51
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Kuo CH, Corby-Harris V, Promislow DEL. The unavoidable costs and unexpected benefits of parasitism: population and metapopulation models of parasite-mediated competition. J Theor Biol 2007; 250:244-56. [PMID: 18023820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
When faced with limited resources, organisms have to determine how to allocate their resources to maximize fitness. In the presence of parasites, hosts may be selected for their ability to balance between the two competing needs of reproduction and immunity. These decisions can have consequences not only for host fitness, but also for the ability of parasites to persist within the population, and for the competitive dynamics between different host species. We develop two mathematical models to investigate how resource allocation strategies evolve at both population and metapopulation levels. The evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) at the population level is a balanced investment between reproduction and immunity that maintains parasites, even though the host has the capacity to eliminate parasites. The host exhibiting the ESS can always invade other host populations through parasite-mediated competition, effectively using the parasites as biological weapons. At the metapopulation level, the dominant strategy is sometimes different from the population-level ESS, and depends on the ratio of local extinction rate to host colonization rate. This study may help to explain why parasites are as common as they are, and can serve as a modeling framework for investigating parasite-mediated ecological invasions. Furthermore, this work highlights the possibility that the 'introduction of enemies' process may facilitate species invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Horng Kuo
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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52
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53
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White EM, Wilson JC, Clarke AR. Biotic indirect effects: a neglected concept in invasion biology. DIVERS DISTRIB 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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54
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Hambäck PA, Stenberg JA, Ericson L. Asymmetric indirect interactions mediated by a shared parasitoid: connecting species traits and local distribution patterns for two chrysomelid beetles. Oecologia 2006; 148:475-81. [PMID: 16502320 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on an asymmetric indirect interaction between two chrysomelid beetles where one species (Galerucella tenella) experiences higher parasitization, and the other species (Galerucella calmariensis) lower parasitization, in mixed compared with monospecific populations. This pattern is likely to be a consequence of differences in life history characteristics, where the inferior species has a smaller body size, a lower fecundity and supports a lower parasitoid density than the superior species. This connection between life history characteristics and interspecific dominance in host-parasitoid systems corresponds to predictions from current community ecology theory, and provides a useful building-block in the development of a predictive theory of parasitoid effects on host coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Hambäck
- Department of Botany, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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55
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White JA, Andow DA. Habitat modification contributes to associational resistance between herbivores. Oecologia 2006; 148:482-90. [PMID: 16496178 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Associational resistance, in which one species gains protection from its consumers by association with a competitor, is common among plants but has seldom been documented among insects. Here we show that parasitism of an aboveground herbivore, European corn borer, by its specialist parasitoid Macrocentrus grandii, is reduced 98% in the presence of a belowground herbivore, corn rootworm. We tested the hypothesis that this positive indirect interaction between corn rootworm and corn borer was mediated by corn rootworm's influence on the habitat: plant height was diminished by 33% and plant density by 20%, resulting in a more open habitat. We found that M. grandii showed a two- to five-fold preference for dense versus open habitats, and that experimental reduction of plant density in the absence of corn rootworm reduced M. grandii parasitism of corn borer by 13%. This result supports the presence of a habitat modification effect as a contributing factor to associational resistance for corn borer. We argue that associational resistance may be more common among phytophagous insects than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A White
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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56
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van Veen FJF, Morris RJ, Godfray HCJ. Apparent competition, quantitative food webs, and the structure of phytophagous insect communities. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 51:187-208. [PMID: 16332209 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytophagous insects and their natural enemies make up one of the largest and most diverse groups of organisms on earth. Ecological processes, in particular negative indirect effects mediated by shared natural enemies (apparent competition), may be important in structuring phytophagous insect communities. The potential for indirect interactions can be assessed by analyzing the trophic structure of insect communities, and we claim that quantitative food webs are particularly well suited for this task. We review the experimental evidence for both short-term and long-term apparent competition in phytophagous insect communities and discuss the possible interactions between apparent competition and intraguild predation or shared mutualists. There is increasing evidence for the importance of trait-mediated as well as density-mediated indirect effects. We conclude that there is a need for large-scale experiments manipulating communities in their entirety and a greater integration of community and chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Frank van Veen
- NERC Centre for Population Biology, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, UK.
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57
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Lau JA, Strauss SY. INSECT HERBIVORES DRIVE IMPORTANT INDIRECT EFFECTS OF EXOTIC PLANTS ON NATIVE COMMUNITIES. Ecology 2005. [DOI: 10.1890/04-1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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58
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59
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Müller CB, Fellowes MDE, Godfray HCJ. Relative importance of fertiliser addition to plants and exclusion of predators for aphid growth in the field. Oecologia 2005; 143:419-27. [PMID: 15756583 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Herbivore dynamics and community structure are influenced both by plant quality and the actions of natural enemies. A factorial experiment manipulating both higher and lower trophic levels was designed to explore the determinants of colony growth of the aphid Aphis jacobaeae, a specialist herbivore on ragwort Senecio jacobaea. Potential plant quality was manipulated by regular addition of NPK-fertiliser and predator pressure was reduced by interception traps; the experiment was carried out at two sites. The size and persistence of aphid colonies were measured. Fertiliser addition affected plant growth in only one site, but never had a measurable effect on aphid colony growth. In both habitats the action of insect predators dominated, imposing strong and negative effects on aphid colony performance. Ants were left unmanipulated in both sites and their performance on the aphid colonies did not significantly differ between sites or between treatments. Our results suggest that, at least for aphid herbivores on S. jacobaea, the action of generalist insect predators appears to be the dominant factor affecting colony performance and can under certain conditions even improve plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine B Müller
- NERC Centre for Population Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
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60
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Case TJ, Holt RD, McPeek MA, Keitt TH. The community context of species’ borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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61
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Brassil CE, Abrams PA. The prevalence of asymmetrical indirect effects in two-host–one-parasitoid systems. Theor Popul Biol 2004; 66:71-82. [PMID: 15225576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Empirical studies of indirect effects mediated by shared enemies have been characterized by several puzzling features: (a) there exist far fewer documented cases than for interactions via shared resources; (b) the majority of empirical studies have measured indirect effects where one of the two reciprocal effects could not be distinguished from zero; (c) there is a lack of documented positive effects mediated by a shared enemy, in spite of several mechanisms that could produce such effects. One potential explanation is that these are statistical expectations over the range of potential species characteristics. We systematically examine the indirect interactions between two hosts with a shared parasitoid across all potential parameter values, using a family of simple models. By including a detection limit for nonzero interspecific effects, we demonstrate that (-,0) indirect interactions between hosts are the most common type for many variants of the model. However, the absence of positive indirect effects in empirical studies constitutes a puzzling inconsistency between the empirical and theoretical literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Brassil
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3G5.
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62
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Pascual S, Callejas C. Intra- and interspecific competition between biotypes B and Q of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Spain. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2004; 94:369-75. [PMID: 15301702 DOI: 10.1079/ber2003307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biotypes B and Q of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), collected from the islands of Tenerife and Majorca respectively, were exposed to competition conditions on tomato cv. Marmande in the laboratory. Both biotypes were established in single and mixed cultures at different densities. Increased mortality of biotype Q females and immature instars was observed together with a lower rate of fecundity and progeny size compared to biotype B, when reared in single or mixed cultures. The female:male sex ratio of F1 individuals of biotype Q was higher in single than in mixed cultures. However, the sex ratio of F1 individuals of biotype B was the same in single and mixed cultures, suggesting reproductive interference. Whitefly density did not affect interspecific interactions. It had a moderate effect on developmental rate of both biotypes, and on mortality of immature instars and progeny size of biotype B only. The results indicate that under laboratory conditions the studied biotype B should displace biotype Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pascual
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Plant Protection Department, Madrid, Spain.
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63
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Abstract
Biological invasions are global threats to biodiversity and parasites might play a role in determining invasion outcomes. Transmission of parasites from invading to native species can occur, aiding the invasion process, whilst the 'release' of invaders from parasites can also facilitate invasions. Parasites might also have indirect effects on the outcomes of invasions by mediating a range of competitive and predatory interactions among native and invading species. Although pathogen outbreaks can cause catastrophic species loss with knock-on effects for community structure, it is less clear what impact persistent, sub-lethal parasitism has on native-invader interactions and community structure. Here, we show that the influence of parasitism on the outcomes of animal invasions is more subtle and wide ranging than has been previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Prenter
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK, BT9 7BL.
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64
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Morris RJ, Lewis OT, Godfray HCJ. Experimental evidence for apparent competition in a tropical forest food web. Nature 2004; 428:310-3. [PMID: 15029194 DOI: 10.1038/nature02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The herbivorous insects of tropical forests constitute some of the most diverse communities of living organisms. For this reason it has been difficult to discover the degree to which these communities are structured, and by what processes. Interspecific competition for resources does occur, but its contemporary importance is limited because most pairs of potentially competing insects feed on different host plants. An alternative way in which species can interact is through shared natural enemies, a process called apparent competition. Despite extensive theoretical discussion there are few field demonstrations of apparent competition, and none in hyper-diverse tropical communities. Here, we experimentally removed two species of herbivore from a community of leaf-mining insects in a tropical forest. We predicted that other species that share natural enemies with the two removed species would experience lower parasitism and have higher population densities in treatment compared with control sites. In both cases (on removal of a dipteran and a coleopteran leaf-miner species) we found significantly lower parasitism, and in one case (removal of the dipteran) we found significantly higher abundance a year after the manipulation. Our results suggest that apparent competition may be important in structuring tropical insect communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Morris
- NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK.
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65
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Slothouber Galbreath JGM, Smith JE, Terry RS, Becnel JJ, Dunn AM. Invasion success of Fibrillanosema crangonycis, n.sp., n.g.: a novel vertically transmitted microsporidian parasite from the invasive amphipod host Crangonyx pseudogracilis. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:235-44. [PMID: 15037109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 10/21/2003] [Accepted: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasitism is known to be an important factor in determining the success of biological invasions. Here we examine Crangonyx pseudogracilis, a North American amphipod invasive in the United Kingdom and describe a novel microsporidium, Fibrillanosema crangonycis n.sp., n.g. The primary site of infection is the female gonad and the parasite is transovarially transmitted to the eggs. PCR screening reveals a female bias in the distribution of parasites (96.6% of females, N=29; 22.2% of males, N=27), which is indicative of host sex ratio distortion. The morphological and molecular characterisations of this new microsporidium place it outside all currently established genera. On the basis of these differences, we erect the new genus Fibrillanosema n.g. While F. crangonycis is morphologically identical to uncharacterised microsporidia from populations of North American amphipods, it is distinct from microsporidia found in European populations of amphipods. These data support the hypothesis that vertically transmitted parasites may be selectively retained during invasion events. Furthermore where vertical transmission is combined with host sex ratio distortion these parasites may directly enhance host invasion success through increased rates of population growth.
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66
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Bonsall MB, Holt RD. The Effects of Enrichment on the Dynamics of Apparent Competitive Interactions in Stage‐Structured Systems. Am Nat 2003; 162:780-95. [PMID: 14737715 DOI: 10.1086/379203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2002] [Accepted: 06/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of other limiting factors, assemblages in which species share a common, effective natural enemy are not expected to persist. Although a variety of mechanisms have been postulated to explain the coexistence of species that share natural enemies, the role of productivity gradients has not been explored in detail. Here, we examine how enrichment can affect the outcome of apparent competition. We develop a structured resource/consumer/natural enemy model in which the prey are exposed to attacks during a vulnerable life phase, the length of which depends on resource availability. With a single prey species, the model exhibits the "paradox of enrichment," with unstable dynamics at high levels of resource productivity. We extend this model to consider two prey species linked by a shared predator, each with their own distinct resource base. We derive invasion and stability conditions and examine how enrichment influences prey species exclusion and coexistence. Contrary to expectations from simpler, prey-dependent models, apparent competition is not necessarily strong at high productivity, and prey species coexistence may thus be more likely in enriched environments. Further, the coexistence of apparent competitors may be facilitated by unstable dynamics. These results contrast with the standard theory that apparent competition in productive environments leads to nonpersistent interactions and that coexistence of multispecies interactions is more likely under equilibrial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Bonsall
- Department of Biological Sciences and Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom.
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67
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68
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MacNeil C, Dick JTA, Hatcher MJ, Terry RS, Smith JE, Dunn AM. Parasite-mediated predation between native and invasive amphipods. Proc Biol Sci 2003; 270:1309-14. [PMID: 12816645 PMCID: PMC1691366 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites can structure biological communities directly through population regulation and indirectly by processes such as apparent competition. However, the role of parasites in the process of biological invasion is less well understood and mechanisms of parasite mediation of predation among hosts are unclear. Mutual predation between native and invading species is an important factor in determining the outcome of invasions in freshwater amphipod communities. Here, we show that parasites mediate mutual intraguild predation among native and invading species and may thereby facilitate the invasion process. We find that the native amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus is host to a microsporidian parasite, Pleistophora sp. (new species), with a frequency of infection of 0-90%. However, the parasite does not infect three invading species, G. tigrinus, G. pulex and Crangonyx pseudogracilis. In field and laboratory manipulations, we show that the parasite exhibits cryptic virulence: the parasite does not affect host fitness in single-species populations, but virulence becomes apparent when the native and invading species interact. That is, infection has no direct effect on G. d. celticus survivorship, size or fecundity; however, in mixed-species experiments, parasitized natives show a reduced capacity to prey on the smaller invading species and are more likely to be preyed upon by the largest invading species. Thus, by altering dominance relationships and hierarchies of mutual predation, parasitism strongly influences, and has the potential to change, the outcome of biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum MacNeil
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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69
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Heimpel GE, Neuhauser C, Hoogendoorn M. Effects of parasitoid fecundity and host resistance on indirect interactions among hosts sharing a parasitoid. Ecol Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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70
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Bounfour M, Tanigoshi LK. Predatory role of Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae): spatial and temporal dynamics in Washington red raspberry fields. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 95:1142-1150. [PMID: 12539824 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-95.6.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal abundance of spider mites and their predator Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was determined during three consecutive years in Washington State red raspberry fields. Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), Eotetranychus carpini borealis (Ewing) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and N. fallacis were commonly found in Skagit and Whatcom Counties. E. carpini borealis colonized the fruiting canes earlier in the season than T. urticae. The two phytophages overlapped in midseason, but T. urticae entered diapause earlier than E. carpini borealis and N. fallacis. Densities of N. fallacis increased with increase in spider mite densities. However, the numerical response of the predator was more evident for T. urticae than for E. carpini borealis. Nevertheless, the predator was spatially associated with the two prey species. The spatial and seasonal distribution of N. fallacis in relationship to host plant phenology and prey distribution may influence the effectiveness of this predator as a biological control agent against spider mites in red raspberry. Densities of the predator increased too late to prevent spider mite damage. The predatory role of N. fallacis could be enhanced by introducing or conserving predators that are more tolerant to climatic factors that prevail in and around the cane canopy in the beginning of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bounfour
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Vancouver Research and Extension Center, 1919 NE 78th Street, Vancouver, WA 98665, USA.
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71
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Walker P, Leather SR, Crawley MJ. Differential rates of invasion in three related alien oak gall wasps (Cynipidae: Hymenoptera). DIVERS DISTRIB 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-4642.2002.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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72
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Schellhorn NA, Kuhman TR, Olson AC, Ives AR. COMPETITION BETWEEN NATIVE AND INTRODUCED PARASITOIDS OF APHIDS: NONTARGET EFFECTS AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL. Ecology 2002. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2745:cbnaip]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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73
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Byers JE. Impact of non-indigenous species on natives enhanced by anthropogenic alteration of selection regimes. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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74
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Gonzáles WL, Fuentes-Contreras E, Niemeyer HM. Host plant and natural enemy impact on cereal aphid competition in a seasonal environment. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.960310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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75
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Hambäck PA, Björkman C. ESTIMATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF APPARENT COMPETITION:A METHOD FOR HOST–PARASITOID INTERACTIONS. Ecology 2002. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1591:etcoac]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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76
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Sessions L, Kelly D. Predator-mediated apparent competition between an introduced grass, Agrostis capillaris
, and a native fern, Botrychium australe
(Ophioglossaceae), in New Zealand. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.960111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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77
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Microhabitat Use and Thermal Biology of the Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus collaris collaris) and the Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus) in Missouri Glades. J HERPETOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0023:muatbo]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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78
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Schönrogge K, Crawley MJ. Quantitative webs as a means of assessing the impact of alien insects. J Anim Ecol 2001; 69:841-868. [PMID: 29313993 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Schönrogge
- Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - M J Crawley
- Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
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79
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Ohgushi T, Sawada H. What changed the demography of an introduced population of an herbivorous lady beetle? J Anim Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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80
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Tompkins DM, Greenman JV, Robertson PA, Hudson PJ. The role of shared parasites in the exclusion of wildlife hosts:Heterakis gallinarumin the ring-necked pheasant and the grey partridge. J Anim Ecol 2001; 69:829-840. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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81
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Henneman ML, Memmott J. Infiltration of a Hawaiian community by introduced biological control agents. Science 2001; 293:1314-6. [PMID: 11509730 DOI: 10.1126/science.1060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To examine the community-wide effects of introduced biocontrol agents on Kauai Island, Hawaii, we constructed quantitative food webs showing interactions among plants, moths, and moth parasitoids in a native forest. Eighty-three percent of parasitoids reared from native moths were biological control agents, 14% were accidental immigrants, and 3% were native species. Although parasitism by biological control agents reached 28% in some species of moth, all biocontrol agents reared had been released before 1945. This study highlights the importance of considering the potential damage caused by an introduced control agent, in addition to that caused by the target alien species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Henneman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
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82
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Morris RJ, MUller CB, Godfray HCJ. Field experiments testing for apparent competition between primary parasitoids mediated by secondary parasitoids. J Anim Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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83
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Bauer A, Trouvé S, Grégoire A, Bollache L, Cézilly F. Differential influence of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala) on the behaviour of native and invader gammarid species. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:1453-7. [PMID: 11428335 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although various species of acanthocephalan parasites can increase the vulnerability of their amphipod intermediate hosts to predation, particularly by altering their photophobic behaviour, their influence on the structure of amphipod communities and the success of invader species has so far received little attention. We compared the prevalence and behavioural influence of a fish acanthocephalan parasite, Pomphorhynchus laevis, in two species of amphipods, Gammarus pulex and Gammarus roeseli in sympatry in the river Ouche (Burgundy, eastern France). There, G. pulex is a resident species, whereas G. roeseli is a recent coloniser. Both uninfected G. pulex and G. roeseli were strongly photophobic. although less so in the invading species. However, there was no significant difference in reaction to light between infected and uninfected G. roeseli, whereas infected G. pulex were strongly photophilic. We discuss our results in relation to the parasite's ability to manipulate invading host species, the possibility that resistant individuals have been selected during the invasion process, and the role that acanthocephalan parasites can play in shaping the structure of amphipod communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bauer
- Laboratoire Ecologie-Evolution (UMR CNRS 5561 Biogéosciences), Université de Bourgogne, Gabriel, Dijon, France
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84
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Bonsall MB, Hassell MP. The effects of metapopulation structure on indirect interactions in host-parasitoid assemblages. Proc Biol Sci 2000; 267:2207-12. [PMID: 11413634 PMCID: PMC1690803 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between two species that do not compete for resources but share a common natural enemy is known as apparent competition. In the absence of other limiting factors, such three-species interactions are impermanent, with one species being excluded from the assemblage by the natural enemy. Here, the effects of metapopulation structure are explored in a system of two hosts that experience apparent competition through a shared parasitoid. A coupled-map lattice model is developed and used to explore species coexistence and patterns of patch occupancy at the metapopulation scale. Linking local and regional dynamics favours coexistence by uncoupling the dynamics of the three species in space. Coexistence is promoted by the inferior species being either a fugitive or a sedentary species. The occurrence of these two mutually exclusive mechanisms of coexistence is influenced by the relative dispersal of the inferior apparent competitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Bonsall
- Department of Biology and Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK.
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Tompkins D, Draycott R, Hudson P. Field evidence for apparent competition mediated via the shared parasites of two gamebird species. Ecol Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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87
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Namba T, Umemoto A, Minami E. The effects of habitat fragmentation on persistence of source-sink metapopulations in systems with predators and prey or apparent competitors. Theor Popul Biol 1999; 56:123-37. [PMID: 10438673 DOI: 10.1006/tpbi.1999.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We consider systems with one predator and one prey, or a common predator and two prey species (apparent competitors) in source and sink habitats. In both models, the predator species is vulnerable to extinction, if productivity in the source is insufficient to rescue demographically deficient sink populations. Conversely, in the model with two prey species, if the source is too rich, one of the prey species may be driven extinct by apparent competition, since the predator can maintain a large population because of the alternative prey. Increasing the rate of predator movement from the source population has opposite effects on prey and predator persistence. High emigration rate exposes the predator population to danger of extinction, reducing the number of individuals that breed and produce offspring in the source habitat. This may promote coexistence of prey by relaxing predation pressure and apparent competition between the two prey species. The number of sinks and spatial arrangement of patches, or connectivity between patches, also influence persistence of the species. More sinks favor the prey and fewer sinks are advantageous to the predator. A linear pattern with the source at one end is profitable for the predator, and a centrifugal pattern in which the source is surrounded by sinks is advantageous to the prey. When the dispersal rate is low, effects of the spatial structure may exceed those of the number of sinks. In brief, productivity in patches and patterns of connectivity between patches differentially influence persistence of populations in different trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Namba
- Department of Natural Science, Osaka Women's University, Daisen-cho 2-1, Sakai, Osaka, 590-0035, Japan.
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88
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Field evidence and model predictions of butterfly-mediated apparent competition between gentian plants and red ants. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1146-609x(97)80050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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93
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94
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Stewart AJ. Interspecific competition reinstated as an important force structuring insect herbivore communities. Trends Ecol Evol 1996; 11:233-4. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347(96)30009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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95
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Hanley KA, Vollmer DM, Case TJ. The distribution and prevalence of helminths, coccidia and blood parasites in two competing species of gecko: implications for apparent competition. Oecologia 1995; 102:220-229. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00333254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/1994] [Accepted: 12/09/1994] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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96
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Bernstein BB, Goldfarb L. A Conceptual Tool for Generating and Evaluating Ecological Hypotheses. Bioscience 1995. [DOI: 10.2307/1312533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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97
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Predator-mediated apparent competition between two herbivores that feed on grapevines. Oecologia 1994; 97:508-511. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00325889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/1993] [Accepted: 01/20/1994] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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