector cells to memory T cells. Importantly, OX40 signaling inhibits the suppressor functions of forkhead box P3 T regulatory cells and also blocks the induction of new forkhead box P3 T regulatory cells from activated T effector cells. These new findings may have major clinical implications in the induction of transplant tolerance. SUMMARY The current belief is that tolerance to organ transplants involves the apoptotic deletion of T effector cells and the expansion of graft-protective T regulatory cells. Given our recent understanding of OX40, we believe that targeting the OX40 costimulation is therapeutically important in the induction of transplant tolerance.
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Xiao X, Kroemer A, Gao W, Ishii N, Demirci G, Li XC. OX40/OX40L costimulation affects induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in part by expanding memory T cells in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3193-201. [PMID: 18713990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OX40 is a member of the TNFR superfamily and has potent T cell costimulatory activities. OX40 also inhibits the induction of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) from T effector cells, but the precise mechanism of such inhibition remains unknown. In the present study, we found that CD4(+) T effector cells from OX40 ligand-transgenic (OX40Ltg) mice are highly resistant to TGF-beta mediated induction of Foxp3(+) Tregs, whereas wild-type B6 and OX40 knockout CD4(+) T effector cells can be readily converted to Foxp3(+) T cells. We also found that CD4(+) T effector cells from OX40Ltg mice are heterogeneous and contain a large population of CD44(high)CD62L(-) memory T cells. Analysis of purified OX40Ltg naive and memory CD4(+) T effector cells showed that memory CD4(+) T cells not only resist the induction of Foxp3(+) T cells but also actively suppress the conversion of naive CD4(+) T effector cells to Foxp3(+) Tregs. This suppression is mediated by the production of IFN-gamma by memory T cells but not by cell-cell contact and also involves the induction of T-bet. Importantly, memory CD4(+) T cells have a broad impact on the induction of Foxp3(+) Tregs regardless of their origins and Ag specificities. Our data suggest that one of the mechanisms by which OX40 inhibits the induction of Foxp3(+) Tregs is by inducing memory T cells in vivo. This finding may have important clinical implications in tolerance induction to transplanted tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- Harvard Medical School, Transplant Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wu Z, Wang Y, Gao F, Shen X, Zhai Y, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Critical role of CD4 help in CD154 blockade-resistant memory CD8 T cell activation and allograft rejection in sensitized recipients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1096-102. [PMID: 18606661 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allograft rejection in sensitized recipients remains the major problem in clinical organ transplantation. We have developed a donor-type skin-sensitized mouse cardiac allograft model (BALB/c-->C57BL/6) in which both rejection (<5 days) and alloreactive CD8 activation are resistant to CD154 blockade. First, we attempted to elucidate why CD154 blockade fails to protect cardiac grafts in sensitized recipients. The gene array analysis has revealed that treatment with anti-CD154 mAb (MR1) had distinctive impact on host immunity in naive vs sensitized animals. Unlike in naive counterparts, host sensitization mitigated the impact of CD154 blockade on critical immune signaling pathways. Indeed, we identified 3234 genes in cardiac grafts that were down-regulated by MR1 in naive (at least 5-fold), but remained unaffected in sensitized hosts. Moreover, MR1 treatment failed to prevent accumulation of CD4 T cells in cardiac allografts of sensitized recipients. Then, to determine the role of CD4 help in CD154 blockade-resistant immune response, we used CD4-depleting and CD4-blocking Ab, in conjunction with MR1 treatment. Our data revealed that CD154 blockade-resistant CD8 activation in sensitized mice was dependent on CD4 T cells. In the absence of CD4 help, CD154 blockade prevented differentiation of alloreactive CD8 T cells into CTL effector/memory cells and abrogated acute rejection (cardiac graft survival for >30 days), paralleled by selective target gene depression at the graft site. These results provide the rationale to probe potential synergy of adjunctive therapy targeting CD4 and CD154 to overcome graft rejection in sensitized recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Dumont-University of California Transplant Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Kroemer A, Xiao X, Degauque N, Edtinger K, Wei H, Demirci G, Li XC. The Innate NK Cells, Allograft Rejection, and a Key Role for IL-15. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7818-26. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Heeger
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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