Ahmed H. Promoter methylation in prostate cancer and its application for the early detection of prostate cancer using serum and urine samples.
BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2010;
2:17-33. [PMID:
24179382 PMCID:
PMC2908742 DOI:
10.4137/bic.s3187]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the second leading cause of
cancer death in men. However, prostate cancer can be effectively treated and
cured, if it is diagnosed in its early stages when the tumor is still confined
to the prostate. Combined with the digital rectal examination, the PSA test has
been widely used to detect prostate cancer. But, the PSA screening method for
early detection of prostate cancer is not reliable due to the high prevalence of
false positive and false negative results. Epigenetic alterations including
hypermethylation of gene promoters are believed to be the early events in
neoplastic progression and thus these methylated genes can serve as biomarkers
for the detection of cancer from clinical specimens. This review discusses DNA
methylation of several gene promoters during prostate carcinogenesis and
evaluates the usefulness of monitoring methylated DNA sequences, such as
GSTP1, RASSF1A, RARβ2 and galectin-3, for early detection
of prostate cancer in tissue biopsies, serum and urine.
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