Latest development of liquid biopsy

Current and Future Trends on Diagnosis and Prognosis of Glioblastoma: From Molecular Biology to Proteomics

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive malignant tumor of the central nervous system. Due to the absence of effective pharmacological and surgical treatments, the identification of early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is of key importance to improve the survival rate of patients and to develop new personalized treatments. On these bases, the aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the application of molecular biology and proteomics techniques for the identification of novel biomarkers through the analysis of different biological samples obtained from glioblastoma patients, including DNA, microRNAs, proteins, small molecules, circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, etc. Both benefits and pitfalls of molecular biology and proteomics analyses are discussed, including the different mass spectrometry-based analytical techniques, highlighting how these investigation strategies are powerful tools to study the biology of glioblastoma, as well as to develop advanced methods for the management of this pathology.

The Prospect and Challenges to the Flow of Liquid Biopsy in Africa

Liquid biopsy technologies have the potential to transform cancer patient management as it offers non-invasive diagnosis and real-time monitoring of disease progression and treatment responses. The use of liquid biopsy for non-invasive cancer diagnosis can have pivotal importance for the African continent where access to medical infrastructures is limited, as it eliminates the need for surgical biopsies. To apply liquid biopsy technologies in the African setting, the influence of environmental and population genetic factors must be known. In this review, we discuss the use of circulating tumor cells, cell-free nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles, protein, and other biomolecules in liquid biopsy technology for cancer management with special focus on African studies. We discussed the prospect, barriers, and other aspects that pose challenges to the use of liquid biopsy in the African continent.

Maximum allele frequency observed in plasma: A potential indicator of liquid biopsy sensitivity

Personalized medicine is revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of cancer; however, for personalized medicine to be used accurately, patient information is essential to determine the appropriate diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. The detection of genomic mutations in liquid biopsy samples is a non-invasive method of characterizing the genotype of a tumor. However, next generation sequencing-based plasma genotyping only has a sensitivity of ~70%. Identifying potential indicators that may reflect the sensitivity of a liquid biopsy analysis could offer important information for its clinical application. In the present study, 47 pairs of patient-matched plasma and tumor tissue samples obtained from patients with advanced lung cancer were sequenced using a panel of 56 cancer-associated genes. The plasma maximum allele frequency (Max AF) was identified as a novel biomarker to indicate the sensitivity of plasma genotyping. Using the identified somatic mutations in patient tissue biopsy samples as a reference, the sensitivity of the corresponding patient plasma test was investigated. The by-variant sensitivity of the plasma test was 68.1%, with 79 matched and 37 missed genetic aberrances. The by-patient sensitivity was calculated as 83%. Patients with a high plasma Max AF value (>2.2%) demonstrated a higher concordance with the range of mutations identified in the patient-matched tissue samples. The Max AF observed in patient plasma samples was positively correlated with liquid biopsy sensitivity and could be used as a potential indicator of liquid biopsy sensitivity. Therefore, patients with a low plasma Max AF (≤2.2%) may need to undergo further tissue biopsy to allow personalized oncology treatment. In summary, the present study may offer a non-invasive testing method for a sub-group of patients with advanced lung cancer.

Monitoring Melanoma Using Circulating Free DNA

Genetic material derived from tumours is constantly shed into the circulation of cancer patients both in the form of circulating free nucleic acids and within circulating cells or extracellular vesicles. Monitoring cancer-specific genomic alterations, particularly mutant allele frequencies, in circulating nucleic acids allows for a non-invasive liquid biopsy for detecting residual disease and response to therapy. The advent of molecular targeted treatments and immunotherapies with increasing effectiveness requires corresponding effective molecular biology methods for the detection of biomarkers such as circulating nucleic acid to monitor and ultimately personalise therapy. The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods, such as droplet digital PCR, allows for a very sensitive analysis of circulating tumour DNA, but typically only a limited number of gene mutations can be detected in parallel. In contrast, next-generation sequencing allows for parallel analysis of multiple mutations in many genes. The development of targeted next-generation sequencing cancer gene panels optimised for the detection of circulating free DNA now provides both the flexibility of multiple mutation analysis coupled with a sensitivity that approaches or even matches droplet digital PCR. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these current molecular technologies in conjunction with how this field is evolving in the context of melanoma diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of response to therapy.

Circulating Cell-Free DNA and Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review

There is a strong demand for the identification of new biomarkers in colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis. Among all liquid biopsy analysts, cell-free circulating DNA (cfDNA) is probably the most promising tool with respect to the identification of minimal residual diseases, assessment of treatment response and prognosis, and identification of resistance mechanisms. Circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) maintains the same genomic signatures that are present in the matching tumor tissue allowing for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of mutation burdens in body fluids. Thus, ctDNA-based research represents a non-invasive method for cancer detection. Among the numerous possible applications, the diagnostic, predictive, and/or prognostic utility of ctDNA in CRC has attracted intense research during the last few years. In the present review, we will describe the different aspects related to cfDNA research and evidence from studies supporting its potential use in CRC diagnoses and the improvement of therapy efficacy. We believe that ctDNA-based research should be considered as key towards the introduction of personalized medicine and patient benefits.

Circulating Tumor Cells for the Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma is a highly malignant cancer that would benefit from non-invasive innovative markers providing early diagnosis and recurrence detection. Circulating tumor cells are a particularly promising marker of tumor invasion that could be used to improve the management of patients with RCC. However, the extensive genetic and immunophenotypic heterogeneity of cells from RCC and their trend to transition to the mesenchymal phenotype when they circulate in blood constitute a challenge for their sensitive and specific detection. This review analyzes published studies targeting CTC in patients with RCC, in the context of the biological, pathological, and molecular complexity of this particular cancer. Although further analytical and clinical studies are needed to pinpoint the most suitable approach for highly sensitive CTC detection in RCC patients, it is clear that this field can bring a relevant guide to clinicians and help to RCC patients. Furthermore, as described, a particular subtype of RCC-the ccRCC-can be used as a model to study the relationship between cytomorphological and genetic cellular markers of malignancy, an important issue for the study of CTC from any type of solid cancer.