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Shah CH, Viktorsson K, Kanter L, Sherif A, Asmundsson J, Rosenblatt R, Lewensohn R, Ullén A. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, but not S100A4 or S100A6, correlates with prolonged survival in advanced urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:1215-24. [PMID: 24880461 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A major challenge in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC) is to identify biomarkers that can predict disease prognosis and treatment response after cystectomy. Therefore, we analyzed the potential prognostic value of the proteins vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), S100A4, and S100A6 in UC. METHODS Retrospective outcome data and tumor specimens from 83 cystectomy patients with histologically confirmed invasive UC were included. Expression levels of VEGFR2 (also called flk-1 and KDR), S100A4, and S100A6 were analyzed in primary tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining and analysis of VEGFR2, S100A4, and S100A6 showed localization mainly in tumor cell cytoplasm. High VEGFR2 expression and low tumor category were independent variables associated with longer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival, revealed by a bivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model (both P<0.001). In addition, the univariate log-rank test and the Cox model demonstrated that OS beyond 2 years was significantly greater among patients with low S100A6 expression than in those with high S100A6 expression (P = 0.017 and 0.022, respectively). Differences in tumor expression of S100A4 were not significantly associated with outcome. CONCLUSION In this study, VEGFR2 expression was significantly correlated with risk of disease relapse and OS in a defined cohort of patients with UC of the bladder treated by cystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Shah
- Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Viktorsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Biomics Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Kanter
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amir Sherif
- Urology and Andrology, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jurate Asmundsson
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Ullén
- Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chen H, Xu C, Jin Q, Liu Z. S100 protein family in human cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:89-115. [PMID: 24660101 PMCID: PMC3960449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
S100 protein family has been implicated in multiple stages of tumorigenesis and progression. Among the S100 genes, 22 are clustered at chromosome locus 1q21, a region frequently rearranged in cancers. S100 protein possesses a wide range of intracellular and extracellular functions such as regulation of calcium homeostasis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell invasion and motility, cytoskeleton interactions, protein phosphorylation, regulation of transcriptional factors, autoimmunity, chemotaxis, inflammation and pluripotency. Many lines of evidence suggest that altered expression of S100 proteins was associated with tumor progression and prognosis. Therefore, S100 proteins might also represent potential tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the evidence connecting S100 protein family and cancer and discuss the mechanisms by which S100 exerts its diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chengshan Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qing'e Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100021, China
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Li Z, Tang M, Ling B, Liu S, Zheng Y, Nie C, Yuan Z, Zhou L, Guo G, Tong A, Wei Y. Increased expression of S100A6 promotes cell proliferation and migration in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 92:291-303. [PMID: 24281831 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED High levels of S100A6 have been associated with poor outcome in some types of human cancers, but the role of S100A6 in the molecular pathogenesis of these cancers is largely unknown. This study was performed to explore the expression and functional roles of S100A6 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression level of S100A6 in HCC tumor and corresponding peritumoral tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry analysis. The potential functions of S100A6 in tumorigenesis and metastasis were analyzed by cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assays in human liver cancer cells. Moreover, through expression and purification of S100A6 recombinant protein tagged with cell-penetrating peptide, we analyzed its complex extracellular/intracellular effects in a S100A6-silenced cellular model. As a result, the expression of S100A6 was up-regulated in human HCC compared with adjacent peritumoral tissues. S100A6 silencing inhibited the growth and motility of HCC cells, while intracellular re-expression of S100A6 could rescue the proliferation and migration defects. Intracellular over-expression of S100A6 resulted in down-regulation of E-cadherin expression and promoted nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Moreover, we found that the enhanced cell proliferation and motility after S100A6 stimulation were dependent on the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. These results suggest that S100A6 may be involved in promotion and progression of human liver cancer. KEY MESSAGES S100A6 is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma clinical specimens. S100A6 promotes proliferation and migration of human hepatoma cells. Overexpression of S100A6 results in alteration of E-cadherin and β-catenin. The multi-effects of S100A6 may be mediated in part by PI3K/AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China,
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Zhu L, Kohda F, Nakahara T, Chiba T, Tsuji G, Hachisuka J, Ito T, Tu Y, Moroi Y, Uchi H, Furue M. Aberrant expression of S100A6 and matrix metalloproteinase 9, but not S100A2, S100A4, and S100A7, is associated with epidermal carcinogenesis. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 72:311-9. [PMID: 23993025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100 proteins belong to a family of calcium-binding proteins that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Despite our growing knowledge about the biology of S100 proteins in some human cancers, little is known about the expression of S100 family members in epidermal tumors and their clinical significance. OBJECTIVE To determine the expression of S100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, as well as matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9) in a spectrum of epidermal tumors with benign and malignant characteristics. METHODS Immunohistological staining was performed for S100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, and MMP9 in 101 cases of various types of epidermal tumors, viz., squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), Bowen's disease (BD), actinic keratosis (AK), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), keratoacanthoma (KA), and seborrheic keratosis (SK). Thirteen specimens of normal skin (NS) served as control. RESULTS S100A2, S100A6, and S100A7 positive immunostaining was variably observed in different epidermal tumors. S100A4 staining was not observed in any epidermal tumors, but was clearly visible in dendritic cells. MMP9 immunostaining was positive only in 22/26 (84.62%) of SCC and 2/15 (13.33%) of BD cases. Expression of S100A2, S100A6, and S100A7 was increased in tumor cells compared to NS. However, only S100A6 expression was significantly associated with malignant transformation of epidermal tumors. Moreover, S100A6 expression was correlated with MMP9 expression in metastatic SCC. CONCLUSIONS Epidermal tumors show increased expression of S100A2 and S100A7 proteins. S100A4 may be a useful and distinct marker for epidermal dendritic cells. Expression of S100A6 and MMP9 in combination is associated with the development of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Ca(2+)-binding protein expression in primary human thyrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2703-2713. [PMID: 23886630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently identified several Ca(2+)-binding proteins (CaBP) from the S100 and annexin family to be regulated by TSH in FRTL-5 cells. Here, we study the regulation of S100A4, S100A6 and ANXA2 in primary human thyrocytes (PHT) derived from surrounding tissues (ST), cold benign thyroid nodules (CTN) and autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (AFTN). We investigated the expression and regulation of CaBP and the effect of their expression on Ca(2+) and TSHR signaling. We used an approach that accounts for the potential of an individual PHT culture to proliferate or to express thyroid differentiation features by assessing the expression of FOS and TPO. We found a strong correlation between the regulation of CaBP and the proliferation-associated transcription factor gene FOS. PKA and MEK1/2 were regulators of ANXA2 expression, while PI3-K and triiodothyronine were additionally involved in S100 regulation. The modulated expression of CaBP was reflected by changes in ATP-elicited Ca(2+) signaling in PHT. S100A4 increased the ratio of subsequent Ca(2+) responses and showed a Ca(2+) buffering effect, while ANXA2 affected the first Ca(2+) response to ATP. Overexpression of S100A4 led to a reduced activation of NFAT by TSH. Using S100A4 E33Q, D63N, F72Q and Y75K mutants we found that the effects of S100A4 expression on Ca(2+) signaling are mediated by protein interaction. We present evidence that TSH has the ability to fine-tune Ca(2+) signals through the regulation of CaBP expression. This represents a novel putative cross-regulating mechanism in thyrocytes that could affect thyrocyte signaling and physiology.
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Martínez-Aguilar J, Molloy MP. Label-free selected reaction monitoring enables multiplexed quantitation of S100 protein isoforms in cancer cells. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3679-88. [PMID: 23782132 DOI: 10.1021/pr400251t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the S100 protein family is composed of 21 highly related low molecular weight (∼10 kDa) proteins. These proteins are known to have diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value in a variety of cancers, but their small size and high sequence homology present a challenging scenario for quantitative bioanalytical procedures. Here, we developed a multiplexed, label-free selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assay to specifically measure the S100 protein isoform family in cancer cells. Several normalization parameters associated with label-free SRM quantitation were investigated to derive a method with optimal precision. We detected 11 S100 isoforms across a panel of 9 colon and breast cancer cell lines. The quantitative potential of the S100 assays for biomarker discovery was demonstrated by studying the isogenic cell lines SW480 and SW620, a cellular model of colon cancer progression. Our findings were shown to be in agreement with previously published polysomal mRNA level quantitation for S100 genes in these cell lines. Comparison of the quantitation results using label-free SRM with those obtained using stable-isotope labeled peptide standards demonstrated reliability of the method. These data support the use of SRM to quantitate S100 protein isoforms as these are important players in a broad range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martínez-Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Wang C, Zhang Z, Li L, Zhang J, Wang J, Fan J, Jiao B, Zhao S. S100A11 is a migration-related protein in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1552-9. [PMID: 24046531 PMCID: PMC3775114 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As a member of the S100 proteins family, the involvement of S100A11 has been suggested in a wide range of biological processes such as cell growth and motility, cell-cycle progression, transcription, differentiation and smooth muscle cell migration. However, the expression of S100A11 and its exact function in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) have not been elucidated. METHODS The protein and mRNA expression levels of S100A11 were analyzed in primary tumors and matched tumor-adjacent tissues of LSCC by western blotting and semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or quantitative real time PCR (Q-RT-PCR), respectively. Cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and wound-healing assays were performed to assess whether the knockdown of S100A11 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) could influence the biological behavior of human laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells in vitro. RESULTS We found that both protein and mRNA levels of S100A11 were overexpressed in laryngeal tumor tissues when compared to the corresponding noncancerous tissues. Further, it was demonstrated that the expression of S100A11 could induce migration but not proliferation of Hep-2 cells. Additionally, S100A11 altered a series of intracellular events, including the down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CD44 and MMP2. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the significance of S100A11 in LSCC progression and suggest that the dysregulation of S100A11 might contribute to the metastatic progression of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Wang
- 1. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Bao L, Odell AF, Stephen SL, Wheatcroft SB, Walker JH, Ponnambalam S. The S100A6 calcium-binding protein regulates endothelial cell-cycle progression and senescence. FEBS J 2012; 279:4576-88. [PMID: 23095053 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells regulate many aspects of vascular physiology, including vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. The S100 family of calcium-binding proteins regulates many aspects of cell function but their roles in vascular physiology are less well understood. Herein, we investigated the expression and function of S100-related family members in endothelial cells. Analysis of total endothelial mRNAs using a human gene chip array revealed significant gene expression of the S100 calcium-binding protein family members S100A6, S100A10, S100A11 and S100A13. We then examined the expression and functional properties of the major S100 family member, S100A6, in vascular endothelial cells. Comparison of primary and transformed human cells revealed significant differences in S100A6 protein levels in these cells. In primary human endothelial cells, S100A6 was present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. To assess the function of endothelial S100A6, we depleted protein levels using RNA interference and this caused increased cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase under different conditions. S100A6 depletion caused a decrease in both cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and phospho-CDK1 levels, which are essential for eukaryote cell-cycle progression. S100A6 depletion also decreased expression of CDK1, cyclin A1 (CCNA1) and cyclin B (CCNB1) genes with effects on cell-cycle progression. Depletion of endothelial S100A6 levels also elevated β-galactosidase expression, which is an important hallmark of cellular senescence and exit from the mammalian cell cycle. We thus propose that S100A6 has an important role in regulating endothelial commitment to, and progression through, the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Bao
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, UK
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Gigek CO, Chen ES, Calcagno DQ, Wisnieski F, Burbano RR, Smith MAC. Epigenetic mechanisms in gastric cancer. Epigenomics 2012; 4:279-94. [PMID: 22690664 DOI: 10.2217/epi.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is considered one of the major health issues worldwide, and gastric cancer accounted for 8% of total cases and 10% of total deaths in 2008. Gastric cancer is considered an age-related disease, and the total number of newly diagnosed cases has been increasing as a result of the higher life expectancy. Therefore, the basic mechanisms underlying gastric tumorigenesis is worth investigation. This review provides an overview of the epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling complex and miRNA, involved in gastric cancer. As the studies in gastric cancer continue, the mapping of an epigenome code is not far for this disease. In conclusion, an epigenetic therapy might appear in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Oliveira Gigek
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Tanca A, Addis MF, Simula MP, Pagnozzi D, Biosa G, Pisanu S, Garziera M, Cannizzaro R, Canzonieri V, De Re V, Uzzau S. Evaluation of the suitability of archival Bouin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens to proteomic investigation. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1375-84. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tanca
- Proteomics Laboratory; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl; Tramariglio; Alghero; Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Proteomics Laboratory; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl; Tramariglio; Alghero; Italy
| | - Maria Paola Simula
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit; CRO Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS National Cancer Institute; Aviano; PN; Italy
| | - Daniela Pagnozzi
- Proteomics Laboratory; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl; Tramariglio; Alghero; Italy
| | - Grazia Biosa
- Proteomics Laboratory; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl; Tramariglio; Alghero; Italy
| | - Salvatore Pisanu
- Proteomics Laboratory; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl; Tramariglio; Alghero; Italy
| | - Marica Garziera
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit; CRO Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS National Cancer Institute; Aviano; PN; Italy
| | - Renato Cannizzaro
- Gastroenterology; CRO Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS National Cancer Institute; Aviano; PN; Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology; CRO Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS National Cancer Institute; Aviano; PN; Italy
| | - Valli De Re
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit; CRO Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS National Cancer Institute; Aviano; PN; Italy
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Lin Y, Zhang LH, Wang XH, Xing XF, Cheng XJ, Dong B, Hu Y, Du H, Li YA, Zhu YB, Ding N, Du YX, Li JY, Ji JF. PTK7 as a novel marker for favorable gastric cancer patient survival. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:880-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Husi H, Fearon KC, Ross JA. Can a simple proteomics urine test assist in the early diagnosis of early-stage cancer? Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 8:555-7. [PMID: 21999825 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chen HY, Zhu BH, Zhang CH, Yang DJ, Peng JJ, Chen JH, Liu FK, He YL. High CpG island methylator phenotype is associated with lymph node metastasis and prognosis in gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:73-9. [PMID: 22017425 PMCID: PMC11164149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have found that the promoter CpG island is frequently methylated in gastric cancer. The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) defines concordant methylation of multiple promoter CpG island loci in a subset of gastric cancer. However, the relationship between CIMP and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer is unknown. Our study aimed to characterize the role of CIMP in lymph node metastasis. Clinical specimens from 120 patients were analyzed and PCR was used to detect the methylation status of five genes (ALX4, TMEFF2, CHCHD10, IGFBP3, and NPR1). We measured the level of mRNA for the five genes by real-time RT-PCR. Microsatellite instability and Helicobacter pylori infection status were assayed by capillary electrophoresis and real-time PCR, respectively. DNA methylation in the five genes was correlated with low expression of the respective mRNA. With CIMP as the dependent variable, CIMP-high gastric cancer tended to show more distant lymph node metastasis, higher pathologic tumor classification, more pathologic metastasis, and higher pathologic TNM status. Microsatellite instability and H. pylori status were not significant predictors of prognosis. CIMP-high gastric cancer showed significantly worse survival compared with that of CIMP-low/CIMP-negative gastric cancer (P < 0.001). Our results show that there is an association between CIMP status and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer and CIMP-high was an independent prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yun Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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MALDI imaging identifies prognostic seven-protein signature of novel tissue markers in intestinal-type gastric cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2720-9. [PMID: 22015459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics-based approaches allow us to investigate the biology of cancer beyond genomic initiatives. We used histology-based matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry to identify proteins that predict disease outcome in gastric cancer after surgical resection. A total of 181 intestinal-type primary resected gastric cancer tissues from two independent patient cohorts were analyzed. Protein profiles of the discovery cohort (n = 63) were directly obtained from tumor tissue sections by MALDI imaging. A seven-protein signature was associated with an unfavorable overall survival independent of major clinical covariates. The prognostic significance of three individual proteins identified (CRIP1, HNP-1, and S100-A6) was validated immunohistochemically on tissue microarrays of an independent validation cohort (n = 118). Whereas HNP-1 and S100-A6 were found to further subdivide early-stage (Union Internationale Contre le Cancer [UICC]-I) and late-stage (UICC II and III) cancer patients into different prognostic groups, CRIP1, a protein previously unknown in gastric cancer, was confirmed as a novel and independent prognostic factor for all patients in the validation cohort. The protein pattern described here serves as a new independent indicator of patient survival complementing the previously known clinical parameters in terms of prognostic relevance. These results show that this tissue-based proteomic approach may provide clinically relevant information that might be beneficial in improving risk stratification for gastric cancer patients.
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Maekawa R, Yagi S, Ohgane J, Yamagata Y, Asada H, Tamura I, Sugino N, Shiota K. Disease-dependent differently methylated regions (D-DMRs) of DNA are enriched on the X chromosome in uterine leiomyoma. J Reprod Dev 2011; 57:604-12. [PMID: 21685710 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.11-035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor in women. Although responsible gene mutations have not been found in leiomyomas, they represent a progressive disease with irreversible symptoms. To characterize epigenetic features of uterine leiomyomas, the DNA methylation status of a paired sample of leiomyoma and normal myometrium was subjected to a microarray-based DNA methylation analysis with restriction tag-mediated amplification (D-REAM). In the leiomyoma, we identified an aberrant DNA methylation status for 463 hypomethylated and 318 hypermethylated genes. Although these changes occurred on all chromosomes, aberrantly hypomethylated genes were preferentially located on the X chromosome. Using paired samples of normal myometrium and leiomyoma from 6 hysterectomy patients, methylation-sensitive quantitative real-time PCR revealed 14 shared X chromosome genes with an abnormal DNA hypomethylation status (FAM9A, CPXCR1, CXORF45, TAF1, NXF5, VBP1, GABRE, DDX53, FHL1, BRCC3, DMD, GJB1, AP1S2 and PCDH11X) and one hypermethylated locus (HDAC8). Expression of XIST, which is involved in X chromosome inactivation, was equivalent in the normal myometrium and leiomyoma, indicating that the epigenetic abnormality on the X chromosome did not result from aberration of XIST gene expression. Based on these data, a unique epigenetic signature for uterine leiomyomas has emerged. The 14 hypomethylated and one hypermethylated loci provide valuable biomarkers for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of leiomyoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Maekawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
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Husi H, Stephens N, Cronshaw A, MacDonald A, Gallagher I, Greig C, Fearon KCH, Ross JA. Proteomic analysis of urinary upper gastrointestinal cancer markers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2011; 5:289-99. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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67
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Candidate genes involving in tumorigenesis of cholangiocarcinoma induced by Opisthorchis viverrini infection. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:657-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Leśniak W. Epigenetic regulation of S100 protein expression. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:77-83. [PMID: 21949546 PMCID: PMC3156319 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 proteins are small, calcium-binding proteins whose genes are localized in a cluster on human chromosome 1. Through their ability to interact with various protein partners in a calcium-dependent manner, the S100 proteins exert their influence on many vital cellular processes such as cell cycle, cytoskeleton activity and cell motility, differentiation, etc. The characteristic feature of S100 proteins is their cell-specific expression, which is frequently up- or downregulated in various pathological states, including cancer. Changes in S100 protein expression are usually characteristic for a given type of cancer and are therefore often considered as markers of a malignant state. Recent results indicate that changes in S100 protein expression may depend on the extent of DNA methylation in the S100 gene regulatory regions. The range of epigenetic changes occurring within the S100 gene cluster has not been defined. This article reviews published data on the involvement of epigenetic factors in the control of S100 protein expression in development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Leśniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Identification of novel molecular targets for endometrial cancer using a drill-down LC-MS/MS approach with iTRAQ. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16352. [PMID: 21305022 PMCID: PMC3031560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of patients with endometrial carcinoma (EmCa) with advanced stage or high histological grade is increasing and prognosis has not improved for over the last decade. There is an urgent need for the discovery of novel molecular targets for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of EmCa, which will have the potential to improve the clinical strategy and outcome of this disease. Methodology and Results We used a “drill-down” proteomics approach to facilitate the identification of novel molecular targets for diagnosis, prognosis and/or therapeutic intervention for EmCa. Based on peptide ions identified and their retention times in the first LC-MS/MS analysis, an exclusion list was generated for subsequent iterations. A total of 1529 proteins have been identified below the Proteinpilot® 5% error threshold from the seven sets of iTRAQ experiments performed. On average, the second iteration added 78% new peptides to those identified after the first run, while the third iteration added 36% additional peptides. Of the 1529 proteins identified, only 40 satisfied our criteria for significant differential expression in EmCa in comparison to normal proliferative tissues. These proteins included metabolic enzymes (pyruvate kinase M2 and lactate dehydrogenase A); calcium binding proteins (S100A6, calcyphosine and calumenin), and proteins involved in regulating inflammation, proliferation and invasion (annexin A1, interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3, alpha-1-antitrypsin, macrophage capping protein and cathepsin B). Network analyses revealed regulation of these molecular targets by c-myc, Her2/neu and TNF alpha, suggesting intervention with these pathways may be a promising strategy for the development of novel molecular targeted therapies for EmCa. Conclusions Our analyses revealed the significance of drill-down proteomics approach in combination with iTRAQ to overcome some of the limitations of current proteomics strategies. This study led to the identification of a number of novel molecular targets having therapeutic potential for targeted molecular therapies for endometrial carcinoma.
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