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Kuchroo P, Dave V, Vijayan A, Viswanathan C, Ghosh D. Paracrine factors secreted by umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells induce angiogenesis in vitro by a VEGF-independent pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:437-50. [PMID: 25229480 PMCID: PMC4313407 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement in angiogenesis using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is evolving as an option in patients with vascular insufficiencies. The paracrine factors secreted by MSCs have been attributed to the angiogenic response. This study was conducted to identify the factors secreted by umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSCs) that might play a role in angiogenesis. To this aim, we evaluated the presence of well known proangiogenic factors in the conditioned media (CM) derived from UCMSCs by ELISA. While vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a well known angiogenic factor, was not detected in the CM, gene expression was nevertheless detected in these cells. Further investigations revealed the presence of soluble VEGF receptors (sVEGF-R1 and R2) that were capable of neutralizing exogenous VEGF. Human umbilical cord vein-derived endothelial cells exposed in vitro to CM, in comparison to control media, showed improved migration (P<0.007) and capillary-like network formation (P<0.001) with no significant change in endothelial cell proliferation. The angiogenic response observed with the paracrine factors secreted by UCMSC could be due to the presence of significant levels of a metalloprotease and matrix metalloproteases-2 (237.4±47.1 ng/10(6) cells). Data suggest that a VEGF-independent pathway is involved in the angiogenic response observed with endothelial cells in the presence of UCMSC-CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Kuchroo
- Tissue Engineering Group, Regenerative Medicine, Reliance Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. , Navi-Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Yang WJ, Yang YN, Cao J, Man ZH, Li Y, Xing YQ. Paxillin regulates vascular endothelial growth factor A-induced in vitro angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1784-92. [PMID: 25405379 PMCID: PMC4270338 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of paxillin in the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)-induced adhesion, proliferation, migration and capillary formation of endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. Human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) were used to evaluate these four processes in vitro. The HUVECs were either mock-transfected (control), transfected with scramble small interference RNA (siRNA) or transfected with siRNA specifically targeting paxillin. VEGF-A (20 ng/ml) was used to stimulate angiogenesis. The VEGF-A treatment significantly increased the adhesion, proliferation, migration and tube formation of the HUVECs in the control and scramble siRNA groups, whereas the siRNA-mediated knockdown of paxillin inhibited these VEGF-A-induced effects. Paxillin is essential for VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis in ECs and its inhibition may be a potential target for antiangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ju Yang
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ning Yang
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jin Cao
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Hui Man
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qiao Xing
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Mohammad G, Vandooren J, Siddiquei MM, Martens E, Abu El-Asrar AM, Opdenakker G. Functional links between gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 and prominin-1/CD133 in diabetic retinal vasculopathy and neuropathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:76-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a well-recognized framework, in which myeloid cells play important roles in cancer development from tumor initiation to metastasis. Immune cells present in the tumor microenvironment can promote or inhibit cancer formation and development. Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. In response to distinct signals the cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage have the ability to display a wide spectrum of activation states; classical Ml or alternative M2 macrophages represent extremes of a continuum of this activation. Tumor-associated macrophages generally acquire an M2-like phenotype that is relevant for their participation in tumor growth and progression. There is now evidence that also neutrophils can be driven towards distinct phenotypes in response to microenvironmental signals. In fact they can interact with distinct cell populations and produce a wide number of cytokines and effector molecules. Therefore, macrophages and neutrophils are both integrated in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in various inflammatory situations, including cancer. These findings have triggered efforts to target tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils. In particular, “reeducation” to activate their antitumor potential or elimination of tumor promoting cells is a new strategy undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation.
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Hendel A, Hsu I, Granville DJ. Granzyme B releases vascular endothelial growth factor from extracellular matrix and induces vascular permeability. J Transl Med 2014; 94:716-25. [PMID: 24791744 PMCID: PMC4074428 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of unstable, leaky neovessels underlies the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory diseases. Granzyme B (GZMB) is an immune-derived serine protease that accumulates in the extracellular matrix (ECM) during chronic inflammation and is capable of cleaving fibronectin (FN). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent vascular permeabilizing agent that is sequestered in the ECM through its interaction with FN. As GZMB levels are elevated in chronic inflammatory diseases that are associated with increased vascular permeability, the role of GZMB in the regulation of VEGF bioavailability and vascular permeability were assessed. GZMB was added to either VEGF bound to FN or VEGF bound to endothelial cell (EC)-derived ECM. Supernatants containing released VEGF were assessed to determine VEGF activity by treating EC and evaluating VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) phosphorylation. GZMB released VEGF from both FN and from EC-derived matrix, whereas GZMB inhibition prevented FN cleavage and VEGF release. GZMB-mediated VEGF release resulted in significant phosphorylation of VEGFR2. The role of GZMB-mediated VEGF release in altering vascular permeability was also assessed in vivo using Miles/Evans blue permeability assay. GZMB induced a significant VEGF-dependent increase in vascular permeability in vivo that was reduced in the presence of an anti-VEGF-neutralizing antibody. Inflammatory-mediated vascular leakage was also assessed in GZMB-KO mice using a delayed-type hypersensitivity model. GZMB-KO mice exhibited reduced microvascular leakage compared with C57\B6 controls. GZMB increases vascular permeability in part through the proteolytic release of ECM-sequestered VEGF, leading to VEGFR2 activation and increased vascular permeability in vivo. These findings present a novel role for GZMB as a modulator of vascular response during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Hendel
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ivy Hsu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Corresponding author: David J. Granville, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia. Rm 166, Burrard Building, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC. V6Z 1Y6, Canada. Phone: (604) 806-9267, Fax: (604) 806-9274,
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Spiller KL, Anfang RR, Spiller KJ, Ng J, Nakazawa KR, Daulton JW, Vunjak-Novakovic G. The role of macrophage phenotype in vascularization of tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4477-88. [PMID: 24589361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for the success of most tissue engineering strategies. The natural inflammatory response is a major regulator of vascularization, through the activity of different types of macrophages and the cytokines they secrete. Macrophages exist on a spectrum of diverse phenotypes, from "classically activated" M1 to "alternatively activated" M2 macrophages. M2 macrophages, including the subsets M2a and M2c, are typically considered to promote angiogenesis and tissue regeneration, while M1 macrophages are considered to be anti-angiogenic, although these classifications are controversial. Here we show that in contrast to this traditional paradigm, primary human M1 macrophages secrete the highest levels of potent angiogenic stimulators including VEGF; M2a macrophages secrete the highest levels of PDGF-BB, a chemoattractant for stabilizing pericytes, and also promote anastomosis of sprouting endothelial cells in vitro; and M2c macrophages secrete the highest levels of MMP9, an important protease involved in vascular remodeling. In a murine subcutaneous implantation model, porous collagen scaffolds were surrounded by a fibrous capsule, coincident with high expression of M2 macrophage markers, while scaffolds coated with the bacterial lipopolysaccharide were degraded by inflammatory macrophages, and glutaraldehyde-crosslinked scaffolds were infiltrated by substantial numbers of blood vessels, accompanied by high levels of M1 and M2 macrophages. These results suggest that coordinated efforts by both M1 and M2 macrophages are required for angiogenesis and scaffold vascularization, which may explain some of the controversy over which phenotype is the angiogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Spiller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel R Anfang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Krista J Spiller
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Johnathan Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kenneth R Nakazawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Daulton
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abu El-Asrar AM, Mohammad G, Nawaz MI, Siddiquei MM, Van den Eynde K, Mousa A, De Hertogh G, Opdenakker G. Relationship between vitreous levels of matrix metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85857. [PMID: 24392031 PMCID: PMC3877391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are more likely to be involved in the angiogenic process in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), we measured the levels of MMPs in the vitreous fluid from patients with PDR and controls and correlated these levels with the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Vitreous samples from 32 PDR and 24 nondiabetic patients were studied by mosaic multiplex MMPs enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), single ELISA, Western blot and zymography analysis. Epiretinal membranes from 11 patients with PDR were studied by immunohistochemistry. MMP-8 and MMP-13 were not detected. ELISA, Western blot and gelatin ymography assays revealed significant increases in the expression levels of MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-9 and VEGF in vitreous samples from PDR patients compared to nondiabetic controls, whereas MMP-2 and MMP-3 were not upregulated in vitreous samples from PDR patients. Significant correlations existed between ELISA and zymography assays for the quantitation of MMP-2 (r=0.407; p=0.039) and MMP-9 (r=0.711; p<0.001). Significant correlations were observed between levels of VEGF and levels of MMP-1 (r=0.845; P<0.001) and MMP-9 (r=0.775; p<0.001), and between levels of MMP-1 and MMP-9 (r=0.857; p<0.001). In epiretinal membranes, cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for MMP-9 was present in vascular endothelial cells and stromal monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. Our findings suggest that among the MMPs measured, MMP-1 and MMP-9 may contribute to the angiogenic switch in PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Imtiaz Nawaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kathleen Van den Eynde
- Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ahmed Mousa
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
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58
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Vempati P, Popel AS, Mac Gabhann F. Extracellular regulation of VEGF: isoforms, proteolysis, and vascular patterning. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 25:1-19. [PMID: 24332926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) is critical to neovascularization in numerous tissues under physiological and pathological conditions. VEGF has multiple isoforms, created by alternative splicing or proteolytic cleavage, and characterized by different receptor-binding and matrix-binding properties. These isoforms are known to give rise to a spectrum of angiogenesis patterns marked by differences in branching, which has functional implications for tissues. In this review, we detail the extensive extracellular regulation of VEGF and the ability of VEGF to dictate the vascular phenotype. We explore the role of VEGF-releasing proteases and soluble carrier molecules on VEGF activity. While proteases such as MMP9 can 'release' matrix-bound VEGF and promote angiogenesis, for example as a key step in carcinogenesis, proteases can also suppress VEGF's angiogenic effects. We explore what dictates pro- or anti-angiogenic behavior. We also seek to understand the phenomenon of VEGF gradient formation. Strong VEGF gradients are thought to be due to decreased rates of diffusion from reversible matrix binding, however theoretical studies show that this scenario cannot give rise to lasting VEGF gradients in vivo. We propose that gradients are formed through degradation of sequestered VEGF. Finally, we review how different aspects of the VEGF signal, such as its concentration, gradient, matrix-binding, and NRP1-binding can differentially affect angiogenesis. We explore how this allows VEGF to regulate the formation of vascular networks across a spectrum of high to low branching densities, and from normal to pathological angiogenesis. A better understanding of the control of angiogenesis is necessary to improve upon limitations of current angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Vempati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feilim Mac Gabhann
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Putting the brakes on anticancer therapies: suppression of innate immune pathways by tumor-associated myeloid cells. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:536-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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60
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Tumor associated macrophages and neutrophils in cancer. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1402-10. [PMID: 23891329 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex framework, in which myeloid cells play important roles in sculpting cancer development from tumor initiation to metastasis. Immune cells are key participants of the tumor microenvironment where they can promote or inhibit cancer formation and development. Plasticity is a widely accepted hallmark of myeloid cells and in particular of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. It includes the ability to display a wide spectrum of activation states in response to distinct signals and classical M1 or alternative M2 macrophages represent a paradigm of this feature. Neutrophils have long been viewed as terminally differentiated effector cells, playing a major role during the acute phase of inflammation and resistance against microbes. Recent evidence questioned this limited point of view, indicating that neutrophils can interact with distinct cell populations and produce a wide number of cytokines and effector molecules. Therefore, macrophages and neutrophils are both integrated in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in various inflammatory situations, including cancer.
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61
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Shim JW, Sandlund J, Han CH, Hameed MQ, Connors S, Klagsbrun M, Madsen JR, Irwin N. VEGF, which is elevated in the CSF of patients with hydrocephalus, causes ventriculomegaly and ependymal changes in rats. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:703-9. [PMID: 23518418 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized primarily by excessive accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain for which there is currently no effective pharmacological treatment. Surgery, often accompanied by complications, is the only current treatment. Extensive research in our laboratory along with work from others has suggested a link between hydrocephalus and vascular function. We hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the major angiogenic factor, could play a role in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. We tested this hypothesis by examining two predictions of such a link: first, that VEGF is present in many cases of clinical hydrocephalus; and second, that exogenous VEGF in an animal model could cause ventricular enlargement and tissue changes associated with hydrocephalus. Our results support the idea that VEGF elevation can potentiate hydrocephalus. The clinical relevance of this work is that anti-angiogenic drugs may be useful in patients with hydrocephalus, either alone or in combination with the currently available surgical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon W Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Effects of subconjunctival ranibizumab in a presensitized rat model of corneal graft. Exp Eye Res 2012; 107:74-9. [PMID: 23220731 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether corneal graft survival in presensitized corneal transplantation was affected by subconjunctival ranibizumab in a rat model. The effect of ranibizumab in the presensitized corneal transplantation has not been previously reported, although anti-VEGF was attempted on a non-presensitized model in other studies. Corneas were transplanted from Brown Norway to Spraque Dawley rats. The recipient rats were randomly assigned to three groups: Group 1, skin autograft and subconjunctival injection of PBS; Group 2, skin allograft and injection of PBS; and Group 3, skin allograft and injection of ranibizumab (vascular endothelial growth factor antibody). A skin graft was performed 2 weeks before corneal transplantation. On days 3, 7, 11, and 14 after transplantation, the grafts were scored. The number of corneas with graft rejection on day 14 was significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 or 3 (6/15 [40.0%] in Group 1, 13/15 [86.7%] in Group 2, and 4/15 [26.7%] in Group 3). The mean clinical scores for edema, opacity, and new vessels in Group 3 were significantly lower than those in Group 2, while the edema score in Group 1 was significantly lower than that in Group 2 on day 14. Before corneal allotransplantation, presensitization by skin grafting accelerated the graft rejection process. In a short-term presensitized rat model of keratoplasty, application of subconjunctival ranibizumab prevented graft rejection.
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63
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Tankersley CG, Moldobaeva A, Wagner EM. Strain variation in response to lung ischemia: role of MMP-12. Respir Res 2012; 13:93. [PMID: 23061826 PMCID: PMC3544632 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic neovascularization of the lung during chronic ischemia has been observed in all mammals studied. However, the proteins that orchestrate the complex interaction of new vessel growth and tunneling through lung tissue matrix have not been described. Although previous work has demonstrated the CXC chemokines are essential growth factors in the process of angiogenesis in mice and rats, key matrix proteins have not been identified. Methods Since the degradation of chemokines has been shown to be dependent on metalloproteinases (MMP), we first surveyed gene expression patterns (real time RT-PCR) of several lung matrix proteins in DBA/J (D2) mice and C57Bl/6 (B6) mice, strains known to have divergent parenchymal responses in other lung disease models. We studied changes in the time course of MMP-12 activity in D2 and B6 mice. Functional angiogenesis was determined 14 days after the onset of complete left lung ischemia induced by left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL), using fluorescent microspheres. Results Our results confirmed higher levels of MMP-12 gene expression in D2 mice relative to B6, which corresponded to a phenotype of minimal systemic angiogenesis in D2 mice and more robust angiogenesis in B6 mice (p < 0.01). MMP-12 activity decreased over the course of 14 days in B6 mice whereas it increased in D2 mice (p < 0.05). MMP-12 was associated largely with cells expressing the macrophage marker F4/80. Genetic deficiency of MMP-12 resulted in significantly enhanced neovascularization (p < 0.01 from B6). Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest macrophage-derived MMP-12 contributes to angiostasis in the ischemic lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarke G Tankersley
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Sun XT, Yuan XW, Zhu HT, Deng ZM, Yu DC, Zhou X, Ding YT. Endothelial precursor cells promote angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4925-33. [PMID: 23002366 PMCID: PMC3447276 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i35.4925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: The bone marrow of HCC mice was reconstructed by transplanting green fluorescent protein (GFP) + bone marrow cells. The concentration of circulating EPCs was determined by colony-forming assays and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Serum and tissue levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The distribution of EPCs in tumor and tumor-free tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The incorporation of EPCs into hepatic vessels was examined by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The proportion of EPCs in vessels was then calculated.
RESULTS: The HCC model was successful established. The flow cytometry analysis showed the mean percentage of CD133CD34 and CD133VEGFR2 double positive cells in HCC mice was 0.45% ± 0.16% and 0.20% ± 0.09% respectively. These values are much higher than in the sham-operation group (0.11% ± 0.13%, 0.05% ± 0.11%, n = 9) at 14 d after modeling. At 21 d, the mean percentage of circulating CD133CD34 and CD133VEGFR2 cells is 0.23% ± 0.19%, 0.25% ± 0.15% in HCC model vs 0.05% ± 0.04%, 0.12% ± 0.11% in control. Compared to the transient increase observed in controls, the higher level of circulating EPCs were induced by HCC. In addition, the level of serum VEGF and CSF increased gradually in HCC, reaching its peak 14 d after modeling, then slowly decreased. Consecutive sections stained for the CD133 and CD34 antigens showed that the CD133+ and CD34+ VEGFR2 cells were mostly recruited to HCC tissue and concentrated in tumor microvessels. Under fluorescence microscopy, the bone-marrow (BM)-derived cells labeled with GFP were concentrated in the same area. The relative levels of CD133 and CD34 gene expression were elevated in tumors, around 5.0 and 3.8 times that of the tumor free area. In frozen liver sections from HCC mice, cells co-expressing CD133 and VEGFR2 were identified by immunohistochemical staining using anti-CD133 and VEGFR2 antibodies. In tumor tissue, the double-positive cells were incorporated into vessel walls. In immunofluorescent staining. These CD31 and GFP double positive cells are direct evidence that tumor vascular endothelial cells (VECs) come partly from BM-derived EPCs. The proportion of GFP CD31 double positive VECs (out of all VECs) on day 21 was around 35.3% ± 21.2%. This is much higher than the value recorded on day 7 group (17.1% ± 8.9%). The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular adhesion molecule 1, and VEGF was higher in tumor areas than in tumor-free tissues.
CONCLUSION: Mobilized EPCs were found to participate in tumor vasculogenesis of HCC. Inhibiting EPC mobilization or recruitment to tumor tissue may be an efficient strategy for treating HCC.
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65
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Yang J, McNeish B, Butterfield C, Moses MA. Lipocalin 2 is a novel regulator of angiogenesis in human breast cancer. FASEB J 2012; 27:45-50. [PMID: 22982376 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-211730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), a member of the lipocalin family, is up-regulated in a variety of epithelial cancers. We have previously reported that Lcn2 induces the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in breast cancer through the estrogen receptor α/Slug axis and that it is a potential noninvasive biomarker of this disease. Here, we report the novel finding that Lcn2 regulates breast cancer angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key angiogenic activator, was significantly increased with Lcn2 expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as well as in an angiogenic line derived from MDA-MB-436 cells. Treatment with a VEGF-neutralizing antibody demonstrates that VEGF is essential for the angiogenic activity of Lcn2. We further demonstrate that Lcn2-induced VEGF is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and that Lcn2 regulates HIF-1α through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk). The regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF by Lcn2 was also demonstrated in the aggressive MDA-MB-231 cell line. Using the mouse corneal pocket assay, we found that Lcn2 significantly enhanced the angiogenesis induced by VEGF. Taken together, these results are the first to demonstrate that Lcn2 promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo and suggest a novel mechanism through which Lcn2 may promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yang
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Yang YN, Wang F, Zhou W, Wu ZQ, Xing YQ. TNF-α Stimulates MMP-2 and MMP-9 Activities in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells via the Activation of FAK/ERK Signaling. Ophthalmic Res 2012; 48:165-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000338819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wise LM, Inder MK, Real NC, Stuart GS, Fleming SB, Mercer AA. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-E encoded by orf virus regulates keratinocyte proliferation and migration and promotes epidermal regeneration. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1376-90. [PMID: 22507661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, a key regulator of cutaneous blood vessel formation, appears to have an additional role during wound healing, enhancing re-epithelialization. Orf virus, a zoonotic parapoxvirus, induces proliferative skin lesions that initiate in wounds and are characterized by extensive blood vessel formation, epidermal hyperplasia and rete ridge formation. The vascular changes beneath the lesion are largely due to viral-expressed VEGF-E. This study investigated using mouse skin models whether VEGF-E can induce epidermal changes such as that seen in the viral lesion. Injection of VEGF-E into normal skin increased the number of endothelial cells and blood vessels within the dermis and increased epidermal thickening and keratinocyte number. Injection of VEGF-E into wounded skin, which more closely mimics orf virus lesions, increased neo-epidermal thickness and area, promoted rete ridge formation, and enhanced wound re-epithelialization. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that VEGF-E did not induce expression of epidermal-specific growth factors within the wound, but did increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression. In cell-based assays, VEGF-E induced keratinocyte migration and proliferation, responses that were inhibited by a neutralizing antibody against VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2. These findings demonstrate that VEGF-E, both directly and indirectly, regulates keratinocyte function, thereby promoting epidermal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M Wise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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68
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Do anti-angiogenic VEGF (VEGFxxxb) isoforms exist? A cautionary tale. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35231. [PMID: 22567098 PMCID: PMC3342274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Splicing of the human vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) gene has been reported to generate angiogenic (VEGFxxx) and anti-angiogenic (VEGFxxxb) isoforms. Corresponding VEGFxxxb isoforms have also been reported in rat and mouse. We examined VEGFxxxb expression in mouse fibrosarcoma cell lines expressing all or individual VEGF isoforms (VEGF120, 164 or 188), grown in vitro and in vivo, and compared results with those from normal mouse and human tissues. Importantly, genetic construction of VEGF164 and VEGF188 expressing fibrosarcomas, in which exon 7 is fused to the conventional exon 8, precludes VEGFxxxb splicing from occurring. Thus, these two fibrosarcoma cell lines provided endogenous negative controls. Using RT-PCR we show that primers designed to simultaneously amplify VEGFxxx and VEGFxxxb isoforms amplified only VEGFxxx variants in both species. Moreover, only VEGFxxx species were generated when mouse podocytes were treated with TGFβ-1, a reported activator of VEGFxxxb splice selection in human podocytes. A VEGF164/120 heteroduplex species was identified as a PCR artefact, specifically in mouse. VEGFxxxb isoform-specific PCR did amplify putative VEGFxxxb species in mouse and human tissues, but unexpectedly also in VEGF188 and VEGF164 fibrosarcoma cells and tumours, where splicing to produce true VEGFxxxb isoforms cannot occur. Moreover, these products were only consistently generated using reverse primers spanning more than 5 bases across the 8b/7 or 8b/5 splice junctions. Primer annealing to VEGFxxx transcripts and amplification of exon 8b primer ‘tails’ explained the artefactual generation of VEGFxxxb products, since the same products were generated when the PCR reactions were performed with cDNA from VEGF164/VEGF188 ‘knock-in’ vectors used in the generation of single VEGF isoform-expressing transgenic mice from which the fibrosarcoma lines were developed. Collectively, our results highlight important pitfalls in data interpretation associated with detecting VEGFxxxb isoforms using current methods, and demonstrate that anti-angiogenic isoforms are not commonly expressed in mouse or human tissues.
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Nakasone ES, Askautrud HA, Kees T, Park JH, Plaks V, Ewald AJ, Fein M, Rasch MG, Tan YX, Qiu J, Park J, Sinha P, Bissell MJ, Frengen E, Werb Z, Egeblad M. Imaging tumor-stroma interactions during chemotherapy reveals contributions of the microenvironment to resistance. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:488-503. [PMID: 22516258 PMCID: PMC3332002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the dynamics of cancer cell death in response to therapy in the tumor microenvironment. Intravital microscopy of chemotherapy-treated mouse mammary carcinomas allowed us to follow drug distribution, cell death, and tumor-stroma interactions. We observed associations between vascular leakage and response to doxorubicin, including improved response in matrix metalloproteinase-9 null mice that had increased vascular leakage. Furthermore, we observed CCR2-dependent infiltration of myeloid cells after treatment and that Ccr2 null host mice responded better to treatment with doxorubicin or cisplatin. These data show that the microenvironment contributes critically to drug response via regulation of vascular permeability and innate immune cell infiltration. Thus, live imaging can be used to gain insights into drug responses in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Nakasone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Hanne A. Askautrud
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tim Kees
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jae-Hyun Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Vicki Plaks
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew J. Ewald
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Miriam Fein
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Morten G. Rasch
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Ying-Xim Tan
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jing Qiu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Juwon Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Pranay Sinha
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Mina J. Bissell
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eirik Frengen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Ruschke K, Hiepen C, Becker J, Knaus P. BMPs are mediators in tissue crosstalk of the regenerating musculoskeletal system. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:521-44. [PMID: 22327483 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is a tight network of many tissues. Coordinated interplay at a biochemical level between tissues is essential for development and repair. Traumatic injury usually affects several tissues and represents a large challenge in clinical settings. The current demand for potent growth factors in such applications thus accompanies the keen interest in molecular mechanisms and orchestration of tissue formation. Of special interest are multitasking growth factors that act as signals in a variety of cell types, both in a paracrine and in an autocrine manner, thereby inducing cell differentiation and coordinating not only tissue assembly at specific sites but also maturation and homeostasis. We concentrate here on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are important crosstalk mediators known for their irreplaceable roles in vertebrate development. The molecular crosstalk during embryonic musculoskeletal tissue formation is recapitulated in adult repair. BMPs act at different levels from the initiation to maturation of newly formed tissue. Interestingly, this is influenced by the spatiotemporal expression of different BMPs, their receptors and co-factors at the site of repair. Thus, the regenerative potential of BMPs needs to be evaluated in the context of highly connected tissues such as muscle and bone and might indeed be different in more poorly connected tissues such as cartilage. This highlights the need for an understanding of BMP signaling across tissues in order to eventually improve BMP regenerative potential in clinical applications. In this review, the distinct members of the BMP family and their individual contribution to musculoskeletal tissue repair are summarized by focusing on their paracrine and autocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ruschke
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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71
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Kelly EAB, Liu LY, Esnault S, Quinchia Johnson BH, Jarjour NN. Potent synergistic effect of IL-3 and TNF on matrix metalloproteinase 9 generation by human eosinophils. Cytokine 2012; 58:199-206. [PMID: 22321809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
TNF (designated as TNF-α under previous nomenclature) is the preeminent activator of MMP-9 generation from a variety of cells including eosinophils. We have previously established that TNF strongly synergizes with IFN-γ and IL-4 for eosinophil synthesis of Th1- and Th2-type chemokines respectively. Thus, we sought to determine if TNF-induced synthesis of MMP-9 would be enhanced by the presence of Th1, Th2, or the eosinophil-associated common beta chain (βc) cytokines. Human blood eosinophils were cultured with TNF alone or in combination with either IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-3, IL-5, or GM-CSF. Concentrations and activities of MMP-9 in eosinophil culture supernates were measured by ELISA and gelatin zymography, mRNA transcription and stabilization by quantitative real-time PCR, and signaling events by immunoblotting and intracellular flow cytometric analysis. Individually, TNF, GM-CSF, or IL-3, but not IL-4 or IFN-γ, induced relatively small (<0.2 ng/ml) but statistically significant quantities of MMP-9. Remarkable synergistic synthesis of MMP-9 (ng/ml levels) occurred in response to TNF plus IL-3, GM-CSF or IL-5, in the order of IL-3>GM-CSF>IL-5. Zymography revealed that eosinophils release MMP-9 in its pro-form. Eosinophil stimulation with the combination of IL-3 plus TNF led to increased steady-state levels of MMP-9 mRNA, prolonged mRNA stabilization, and enhanced activation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of NF-κB, MEK kinase, or p38 MAP kinase, but not JNK signaling pathways, diminished IL-3/TNF-induced MMP-9 mRNA and protein production. Thus, the synergistic regulation of eosinophil MMP-9 by IL-3 plus TNF likely involves cooperative interaction of multiple transcription factors downstream from ERK, p38, and NF-κB activation as well as post-transcriptional regulation of MMP-9 mRNA stabilization. Our data indicate that within microenvironments rich in βc-family cytokines and TNF, eosinophils are an important source of proMMP-9 and highlight a previously unrecognized role for synergistic interaction between TNF and βc-family cytokines, particularly IL-3, for proMMP-9 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A B Kelly
- Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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72
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Impellitteri NA, Toepke MW, Lan Levengood SK, Murphy WL. Specific VEGF sequestering and release using peptide-functionalized hydrogel microspheres. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3475-84. [PMID: 22322198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth factor signaling plays an essential role in regulating processes such as tissue development, maintenance, and repair. Gene expression levels, diffusion, degradation, and sequestration by extracellular matrix components all play a role in regulating the concentration of growth factors within the cellular microenvironment. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of hydrogel microspheres that mimic the ability of the native extracellular matrix to reversibly bind vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) out of solution. A peptide ligand derived from the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was covalently incorporated into the hydrogel microspheres in order to achieve binding affinity and specificity. In addition to being able to both bind and release VEGF in a controllable manner, the microspheres were also shown to affect human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation. The resulting microspheres may enable new strategies to specifically upregulate or downregulate growth factor signaling in the cellular microenvironment.
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73
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Morais C, Ebrahem Q, Anand-Apte B, Parat MO. Altered angiogenesis in caveolin-1 gene-deficient mice is restored by ablation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1702-14. [PMID: 22322296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 is an essential structural protein of caveolae, specialized plasma membrane organelles highly abundant in endothelial cells, where they regulate multiple functions including angiogenesis. Caveolin-1 exerts a tonic inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Accordingly, caveolin-1 gene-disrupted mice have enhanced eNOS activity as well as increased systemic nitric oxide (NO) levels. We hypothesized that excess eNOS activity, secondary to caveolin deficiency, would mediate the decreased angiogenesis observed in caveolin-1 gene-disrupted mice. We tested tumor angiogenesis in mice lacking either one or both proteins, using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays. We show that endothelial cell migration, tube formation, cell sprouting from aortic rings, tumor growth, and angiogenesis are all significantly impaired in both caveolin-1-null and eNOS-null mice. We further show that these parameters were either partially or fully restored in double knockout mice that lack both caveolin-1 and eNOS. Furthermore, the effects of genetic ablation of eNOS are mimicked by the administration of the NOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), including the reversal of the caveolin-1-null mouse angiogenic phenotype. This study is the first to demonstrate the detrimental effects of unregulated eNOS activity on angiogenesis, and shows that impaired tumor angiogenesis in caveolin-1-null mice is, at least in part, the result of enhanced eNOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christudas Morais
- University of Queensland School of Pharmacy, Woolloongabba, Australia
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74
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The effect of collagen-binding vascular endothelial growth factor on the remodeling of scarred rat uterus following full-thickness injury. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1801-7. [PMID: 22136717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serious injuries of uterine which lead to scar formation will finally result in infertility or pregnancy complications. There are few effective methods to treat such damages because of the shortage of native tissues. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is important for the formation of new vessels and re-epithelialization of endometrium. Here we produced a collagen-binding VEGF by fusing a collagen-binding domain to the N-terminal of native VEGF. After injection into a rat scarred uterus model (partial of rat uterine horn was excised and left for scar formation) the collagen targeting VEGF promoted remodeling of the scarred uterus including the regeneration of endometrium, muscular cells, and vascularization and improved pregnancy outcomes. Thus, collagen-binding VEGF may be a pragmatic solution for the treatment of severe uterine damages.
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75
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Zhou TB, Yang GS. Roles of vascular endothelial growth factor in acute rejection reaction following liver transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2011; 25:207-9. [PMID: 21856421 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The presently known cytokines that participate in acute rejection of organ transplantation include four categories by order of function: inflammatory cytokines, immunospecific cytokines, inflammatory cell activating cytokines and growth cytokines. Of them, growth cytokines that directly induce division, proliferation and migration of endothelial cells mainly include the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family [1]. Recent studies [2] showed that interactions and time overlap of inflammatory cell infiltration and angiogenesis are the main mechanisms that induce acute rejection (AR) following organ transplantation, which has been demonstrated by the clinical fact that AR symptoms after liver transplantation could only be relieved by combination use of drugs for improving micro vessels and those for improving micro bile ducts. This article is a review of VEGF that mediates inflammatory cell infiltration and angiogenesis in the portal area [3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Bao Zhou
- The Hepatic Surgery Center, The Affiliated Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.
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76
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Tumor-recruited neutrophils and neutrophil TIMP-free MMP-9 regulate coordinately the levels of tumor angiogenesis and efficiency of malignant cell intravasation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1455-70. [PMID: 21741942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated neutrophils contribute to neovascularization by supplying matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a protease that has been genetically and biochemically linked to induction of angiogenesis. Specific roles of inflammatory neutrophils and their distinct proMMP-9 in the coordinate regulation of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell dissemination, however, have not been addressed. We demonstrate that the primary tumors formed by highly disseminating variants of human fibrosarcoma and prostate carcinoma recruit elevated levels of infiltrating MMP-9-positive neutrophils and concomitantly exhibit enhanced levels of angiogenesis and intravasation. Specific inhibition of neutrophil influx by interleukin 8 (IL-8) neutralization resulted in the coordinated diminishment of tumor angiogenesis and intravasation, both of which were rescued by purified neutrophil proMMP-9. However, if neutrophil proMMP-9, naturally devoid of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), was delivered in complex with TIMP-1 or in a mixture with TIMP-2, the protease failed to rescue the inhibitory effects of anti-IL8 therapy, indicating that the TIMP-free status of proMMP-9 is critical for facilitating tumor angiogenesis and intravasation. Our findings directly link tumor-associated neutrophils and their TIMP-free proMMP-9 with the ability of aggressive tumor cells to induce the formation of new blood vessels that serve as conduits for tumor cell dissemination. Thus, treatment of cancers associated with neutrophil infiltration may benefit from specific targeting of neutrophil MMP-9 at early stages to prevent ensuing tumor angiogenesis and tumor metastasis.
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77
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Combination of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor/platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibition markedly improves the antiangiogenic efficacy for advanced stage mouse corneal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 249:1493-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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78
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Jager MJ, Ly LV, El Filali M, Madigan MC. Macrophages in uveal melanoma and in experimental ocular tumor models: Friends or foes? Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:129-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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79
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Suryawanshi A, Mulik S, Sharma S, Reddy PBJ, Sehrawat S, Rouse BT. Ocular neovascularization caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 infection results from breakdown of binding between vascular endothelial growth factor A and its soluble receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3653-65. [PMID: 21325621 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The normal cornea is transparent, which is essential for normal vision, and although the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is present in the cornea, its angiogenic activity is impeded by being bound to a soluble form of the VEGF receptor-1 (sVR-1). This report investigates the effect on the balance between VEGF-A and sVR-1 that occurs after ocular infection with HSV, which causes prominent neovascularization, an essential step in the pathogenesis of the vision-impairing lesion, stromal keratitis. We demonstrate that HSV-1 infection causes increased production of VEGF-A but reduces sVR-1 levels, resulting in an imbalance of VEGF-A and sVR-1 levels in ocular tissues. Moreover, the sVR-1 protein made was degraded by the metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes MMP-2, -7, and -9 produced by infiltrating inflammatory cells that were principally neutrophils. Inhibition of neutrophils, inhibition of sVR-1 breakdown with the MMP inhibitor marimastat, and the provision of exogenous recombinant sVR-1 protein all resulted in reduced angiogenesis. Our results make the novel observation that ocular neovascularization resulting from HSV infection involves a change in the balance between VEGF-A and its soluble inhibitory receptor. Future therapies aimed to increase the production and activity of sVR-1 protein could benefit the management of stromal keratitis, an important cause of human blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Suryawanshi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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80
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Barresi V. Angiogenesis in meningiomas. Brain Tumor Pathol 2011; 28:99-106. [PMID: 21290262 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-010-0012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neoangiogenesis has been correlated to biological aggressiveness and an adverse clinical course of several neoplasias. Its prognostic role in meningiomas appears to be controversial. Nonetheless, if adequately quantified with specific markers and appropriate scoring methods, angiogenesis seems to be significantly associated with a high growth fraction, development of recurrences and shorter overall survival of meningiomas. As a consequence, neoangiogenesis may represent a target for therapies aimed at reducing the growth of inoperable meningiomas or recurrence risk of totally resected tumors. Even more significantly, the identification of the factors that mediate angiogenesis in meningiomas could help us to determine appropriate novel anti-angiogenic therapies for these tumors. Herein the methods for quantification of angiogenesis as well as its regulating factors in meningiomas are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Barresi
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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81
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(-)-Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) at the ocular surface inhibits corneal neovascularization. Med Hypotheses 2010; 76:311-3. [PMID: 20971568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Corneal neovascularization is often accompanied by inflammatory response and loss of their immune privilege which leads to significant visual impairment and worsens the prognosis of a subsequent penetrating keratoplasty. Several types of treatment are currently used. However, there are some associated limitations and complications. The consumption of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) has been studied extensively as a potential treatment for a variety of carcinogenic and degenerative diseases due to its ability to suppress a variety of inflammatory and angiogenic factors such as NF-κB, IL-1β, COX2, VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinases. These factors are involved in the development of corneal neovascularization. The safety of long-term EGCG administration as well as the drug's high solubility in water urge further investigation of the therapeutic potential of this drug. Therefore, we propose that the administration of EGCG to the ocular surface represents a new chemopreventive alternative to suppress the corneal neovascularization induced by inflammation.
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82
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Barresi V, Vitarelli E, Tuccari G, Barresi G. MMP-9 expression in meningiomas: a prognostic marker for recurrence risk? J Neurooncol 2010; 102:189-96. [PMID: 20652360 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite total macroscopic resection of meningiomas relapses do occur in these tumours, possibly because of microscopic clusters of neoplastic cells left in the dura mater or in the arachnoid membrane. The invasiveness of the neoplastic cells of human meningiomas has been related to expression of matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a peptidase actively implicated in the degradation of the extracellular matrix; nonetheless, the prognostic value of MMP-9 in the risk of recurrence of meningiomas has not been sufficiently investigated. Herein, we analysed MMP-9 expression in a series of meningiomas of different histotype and histological grade and assessed its correlation with various clinico-pathological indicators and with the clinical outcome of these tumours. We also tested the eventual pro-angiogenic role of MMP-9 expression in meningiomas through its correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density (MVD) revealed in the same cases. MMP-9 expression was observed in 64% of cases; high expression of this protein was significantly associated with high histological grade and proliferation index, but not with high MVD, of the tumours. A trend towards correlation between MMP-9 and VEGF expression was found, although statistical significance was not reached. In addition, high MMP-9 expression was a negative independent prognostic factor associated with higher recurrence risk in totally resected meningiomas. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time the potential prognostic value of MMP-9 expression in meningiomas. Inhibition of MMP-9 may be a new therapeutic strategy to prevent recurrences of meningiomas, particularly the high-grade type.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Barresi
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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