51
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Reddy OL, Cates JM, Gellert LL, Crist HS, Yang Z, Yamashita H, Taylor JA, Smith JA, Chang SS, Cookson MS, You C, Barocas DA, Grabowska MM, Ye F, Wu XR, Yi Y, Matusik RJ, Kaestner KH, Clark PE, DeGraff DJ. Loss of FOXA1 Drives Sexually Dimorphic Changes in Urothelial Differentiation and Is an Independent Predictor of Poor Prognosis in Bladder Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 185:1385-95. [PMID: 25907831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously found loss of forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) expression to be associated with aggressive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, as well as increased tumor proliferation and invasion. These initial findings were substantiated by The Cancer Genome Atlas, which identified FOXA1 mutations in a subset of bladder cancers. However, the prognostic significance of FOXA1 inactivation and the effect of FOXA1 loss on urothelial differentiation remain unknown. Application of a univariate analysis (log-rank) and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model revealed that loss of FOXA1 expression is an independent predictor of decreased overall survival. An ubiquitin Cre-driven system ablating Foxa1 expression in urothelium of adult mice resulted in sex-specific histologic alterations, with male mice developing urothelial hyperplasia and female mice developing keratinizing squamous metaplasia. Microarray analysis confirmed these findings and revealed a significant increase in cytokeratin 14 expression in the urothelium of the female Foxa1 knockout mouse and an increase in the expression of a number of genes normally associated with keratinocyte differentiation. IHC confirmed increased cytokeratin 14 expression in female bladders and additionally revealed enrichment of cytokeratin 14-positive basal cells in the hyperplastic urothelial mucosa in male Foxa1 knockout mice. Analysis of human tumor specimens confirmed a significant relationship between loss of FOXA1 and increased cytokeratin 14 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opal L Reddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justin M Cates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lan L Gellert
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Henry S Crist
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhaohai Yang
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Hironobu Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John A Taylor
- Division of Urology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Joseph A Smith
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sam S Chang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael S Cookson
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Chaochen You
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel A Barocas
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Magdalena M Grabowska
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Manhattan, New York, New York
| | - Yajun Yi
- Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert J Matusik
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter E Clark
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Cancer Institute, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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52
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Alonso A, Pulido R. The extended human PTPome: a growing tyrosine phosphatase family. FEBS J 2015; 283:1404-29. [PMID: 26573778 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tyr phosphatases are, by definition, enzymes that dephosphorylate phospho-Tyr (pTyr) from proteins. This activity is found in several structurally diverse protein families, including the protein Tyr phosphatase (PTP), arsenate reductase, rhodanese, haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) and His phosphatase (HP) families. Most of these families include members with substrate specificity for non-pTyr substrates, such as phospho-Ser/phospho-Thr, phosphoinositides, phosphorylated carbohydrates, mRNAs, or inorganic moieties. A Cys is essential for catalysis in PTPs, rhodanese and arsenate reductase enzymes, whereas this work is performed by an Asp in HAD phosphatases and by a His in HPs, via a catalytic mechanism shared by all of the different families. The category that contains most Tyr phosphatases is the PTP family, which, although it received its name from this activity, includes Ser, Thr, inositide, carbohydrate and RNA phosphatases, as well as some inactive pseudophosphatase proteins. Here, we propose an extended collection of human Tyr phosphatases, which we call the extended human PTPome. The addition of new members (SACs, paladin, INPP4s, TMEM55s, SSU72, and acid phosphatases) to the currently categorized PTP group of enzymes means that the extended human PTPome contains up to 125 proteins, of which ~ 40 are selective for pTyr. We set criteria to ascribe proteins to the extended PTPome, and summarize the more important features of the new PTPome members in the context of their phosphatase activity and their relationship with human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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53
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Ide H, Miyamoto H. Steroid Hormone Receptor Signals as Prognosticators for Urothelial Tumor. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:840640. [PMID: 26770009 PMCID: PMC4685115 DOI: 10.1155/2015/840640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial amount of preclinical or clinical evidence suggesting that steroid hormone receptor-mediated signals play a critical role in urothelial tumorigenesis and tumor progression. These receptors include androgen receptor, estrogen receptors, glucocorticoid receptor, progesterone receptor, vitamin D receptor, retinoid receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and others including orphan receptors. In particular, studies using urothelial cancer tissue specimens have demonstrated that elevated or reduced expression of these receptors as well as alterations of their upstream or downstream pathways correlates with patient outcomes. This review summarizes and discusses available data suggesting that steroid hormone receptors and related signals serve as biomarkers for urothelial carcinoma and are able to predict tumor recurrence or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ide
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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54
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Androgen deprivation therapy prevents bladder cancer recurrence. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12665-74. [PMID: 25557268 PMCID: PMC4350350 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating preclinical evidence indicates the involvement of androgen receptor signals in bladder cancer (BC) development, its clinical relevance remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the predictive role of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in BC recurrence in prostate cancer (PC) patients. We retrospectively reviewed 20,328 patients with PC diagnosed during 1991–2013 and identified 239 (1.2%) men having primary BC. After excluding ineligible patients, 162 patients made up a final cohort. With a median follow-up of 62 months, 38 (50%) of 76 control patients without ADT experienced BC recurrence, while 19 (22%) of 86 did in ADT group. Thus, patients having received ADT for their PC showed a significantly lower risk of BC recurrence (5-year actuarial recurrence-free survival: 76% v 40%; P < 0.001) and also had a significantly smaller number of recurrence episodes (5-year cumulative recurrence: 0.44 v 1.54; P < 0.001), compared to the control patients. A multivariable analysis revealed ADT as an independent prognosticator (hazard ratio, 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.17–0.49) for BC recurrence. This is the first clinical study showing that ADT significantly reduces the risk of BC recurrence.
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Song W, Li L, He D, Xie H, Chen J, Yeh CR, Chang LSS, Yeh S, Chang C. Infiltrating neutrophils promote renal cell carcinoma (RCC) proliferation via modulating androgen receptor (AR) → c-Myc signals. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:71-78. [PMID: 26231735 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Early studies found critical roles for neutrophils in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression. However, detailed mechanisms of how infiltrating neutrophils in the kidney tumor microenvironment impact RCC progression remain unclear. Here we found more neutrophils were infiltrated in human RCC lesions than those found in surrounding normal kidney tissues. Similarly, in vitro studies also revealed that RCC cells recruited more neutrophil HL-60N cells than normal kidney epithelial cells. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments also showed that the infiltrated neutrophils could promote RCC cell growth. Mechanism studies showed that co-culture of RCC cells with neutrophil HL-60N cells could selectively upregulate the androgen receptor (AR) signals, which might then alter the c-Myc signals. Interruption approaches using AR-siRNA to knock down AR in RCC cells blocked neutrophil-enhanced RCC cell proliferation. In vivo data using an orthotopically xenografted RCC mouse model also confirmed that infiltrated neutrophils could promote RCC proliferation via modulating the expressions of related cytokines. Together, these results conclude that infiltrated neutrophils may function through modulating the AR → c-Myc signals to promote RCC cell proliferation. Targeting this newly identified infiltrating neutrophil → AR → c-Myc signal pathway in the kidney tumor microenvironment may provide a new potential therapy to better suppress RCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Song
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Dalin He
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hongjun Xie
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chiuan-Ren Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Luke Sien-Shih Chang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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The impact of female gender on bladder cancer-specific death risk after radical cystectomy: a meta-analysis of 27,912 patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:951-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-0980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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57
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McConkey DJ, Choi W, Ochoa A, Siefker-Radtke A, Czerniak B, Dinney CP. Therapeutic Opportunities in the Intrinsic Subtypes of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2015; 29:377-94, x-xi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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58
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Yeh CR, Hsu I, Song W, Chang H, Miyamoto H, Xiao GQ, Li L, Yeh S. Fibroblast ERα promotes bladder cancer invasion via increasing the CCL1 and IL-6 signals in the tumor microenvironment. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1146-1157. [PMID: 26045993 PMCID: PMC4449442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that women have a higher chance of developing muscle invasive bladder cancer (BCa) than men, suggesting that estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) may play critical roles in BCa progression. However, the ERs roles in the bladder tumor microenvironment and impacts on BCa progression remain largely unclear. Using IHC staining in human BCa samples, we found that higher ERα expression in the stromal compartment of BCa may be correlated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Results from cell line studies revealed that co-culturing with fibroblasts could promote BCa T24, UMUC3 and 5637 cells invasion. Importantly, addition of ERα in fibroblasts further enhanced the BCa cell invasion and knock-down of ERα in fibroblasts could then partially reduce the fibroblasts-enhanced BCa invasion. Mechanism dissection suggested that ERα could function through modulating the CCL cytokines expression in fibroblasts to increase the BCa IL-6 expression. An interruption approach using IL-6 neutralizing antibody then reversed the fibroblast ERα-enhanced BCa cell invasion. Together, these data suggest that the higher expression of ERα in fibroblasts may be the result of modulating the CCL1 expression in fibroblasts and/or IL-6 production in BCa cells to enhance BCa cells invasion. Targeting these individual molecules in this newly identified ERα-stimulated CCL1 and IL-6 signal pathways may become an alternative therapy to better suppress the BCa cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiuan-Ren Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Iawen Hsu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Wenbin Song
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hongchiang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Guang-Qian Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lei Li
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA
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