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Aouali N, Broukou A, Bosseler M, Keunen O, Schlesser V, Janji B, Palissot V, Stordeur P, Berchem G. Epigenetic Activity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Agonists Increases the Anticancer Effect of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors on Multiple Myeloma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130339. [PMID: 26091518 PMCID: PMC4474836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play a major role in the development of multiple myeloma. We have previously reported that the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (PIO) enhances, in-vitro, the cytotoxic effect of the Histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), valproic acid (VPA), on multiple myeloma cells. Here, we described the development of a new multiple myeloma mouse model using MOLP8 cells, in order to evaluate the effect of VPA/PIO combination on the progression of myeloma cells, by analyzing the proliferation of bone marrow plasma cells. We showed that VPA/PIO delays the progression of the disease and the invasion of myeloma cells in the bone marrow. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that VPA/PIO increases the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP, and induces the acetylation of Histone 3 (H3). Furthermore, we provided evidence that PPARγ agonist is able to enhance the action of other HDACi such as Vorinostat or Mocetinostat. Using PPARγ antagonist or siPPARγ, we strongly suggest that, as described during adipogenesis, PIO behaves as an epigenetic regulator by improving the activity of HDACi. This study highlights the therapeutic benefit of PIO/VPA combination, compared to VPA treatment as a single-arm therapy on multiple myeloma and further highlights that such combination may constitute a new promising treatment strategy which should be supported by clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassera Aouali
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
| | - Angeliki Broukou
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Manon Bosseler
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Olivier Keunen
- Laboratory Neuro-Oncology, Norlux, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Schlesser
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Valerie Palissot
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Philippe Stordeur
- Biotechnology Department, Experimental Infectious Diseases Platform, CER Group, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Guy Berchem
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, LHCE, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Strassen, Luxembourg
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Maresca V, Flori E, Picardo M. Skin phototype: a new perspective. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:378-89. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
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Structure-based virtual screening and discovery of New PPARδ/γ dual agonist and PPARδ and γ agonists. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118790. [PMID: 25767888 PMCID: PMC4358979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in the control of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and are considered important targets to treat diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. The available PPAR ligands have several side effects leading to health risks justifying the search for new bioactive ligands to activate the PPAR subtypes, in special PPARδ, the less studied PPAR isoform. Here, we used a structure-based virtual screening protocol in order to find out new PPAR ligands. From a lead-like subset of purchasable compounds, we identified 5 compounds with potential PPAR affinity and, from preliminary in vitro assays, 4 of them showed promising biological activity. Therefore, from our in silico and in vitro protocols, new PPAR ligands are potential candidates to treat metabolic diseases.
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance coupled with an inability to produce enough insulin to control blood glucose, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are the only current antidiabetic agents that function primarily by increasing insulin sensitivity. However, despite clear benefits in glycemic control, this class of drugs has recently fallen into disuse due to concerns over side effects and adverse events. Here we review the clinical data and attempt to balance the benefits and risks of TZD therapy. We also examine potential mechanisms of action for the beneficial and harmful effects of TZDs, mainly via agonism of the nuclear receptor PPARγ. Based on critical appraisal of both preclinical and clinical studies, we discuss the prospect of harnessing the insulin sensitizing effects of PPARγ for more effective, safe, and potentially personalized treatments of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E Soccio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric R Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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55
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Fu S, Pan X, Fang W. Differential co-expression analysis of a microarray gene expression profiles of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:713-8. [PMID: 24913908 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer severely reduces the quality of life worldwide and causes high socioeconomic burdens. However, key genes leading to the generation of pulmonary adenocarcinoma remain elusive despite intensive research efforts. The present study aimed to identify the potential associations between transcription factors (TFs) and differentially co‑expressed genes (DCGs) in the regulation of transcription in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Gene expression profiles of pulmonary adenocarcinoma were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, and gene expression was analyzed using a computational method. A total of 37,094 differentially co‑expressed links (DCLs) and 251 DCGs were identified, which were significantly enriched in 10 pathways. The construction of the regulatory network and the analysis of the regulatory impact factors revealed eight crucial TFs in the regulatory network. These TFs regulated the expression of DCGs by promoting or inhibiting their expression. In addition, certain TFs and target genes associated with DCGs did not appear in the DCLs, which indicated that those TFs could be synergistic with other factors. This is likely to provide novel insights for research into pulmonary adenocarcinoma. In conclusion, the present study may enhance the understanding of disease mechanisms and lead to an improved diagnosis of lung cancer. However, further studies are required to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xufeng Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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Yu J, Kong X, Liu J, Lv Y, Sheng Y, Lv S, Di W, Wang C, Zhang F, Ding G. Expression profiling of PPARγ-regulated microRNAs in human subcutaneous and visceral adipogenesis in both genders. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2155-65. [PMID: 24666251 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence shows that visceral fat accumulation decreases whereas sc fat increases in patients treated with thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a type of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonist. To clarify the molecular mechanism of the differential effects of PPARγ agonists on sc and visceral adipose, we investigated expression profiling of PPARγ-regulated micro-RNAs (miRNAs) using miRNA microarray. The level of 182 miRNAs changed in human sc adipose treated with pioglitazone, whereas only 46 miRNAs changed in visceral adipose. Among these miRNAs, 27 miRNAs changed in both human sc and visceral adipocytes. Specifically, 7 miRNAs changed at the same direction in sc and visceral adipocytes, whereas 20 miRNAs changed at opposite directions in these two fat depots. Bioinformatics analysis showed that these miRNAs and the predicted target genes were involved in TGF-β-, Wnt/β-catenin-, and insulin-signaling pathways and related to metabolic regulation or cell cycle. Among the miRNAs changed at the same direction in sc and visceral adipocytes, miR-378, located in the first intron of PPARγ coactivator 1β (PGC1β), was coordinately expressed with PGC1β during adipogenesis. Moreover, miR-378 and PGC1β were both up-regulated by PPARγ agonist. We also provided evidence that miR-378 promoted adipogenesis in sc fat, but not in visceral fat. These results display miRNAs expression profiling altered in sc and visceral adipogenesis regulated by PPARγ and suggest a potential mechanism underlying the differential effects of TZDs on the 2 fat depot accumulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Geratology (J.Y., X.K., J.L., Y.L., Y.S., S.L., W.D., C.W., G.D.) and Department of General Surgery (F.Z.), the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Hughes TS, Giri PK, de Vera IMS, Marciano DP, Kuruvilla DS, Shin Y, Blayo AL, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP, Griffin PR, Kojetin DJ. An alternate binding site for PPARγ ligands. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3571. [PMID: 24705063 PMCID: PMC4070320 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARγ is a target for insulin-sensitizing drugs such as glitazones, which improve plasma glucose maintenance in patients with diabetes. Synthetic ligands have been designed to mimic endogenous ligand binding to a canonical ligand-binding pocket to hyperactivate PPARγ. Here we reveal that synthetic PPARγ ligands also bind to an alternate site, leading to unique receptor conformational changes that impact coregulator binding, transactivation and target gene expression. Using structure-function studies we show that alternate site binding occurs at pharmacologically relevant ligand concentrations, and is neither blocked by covalently bound synthetic antagonists nor by endogenous ligands indicating non-overlapping binding with the canonical pocket. Alternate site binding likely contributes to PPARγ hyperactivation in vivo, perhaps explaining why PPARγ full and partial or weak agonists display similar adverse effects. These findings expand our understanding of PPARγ activation by ligands and suggest that allosteric modulators could be designed to fine tune PPARγ activity without competing with endogenous ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis S Hughes
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Pankaj Kumar Giri
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - David P Marciano
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Dana S Kuruvilla
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Youseung Shin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Blayo
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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Telmisartan exerts anti-tumor effects by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Molecules 2014; 19:2862-76. [PMID: 24603556 PMCID: PMC6271964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19032862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Telmisartan, a member of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, is usually used for cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have showed that telmisartan has the property of PPARγ activation. Meanwhile, PPARγ is essential for tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis. In this work we explore whether telmisartan could exert anti-tumor effects through PPARγ activation in A549 cells. MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays were included to determine the survival rates and cell viabilities. RT-PCR and western blotting were used to analyze the expression of ICAM-1, MMP-9 and PPARγ. DNA binding activity of PPARγ was evaluated by EMSA. Our data showed that the survival rates and cell viabilities of A549 cells were all reduced by telmisartan in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, our results also demonstrated that telmisartan dose-dependently inhibited the expression of ICAM-1 and MMP-9. Moreover, the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects, ICAM-1 and MMP-9 inhibitive properties of telmisartan were totally blunted by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. Our findings also showed that the expression of PPARγ was up-regulated by telmisartan in a dose dependent manner. And, the EMSA results also figured out that DNA binding activity of PPARγ was dose-dependently increased by telmisartan. Additionally, our data also revealed that telmisartan-induced PPARγ activation was abrogated by GW9662. Taken together, our results indicated that telmisartan inhibited the expression of ICAM-1 and MMP-9 in A549 cells, very likely through the up-regulation of PPARγ synthesis.
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D’Archivio M, Scazzocchio B, Giammarioli S, Fiani ML, Varì R, Santangelo C, Veneziani A, Iacovelli A, Giovannini C, Gessani S, Masella R. ω3-PUFAs exert anti-inflammatory activity in visceral adipocytes from colorectal cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77432. [PMID: 24116229 PMCID: PMC3792028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to correlate specific fatty acid profiles of visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) with inflammatory signatures potentially associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Human adipocytes were isolated from biopsies of visceral WAT from 24 subjects subdivided in four groups: normal-weight (BMI 22.0-24.9 Kg/m2) and over-weight/obese (BMI 26.0-40.0 Kg/m2), affected or not by CRC. To define whether obesity and/or CRC affect the inflammatory status of WAT, the activation of the pro-inflammatory STAT3 and the anti-inflammatory PPARγ transcription factors as well as the expression of adiponectin were analyzed by immunoblotting in adipocytes isolated from each group of subjects. Furthermore, to evaluate whether differences in inflammatory WAT environment correlate with specific fatty acid profiles, gas-chromatographic analysis was carried out on WAT collected from all subject categories. Finally, the effect of the ω3 docosahexaenoic acid treatment on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in adipocytes was also evaluated. Results We provide the first evidence for the existence of a pro-inflammatory environment in WAT of CRC patients, as assessed by the up-regulation of STAT3, and the concomitant decrease of PPARγ and adiponectin with respect to healthy subjects. WAT inflammatory status was independent of obesity degree but correlated with a decreased ω3-/ω6-polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. These observations suggested that qualitative changes, other than quantitative ones, in WAT fatty acid may influence tissue dysfunctions potentially linked to inflammatory conditions. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that adipocyte treatment with docosahexaenoic acid restored the equilibrium between STAT3 and PPARγ. Conclusion Our results suggest that adipocyte dysfunctions occur in CRC patients creating a pro-inflammatory environment that might influence cancer development. Furthermore, the protective potential of docosahexaenoic acid in re-establishing the equilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors might represent a useful tool for preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo D’Archivio
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Maria L. Fiani
- Department Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Varì
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Gessani
- Department Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Masella
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
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60
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Potentially functional polymorphisms in ATG10 are associated with risk of breast cancer in a Chinese population. Gene 2013; 527:491-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Liu L, Yang Z, Xu Y, Li J, Xu D, Zhang L, Sun J, Xia S, Zou F, Liu Y. Inhibition of oxidative stress-elicited AKT activation facilitates PPARγ agonist-mediated inhibition of stem cell character and tumor growth of liver cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73038. [PMID: 24023668 PMCID: PMC3758331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are the most malignant cell subpopulation in tumors because of their resistance to chemotherapy or radiation treatment. Targeting TICs may be a key innovation for cancer treatment. In this study, we found that PPARγ agonists inhibited the cancer stem cell-like phenotype and attenuated tumor growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated by NOX2 upregulation were partially responsible for the inhibitory effects mediated by PPARγ agonists. However, PPARγ agonist-mediated ROS production significantly activated AKT, which in turn promoted TIC survival by limiting ROS generation. Inhibition of AKT, by either pharmacological inhibitors or AKT siRNA, significantly enhanced PPARγ agonist-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation and stem cell-like properties in HCC cells. Importantly, in nude mice inoculated with HCC Huh7 cells, we demonstrated a synergistic inhibitory effect of the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and the AKT inhibitor triciribine on tumor growth. In conclusion, we observed a negative feedback loop between oxidative stress and AKT hyperactivation in PPARγ agonist-mediated suppressive effects on HCCs. Combinatory application of an AKT inhibitor and a PPARγ agonist may provide a new strategy for inhibition of stem cell-like properties in HCCs and treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Suhua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiyan Zou
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Wang X, Sun Y, Wong J, Conklin DS. PPARγ maintains ERBB2-positive breast cancer stem cells. Oncogene 2013; 32:5512-21. [PMID: 23770845 PMCID: PMC3898098 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the adverse prognostic marker ERBB2 occurs in 30% of breast cancers and is associated with aggressive disease and poor outcomes. Our recent findings have shown that NR1D1 and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)-binding protein (PBP) act through a common pathway in upregulating several genes in the de novo fatty acid synthesis network, which is highly active in ERBB2-positive breast cancer cells. NR1D1 and PBP are functionally related to PPARγ, a well-established positive regulator of adipogenesis and lipid storage. Here, we report that inhibition of the PPARγ pathway reduces the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-positive population in ERBB2-positive breast cancer cells. Results from in vitro tumorsphere formation assays demonstrate that the PPARγ antagonists GW9662 and T0070907 decrease tumorsphere formation in ERBB2-positive cells, but not other breast cells. We show that the mechanism by which GW9662 treatment causes a reduction in ALDH-positive population cells is partially due to ROS, as it can be rescued by treatment with N-acetyl-cysteine. Furthermore, global gene expression analyses show that GW9662 treatment suppresses the expression of several lipogenic genes, including ACLY, MIG12, FASN and NR1D1, and the stem-cell related genes KLF4 and ALDH in BT474 cells. Antagonist treatment also decreases the level of acetylation in histone 3 and histone 4 in BT474 cells, compared with MCF7 cells. In vivo, GW9662 pre-treatment inhibits the tumor-seeding ability of BT474 cells. Together, these results show that the PPARγ pathway is critical for the cancer stem cell properties of ERBB2-positive breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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Mechanisms of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prostate cancer prevention. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:824563. [PMID: 23762859 PMCID: PMC3676993 DOI: 10.1155/2013/824563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on several key areas where progress has been made recently to highlight the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in prostate cancer prevention.
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Nakles RE, Kallakury BVS, Furth PA. The PPARγ agonist efatutazone increases the spectrum of well-differentiated mammary cancer subtypes initiated by loss of full-length BRCA1 in association with TP53 haploinsufficiency. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1976-85. [PMID: 23664366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists have anticancer activity and influence cell differentiation. We examined the impact of the selective PPARγ agonist efatutazone on mammary cancer pathogenesis in a mouse model of BRCA1 mutation. Mice with conditional loss of full-length BRCA1 targeted to mammary epithelial cells in association with germline TP53 insufficiency were treated with efatutazone through the diet starting at age 4 months and were euthanized at age 12 months or when palpable tumor reached 1 cm(3). Although treatment did not reduce percentage of mice developing invasive cancer, it significantly reduced prevalence of noninvasive cancer and total number of cancers per mouse and increased prevalence of well-differentiated cancer subtypes not usually seen in this mouse model. Invasive cancers from controls were uniformly estrogen receptor α negative and undifferentiated, whereas well-differentiated estrogen receptor α-positive papillary invasive cancers appeared in efatutazone-treated mice. Expression levels of phosphorylated AKT and CDK6 were significantly reduced in the cancers developing in efatutazone-treated mice. Efatutazone treatment reduced rates of mammary epithelial cell proliferation and development of hyperplastic alveolar nodules and increased expression levels of the PPARγ target genes Adfp, Fabp4, and Pdhk4 in preneoplastic mammary tissue. Intervention efatutazone treatment in mice with BRCA1 deficiency altered mammary cancer development by promoting development of differentiated invasive cancer and reducing prevalence of noninvasive cancer and preneoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Nakles
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
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Panza A, Pazienza V, Ripoli M, Benegiamo G, Gentile A, Valvano MR, Augello B, Merla G, Prattichizzo C, Tavano F, Ranieri E, di Sebastiano P, Vinciguerra M, Andriulli A, Mazzoccoli G, Piepoli A. Interplay between SOX9, β-catenin and PPARγ activation in colorectal cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1853-65. [PMID: 23583560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis relies on loss of homeostasic mechanisms regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. These cell processes have been reported to be influenced independently by transcription factors activated downstream of the Wnt pathway, such as SOX9 and β-catenin, and by the nuclear receptor PPARγ. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression levels and functional link between SOX9, β-catenin and PPARγ in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated SOX9, β-catenin and PPARγ expression levels on human CRC specimens by qPCR and immunoblot detection. We tested the hypothesis that PPARγ activation might affect SOX9 and β-catenin expression using four colon cancer cell lines (CaCo2, SW480, HCT116, and HT29 cells). In CRC tissues SOX9 resulted up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels when compared to matched normal mucosa, β-catenin resulted up-regulated at protein levels, while PPARG mRNA and PPARγ protein levels were down-regulated. A significant relationship was observed between high PPARG and SOX9 expression levels in the tumor tissue and female gender (p=0.005 and p=0.04, respectively), and between high SOX9 expression in the tumor tissue and age (p=0.04) and microsatellite instability (MSI), in particular with MSI-H (p=0.0002). Moreover, treatment with the synthetic PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone induced different changes of SOX9 and β-catenin expression and subcellular localization in the colon cancer cell lines examined. In conclusion, SOX9, β-catenin and PPARγ expression levels are deregulated in the CRC tissue, and in colon cancer cell lines ligand-dependent PPARγ activation unevenly influences SOX9 and β-catenin expression and subcellular localization, suggesting a variable mechanistic role in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Panza
- Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital, Italy
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Puzianowska-Kuznicka M, Pawlik-Pachucka E, Owczarz M, Budzińska M, Polosak J. Small-molecule hormones: molecular mechanisms of action. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:601246. [PMID: 23533406 PMCID: PMC3603355 DOI: 10.1155/2013/601246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule hormones play crucial roles in the development and in the maintenance of an adult mammalian organism. On the molecular level, they regulate a plethora of biological pathways. Part of their actions depends on their transcription-regulating properties, exerted by highly specific nuclear receptors which are hormone-dependent transcription factors. Nuclear hormone receptors interact with coactivators, corepressors, basal transcription factors, and other transcription factors in order to modulate the activity of target genes in a manner that is dependent on tissue, age and developmental and pathophysiological states. The biological effect of this mechanism becomes apparent not earlier than 30-60 minutes after hormonal stimulus. In addition, small-molecule hormones modify the function of the cell by a number of nongenomic mechanisms, involving interaction with proteins localized in the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, as well as with proteins localized in other cellular membranes and in nonnuclear cellular compartments. The identity of such proteins is still under investigation; however, it seems that extranuclear fractions of nuclear hormone receptors commonly serve this function. A direct interaction of small-molecule hormones with membrane phospholipids and with mRNA is also postulated. In these mechanisms, the reaction to hormonal stimulus appears within seconds or minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
- *Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka:
| | - Eliza Pawlik-Pachucka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Owczarz
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Budzińska
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Polosak
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Proline dehydrogenase (oxidase, PRODH/POX), the first enzyme in the proline degradative pathway, plays a special role in tumorigenesis and tumor development. Proline metabolism catalyzed by PRODH/POX is closely linked with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and urea cycle. The proline cycle formed by the interconversion of proline and Δ(1) -pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) between mitochondria and cytosol interlocks with pentose phosphate pathway. Importantly, by catalyzing proline to P5C, PRODH/POX donates electrons into the electron transport chain to generate ROS or ATP. In earlier studies, we found that PRODH/POX functions as a tumor suppressor to initiate apoptosis, inhibit tumor growth, and block the cell cycle, all by ROS signaling. It also suppresses hypoxia inducible factor signaling by increasing α-ketoglutarate. During tumor progression, PRODH/POX is under the control of various tumor-associated factors, such as tumor suppressor p53, inflammatory factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), onco-miRNA miR-23b*, and oncogenic transcription factor c-MYC. Recent studies revealed the two-sided features of PRODH/POX-mediated regulation. Under metabolic stress such as oxygen and glucose deprivation, PRODH/POX can be induced to serve as a tumor survival factor through ATP production or ROS-induced autophagy. The paradoxical roles of PRODH/POX can be understood considering the temporal and spatial context of the tumor. Further studies will provide additional insights into this protein and on its metabolic effects in tumors, which may lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Metabolism and Cancer Susceptibility Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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Marchan R, Lesjak MS, Stewart JD, Winter R, Seeliger J, Hengstler JG. Choline-releasing glycerophosphodiesterase EDI3 links the tumor metabolome to signaling network activities. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4499-506. [PMID: 23114620 PMCID: PMC3562293 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, EDI3 was identified as a key factor for choline metabolism that controls tumor cell migration and is associated with metastasis in endometrial carcinomas. EDI3 cleaves glycerophosphocholine (GPC) to form choline and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). Choline is then further metabolized to phosphatidylcholine (PtdC), the major lipid in membranes and a key player in membrane-mediated cell signaling. The second product, G3P, is a precursor molecule for several lipids with central roles in signaling, for example lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacylglycerol (DAG). LPA activates intracellular signaling pathways by binding to specific LPA receptors, including membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors and the intracellular nuclear receptor, PPARγ. Conversely, PA and DAG mediate signaling by acting as lipid anchors that bind and activate several signaling proteins. For example, binding of GTPases and PKC to PA and DAG, respectively, increases the activation of signaling networks, mediating processes such as migration, adhesion, proliferation or anti-apoptosis—all relevant for tumor development. We present a concept by which EDI3 either directly generates signaling molecules or provides “membrane anchors” for downstream signaling factors. As a result, EDI3 links choline metabolism to signaling activities resulting in a more malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the University of Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.
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PPARs Signaling and Cancer in the Gastrointestinal System. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:560846. [PMID: 23028383 PMCID: PMC3458283 DOI: 10.1155/2012/560846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the study of the peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPARs) as potential targets for cancer prevention and therapy has gained a strong interest. From a biological point of view, the overall responsibility of PPARs in cancer development and progression is still controversial since several studies report both antiproliferative and tumor-promoting actions for these signaling molecules in human cancer cells and animal models. In this paper, we discuss PPARs functions in the context of different types of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Tang W, Morgan DR, Meyers MO, Dominguez RL, Martinez E, Kakudo K, Kuan PF, Banet N, Muallem H, Woodward K, Speck O, Gulley ML. Epstein-barr virus infected gastric adenocarcinoma expresses latent and lytic viral transcripts and has a distinct human gene expression profile. Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:21. [PMID: 22929309 PMCID: PMC3598565 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND EBV DNA is found within the malignant cells of 10% of gastric cancers. Modern molecular technology facilitates identification of virus-related biochemical effects that could assist in early diagnosis and disease management. METHODS In this study, RNA expression profiling was performed on 326 macrodissected paraffin-embedded tissues including 204 cancers and, when available, adjacent non-malignant mucosa. Nanostring nCounter probes targeted 96 RNAs (20 viral, 73 human, and 3 spiked RNAs). RESULTS In 182 tissues with adequate housekeeper RNAs, distinct profiles were found in infected versus uninfected cancers, and in malignant versus adjacent benign mucosa. EBV-infected gastric cancers expressed nearly all of the 18 latent and lytic EBV RNAs in the test panel. Levels of EBER1 and EBER2 RNA were highest and were proportional to the quantity of EBV genomes as measured by Q-PCR. Among protein coding EBV RNAs, EBNA1 from the Q promoter and BRLF1 were highly expressed while EBNA2 levels were low positive in only 6/14 infected cancers. Concomitant upregulation of cellular factors implies that virus is not an innocent bystander but rather is linked to NFKB signaling (FCER2, TRAF1) and immune response (TNFSF9, CXCL11, IFITM1, FCRL3, MS4A1 and PLUNC), with PPARG expression implicating altered cellular metabolism. Compared to adjacent non-malignant mucosa, gastric cancers consistently expressed INHBA, SPP1, THY1, SERPINH1, CXCL1, FSCN1, PTGS2 (COX2), BBC3, ICAM1, TNFSF9, SULF1, SLC2A1, TYMS, three collagens, the cell proliferation markers MYC and PCNA, and EBV BLLF1 while they lacked CDH1 (E-cadherin), CLDN18, PTEN, SDC1 (CD138), GAST (gastrin) and its downstream effector CHGA (chromogranin). Compared to lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the uterine cervix, gastric cancers expressed CLDN18, EPCAM, REG4, BBC3, OLFM4, PPARG, and CDH17 while they had diminished levels of IFITM1 and HIF1A. The druggable targets ERBB2 (Her2), MET, and the HIF pathway, as well as several other potential pharmacogenetic indicators (including EBV infection itself, as well as SPARC, TYMS, FCGR2B and REG4) were identified in some tumor specimens. CONCLUSION This study shows how modern molecular technology applied to archival fixed tissues yields novel insights into viral oncogenesis that could be useful in managing affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Tang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 913 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7525, USA.
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Jiang W, Zhu Z, McGinley JN, El Bayoumy K, Manni A, Thompson HJ. Identification of a molecular signature underlying inhibition of mammary carcinoma growth by dietary N-3 fatty acids. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3795-806. [PMID: 22651929 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An increased ratio of dietary n-3 relative to n-6 fatty acids has been shown to inhibit the development of mammary cancer in animal models. However, the molecular mechanisms by which n-3 fatty acids affect tumor growth remain unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of varying dietary ratios of n-3:n-6 fatty acids on cell signaling in a rat model of chemically induced mammary carcinoma. Cell proliferation was reduced by 60% in carcinomas from the high n-3:n-6 treatment group compared with the low n-3:n-6 treatment group. These changes were associated with decreased cyclin-D1 and phospho-retinoblastoma protein expression and increased levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, CIP1 (p21) and KIP1 (p27). In addition, the apoptotic index was increased in carcinomas from the high n-3:n-6 group and was associated with elevated apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 and a higher ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Interestingly, changes in protein expression were consistent with reduced inflammation and suppressed mTOR activity, and the molecular signature associated with high n-3:n-6 treatment revealed changes in PPARγ activation and suppression of lipid synthesis. Together, our findings indicate that the molecular effects of high dietary n-3 to n-6 ratios are heterogeneous in nature but point to consistent changes in lipid metabolism pathways, which may serve as potential therapeutic targets for cancer prevention and control. This study identifies the pathways modulated by dietary fatty acid ratios in a rat model of breast cancer, with implications for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Jiang
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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