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Moore W, Mathis D, Gargan L, Bowers DC, Klesse LJ, Margraf L, Koral K. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma of childhood: MR imaging and diffusion MR imaging features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35:2192-6. [PMID: 24994821 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas are rare astrocytic neoplasms of childhood and young adulthood. The purpose of this retrospective review was to evaluate MR imaging features of pediatric pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas with an emphasis on diffusion MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of the neuro-oncology data base revealed 11 pediatric patients (range, 4.7-16.1 years) with pleomorphic xanthoastroacytomas with 9 of these patients having preoperative MR imaging available. Six patients had preoperative diffusion MR imaging. Demographics, histopathology slides, conventional imaging characteristics (location, cystic component, hemorrhage, enhancement, vasogenic edema, inner table scalloping), and ADC metrics (mean tumor ADC and tumor to normal brain ADC ratio) were evaluated. RESULTS Three pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas had anaplastic features. Ten tumors were supratentorial. Two-thirds (6 of 9) of all tumors were either predominantly cystic or had cystic components, and three-fourths (6 of 8) of the supratentorial tumors had associated inner table scalloping. Seven of the 9 tumors had marked vasogenic edema (>10 mm). Mean tumoral ADC (n = 7) was 912 ± 219 × 10(-6) mm(2)/s (min-max: 617-1189). The tumor to normal brain ADC ratio was 1.14 ± 0.26 (min-max: 0.75-1.47). CONCLUSIONS Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma should be entertained in the differential diagnosis of peripheral supratentorial tumors that appear during childhood. Cysts, inner table scalloping, and marked vasogenic edema are relatively frequent features. Relatively low ADC values and ADC ratios are not uncommon in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Moore
- From the Departments of Radiology (W.M., K.K.)
| | | | - L Gargan
- Neuro-Oncology (L.G.), Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - D C Bowers
- Pediatrics (D.C.B., L.J.K.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas Pediatrics (D.C.B., L.J.K.)
| | - L J Klesse
- Pediatrics (D.C.B., L.J.K.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas Pediatrics (D.C.B., L.J.K.)
| | - L Margraf
- Pathology (D.M., L.M.) Pathology (L.M.)
| | - K Koral
- From the Departments of Radiology (W.M., K.K.) Departments of Radiology (K.K.)
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Nowak J, Seidel C, Berg F, Pietsch T, Friedrich C, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Warmuth-Metz M. MRI characteristics of ependymoblastoma: results from 22 centrally reviewed cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35:1996-2001. [PMID: 24948504 PMCID: PMC7966246 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ependymoblastoma is a malignant embryonal tumor that develops in early childhood and has a dismal prognosis. Categorized by the World Health Organization as a subgroup of CNS-primitive neuroectodermal tumor, ependymoblastoma is histologically defined by "ependymoblastic rosettes." Because it is so rare, little is known about specific MR imaging characteristics of ependymoblastoma. We systematically analyzed and discussed MR imaging features of ependymoblastoma in a series of 22 consecutive patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ependymoblastoma cases were obtained from the database of the German multicenter HIT trials between 2002 and 2013. All cases within this study were centrally reviewed for histopathology, MR imaging findings, and multimodal therapy. For systematic analysis of initial MR imaging scans at diagnosis, we applied standardized criteria for reference image evaluation of pediatric brain tumors. RESULTS Ependymoblastomas are large tumors with well-defined tumor margins, iso- to hyperintense signal on T2WI, and diffusion restriction. Contrast enhancement is variable, with a tendency to mild or moderate enhancement. Subarachnoid spread is common in ependymoblastoma but can be absent initially. There was a male preponderance (1.75:1 ratio) for ependymoblastoma in our cohort. Mean age at diagnosis was 2.1 years. CONCLUSIONS With this study, we add the largest case collection to the limited published database of MR imaging findings in ependymoblastoma, together with epidemiologic data. However, future studies are needed to systematically compare MR imaging findings of ependymoblastoma with other CNS-primitive neuroectodermal tumors and ependymoma, to delineate imaging criteria that might help distinguish these pediatric brain tumor entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nowak
- From the Reference Center for Neuroradiology (J.N., C.S., F.B., M.W.-M.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Seidel
- From the Reference Center for Neuroradiology (J.N., C.S., F.B., M.W.-M.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Department of Radiology, Pathology Research (C.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - F Berg
- From the Reference Center for Neuroradiology (J.N., C.S., F.B., M.W.-M.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (F.B.), University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - T Pietsch
- Department of Neuropathology (T.P.), Brain Tumor Reference Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Friedrich
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K von Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Rutkowski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (C.F., K.v.H., S.R.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Warmuth-Metz
- From the Reference Center for Neuroradiology (J.N., C.S., F.B., M.W.-M.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Tumors of neuroepithelial tissue represent the largest group of pediatric brain tumors by far and has therefore been divided into several discrete tumor subtypes each corresponding to a specific component of the neuropil. The neuropil contains several subtypes of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and modified ependymal cells that form the choroid plexus. This review discusses the imaging aspects of the most common pediatric tumors of neuroepithelial tissue.
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Thorp N, Taylor R. Management of Central Nervous System Tumours in Children. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2014; 26:438-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Neuroimaging diagnosis of pineal region tumors-quest for pathognomonic finding of germinoma. Neuroradiology 2014; 56:525-34. [PMID: 24777305 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-014-1369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our study aimed to elucidate the imaging features for the differentiation of pineal germinoma and other pineal region tumors. METHODS Image data sets of computed tomographic (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of 93 pineal region tumors including 33 germinomas, 30 nongerminomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCTs), 20 pineal parenchymal tumors (PPTs), and 10 miscellaneous tumors of pineal region were reviewed. Imaging features on CT and MRI were qualitatively assessed by three readers. To know the reasons for morphological differences between germinomas and NGGCTs, histological investigation was done. RESULTS Localized calcification was seen in more than 70 % of germ cells tumors (GCTs: germinomas and NGGCTs) while it was scattered in more than half of PPTs. Cystic components in tumors were most frequent in NGGCTs (62 %). Multiplicity of lesion was restricted to GCTs: 39.4 % in germinoma and 10.0 % in NGGCTs. Thick peritumoral edema was more frequent in germinoma than in NGGCT: 40.6 vs. 14.8 % (p=0.0433, Fisher's test). Bithalamic extension of tumor was seen in 78.8 % of germinomas. It was significantly rare in other groups of tumors (p<0.0001, Fisher's test). The relative collagen amount per unit area was significantly lower in germinoma than in NGGCTs. CONCLUSION By paying attention to characteristic features as bithalamic extension, thick peritumoral edema, calcification pattern, multiplicity, and their combination, the preoperative differential diagnosis of pineal germinoma will become more accurate.
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