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Wang Y, Xu M, Ke ZJ, Luo J. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced aggressiveness of breast cancer. Pharmacol Res 2016; 115:299-308. [PMID: 27939360 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women. Both Epidemiological and experimental studies indicate a positive correlation between alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer. While alcohol exposure may promote the carcinogenesis or onset of breast cancer, it may as well enhance the progression and aggressiveness of existing mammary tumors. Recent progress in this line of research suggests that alcohol exposure is associated with invasive breast cancer and promotes the growth and metastasis of mammary tumors. There are multiple potential mechanisms involved in alcohol-stimulated progression and aggressiveness of breast cancer. Alcohol may increase the mobility of cancer cells by inducing cytoskeleton reorganization and enhancing the cancer cell invasion by causing degradation and reconstruction of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Moreover, alcohol may promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a hallmark of malignancy, and impair endothelial integrity, thereby increasing the dissemination of breast cancer cells and facilitating metastasis. Furthermore, alcohol may stimulate tumor angiogenesis through the activation of cytokines and chemokines which promotes tumor growth. Additionally, alcohol may increase the cancer stem cell population which affects neoplastic cell behavior, aggressiveness, and the therapeutic response. Alcohol can be metabolized in the mammary tissues and breast cancer cells which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress. Recent studies suggest that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, particularly ErbB2 (a member of this family), is involved in alcohol-mediated tumor promotion. Breast cancer cells or mammary epithelial cells over-expressing ErbB2 are more sensitive to alcohol's tumor promoting effects. There is considerable cross-talk between oxidative stress and EGFR/ErbB2 signaling. This review further discusses how the interaction between oxidative stress and EGFR/ErbB2 signaling contributes to the cellular and molecular events associated with breast cancer aggressiveness. We also discuss the potential therapeutic approaches for cancer patients who drink alcoholic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Zun-Ji Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Fry EA, Taneja P, Inoue K. Clinical applications of mouse models for breast cancer engaging HER2/neu. INTEGRATIVE CANCER SCIENCE AND THERAPEUTICS 2016; 3:593-603. [PMID: 28133539 PMCID: PMC5267336 DOI: 10.15761/icst.1000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human c-ErbB2 (HER2) has long been used as a marker of breast cancer (BC) for sub-categorization for the prediction of prognosis, and determination of therapeutic strategies. HER2 overexpressing BCs are more invasive/metastatic; but patients respond to monoclonal antibody therapy with trastuzumab or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, at least at early stages. To date, numerous mouse models that faithfully reproduce HER2(+) BCs have been created in mice. We recently reviewed different mouse models of BC overexpressing wild type or mutant neu driven by MMTV, neu, or doxycycline-inducible promoters. These mice have been used to demonstrate the histopathology, oncogenic signaling pathways initiated by aberrant overexpression of HER2 in the mammary epithelium, and interaction between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes at molecular levels. In this review, we focus on their clinical applications. They can be used to test the efficacy of HER(2) inhibitors before starting clinical trials, characterize the tumor-initiating cells that could be the cause of relapse after therapy as well as to analyze the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic resistance targeting HER2. MMTV-human ErbB2 (HER2) mouse models have recently been established since the monoclonal antibody to HER2 (trastuzumab; Herceptin®) does not recognize the rat neu protein. It has been reported that early intervention with HER2 monoclonal antibody would be beneficial for preventing mammary carcinogenesis. MDA-7/IL-24 as well as naturally-occurring chemicals have also been tested using MMTV-neu models. Recent studies have shown that MMTV-neu models are useful to develop vaccines to HER2 for immunotherapy. The mouse models employing HER2/neu will be essential for future antibody or drug screenings to overcome resistance to trastuzumab or HER(2)-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Fry
- The Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Pankaj Taneja
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Kazushi Inoue
- The Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
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Amphiregulin enhances intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and promotes tumor metastasis in human osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40880-95. [PMID: 26503469 PMCID: PMC4747375 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common, high malignant, and metastatic bone cancer. Amphiregulin (AREG) has been associated with cancer cellular activities. However, the effect of AREG on metastasis activity in human osteosarcoma cells has yet to be determined. We determined that AREG increases the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway via its interaction with the epidermal growth factor receptor, thus resulting in the enhanced cell migration of osteosarcoma. Furthermore, AREG stimulation increased the association of NF-κB to ICAM-1 promoter which then up-regulated ICAM-1 expression. Finally, we observed that shRNA silencing of AREG decreased osteosarcoma metastasis in vivo. Our findings revealed a relationship between osteosarcoma metastatic potential and AREG expression and the modulating effect of AREG on ICAM-1 expression.
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Faria JAQA, de Andrade C, Goes AM, Rodrigues MA, Gomes DA. Effects of different ligands on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nuclear translocation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:39-45. [PMID: 27462018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is activated through binding to specific ligands and generates signals for proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell survival. Recent data show the role of nuclear EGFR in tumors. Although many EGFR ligands are upregulated in cancers, little is known about their effects on EGFR nuclear translocation. We have compared the effects of six EGFR ligands (EGF, HB-EGF, TGF-α, β-Cellulin, amphiregulin, and epiregulin) on nuclear translocation of EGFR, receptor phosphorylation, migration, and proliferation. Cell fractionation and confocal immunofluorescence detected EGFR in the nucleus after EGF, HB-EGF, TGF-α and β-Cellulin stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, amphiregulin and epiregulin did not generate nuclear translocation of EGFR. EGF, HB-EGF, TGF-α and β-Cellulin showed correlations between a higher rate of wound closure and increased phosphorylation of residues in the carboxy-terminus of EGFR, compared to amphiregulin and epiregulin. The data indicate that EGFR is translocated to the nucleus after stimulation with EGF, HB-EGF, TGF-α and β-Cellulin, and that these ligands are related to increased phosphorylation of EGFR tyrosine residues, inducing migration of SkHep-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerusa A Q A Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Andrade
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Alfredo M Goes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Michele A Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil; Department of General Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Dawidson A Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Tamazato Longhi M, Magalhães M, Reina J, Morais Freitas V, Cella N. EGFR Signaling Regulates Maspin/SerpinB5 Phosphorylation and Nuclear Localization in Mammary Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159856. [PMID: 27447178 PMCID: PMC4957797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maspin (SerpinB5) is a non-inhibitory serpin (serine protease inhibitor) with very diverse biological activities including regulation of cell adhesion, migration, death, control of gene expression and oxidative stress response. Initially described as a tumor and metastasis suppressor, clinical data brought controversies to the field, as some studies reported no correlation between SerpinB5 expression and prognosis value. These data underscore the importance of understanding SerpinB5 function in a normal physiological context and the molecular mechanism involved. Several SerpinB5 phosphoforms have been detected in different cell lines, but the signaling pathways involved and the biological significance of this post-translational modification in vivo remains to be explored. In this study we investigated SerpinB5 expression, subcellular localization and phosphorylation in different stages of the mouse mammary gland development and the signaling pathway involved. Here we show that SerpinB5 is first detected in late pregnancy, reaches its highest levels in lactation and remains at constant levels during post-lactational regression (involution). Using high resolution isoelectric focusing followed but immunoblot, we found at least 8 different phosphoforms of SerpinB5 during lactation, which decreases steadily at the onset of involution. In order to investigate the signaling pathway involved in SerpinB5 phosphorylation, we took advantage of the non-transformed MCF-10A model system, as we have previously observed SerpinB5 phosphorylation in these cells. We detected basal levels of SerpinB5 phosphorylation in serum- and growth factor-starved cells, which is due to amphiregulin autocrine activity on MCF-10A cells. EGF and TGF alpha, two other EGFR ligands, promote important SerpinB5 phosphorylation. Interestingly, EGF treatment is followed by SerpinB5 nuclear accumulation. Altogether, these data indicate that SerpinB5 expression and phosphorylation are developmentally regulated. In vitro analyses indicate that SerpinB5 phosphorylation is regulated by EGFR ligands, but EGF appears to be the only able to induce SerpinB5 nuclear localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Tamazato Longhi
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Magna Magalhães
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Reina
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Morais Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Cella
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Corrado C, Saieva L, Raimondo S, Santoro A, De Leo G, Alessandro R. Chronic myelogenous leukaemia exosomes modulate bone marrow microenvironment through activation of epidermal growth factor receptor. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1829-39. [PMID: 27196940 PMCID: PMC4876029 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder. Recent evidence indicates that altered crosstalk between CML and mesenchymal stromal cells may affect leukaemia survival; moreover, vesicles released by both tumour and non‐tumour cells into the microenvironment provide a suitable niche for cancer cell growth and survival. We previously demonstrated that leukaemic and stromal cells establish an exosome‐mediated bidirectional crosstalk leading to the production of IL8 in stromal cells, thus sustaining the survival of CML cells. Human cell lines used are LAMA84 (CML cells), HS5 (stromal cells) and bone marrow primary stromal cells; gene expression and protein analysis were performed by real‐time PCR and Western blot. IL8 and MMP9 secretions were evaluated by ELISA. Exosomes were isolated from CML cells and blood samples of CML patients. Here, we show that LAMA84 and CML patients’ exosomes contain amphiregulin (AREG), thus activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling in stromal cells. EGFR signalling increases the expression of SNAIL and its targets, MMP9 and IL8. We also demonstrated that pre‐treatment of HS5 with LAMA84 exosomes increases the expression of annexin A2 that promotes the adhesion of leukaemic cells to the stromal monolayer, finally supporting the growth and invasiveness of leukaemic cells. Leukaemic and stromal cells establish a bidirectional crosstalk: exosomes promote proliferation and survival of leukaemic cells, both in vitro and in vivo, by inducing IL8 secretion from stromal cells. We propose that this mechanism is activated by a ligand–receptor interaction between AREG, found in CML exosomes, and EGFR in bone marrow stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Corrado
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Saieva
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Santoro
- Divisione di Ematologia, A.O. Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giacomo De Leo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Palermo, Italy.
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Doerner A, Scheck R, Schepartz A. Growth Factor Identity Is Encoded by Discrete Coiled-Coil Rotamers in the EGFR Juxtamembrane Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:776-84. [PMID: 26091170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Binding of transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) extracellular domain is encoded through the formation of a unique antiparallel coiled coil within the juxtamembrane segment. This new coiled coil is an "inside-out" version of the coiled coil formed in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF). A third, intermediary coiled-coil interface is formed in the juxtamembrane region when EGFR is stimulated with betacellulin. The seven growth factors that activate EGFR in mammalian systems (EGF, TGF-α, epigen, epiregulin, betacellulin, heparin-binding EGF, and amphiregulin) fall into distinct categories in which the structure of the coiled coil induced within the juxtamembrane region correlates with cell state. The observation that coiled-coil state tracks with the downstream signaling profiles for each ligand provides evidence for growth factor functional selectivity by EGFR. Encoding growth factor identity in alternative coiled-coil rotamers provides a simple and elegant method for communicating chemical information across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Doerner
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Rebecca Scheck
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA.
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Nilsson G, Kannius-Janson M. Forkhead Box F1 promotes breast cancer cell migration by upregulating lysyl oxidase and suppressing Smad2/3 signaling. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:142. [PMID: 26908052 PMCID: PMC4763409 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) increases cell migration and is implicated in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. We have previously described the involvement of the transcription factors, nuclear factor I-C2 (NFI-C2) and Forkhead box F1 (FoxF1), in the regulation of EMT and invasion during breast tumor progression. NFI-C2 counteracts these processes and FoxF1 is a directly repressed target of NFI-C2. FoxF1 induces EMT and invasiveness and enhances xenograft tumorigenicity in nude mice. Here we identify oppositely regulated targets of NFI-C2 and FoxF1 involved in these processes and further study a possible role for FoxF1 in tumorigenesis. Methods We used Affymetrix microarray to detect changes in the transcriptome of a mouse mammary epithelial cell line upon overexpression of NFI-C2 or FoxF1. To elucidate the effects and signaling events following FoxF1 overexpression we investigated in vitro invasion capacity and changes in transcription and protein expression resulting from RNAi and inhibitor treatment. Results The extracellular matrix enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) was negatively regulated by NFI-C2 and positively regulated by FoxF1, and upregulation of LOX following FoxF1 overexpression in mouse mammary epithelial cells increased in vitro cell invasion. In the nuclei of FoxF1-overexpressing cells, the phosphorylation of Smad2 decreased, while that of p38 increased. Depletion of LOX by RNAi enhanced phosphorylation of Smad2 by a focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent mechanism. In addition, induced expression of FoxF1 in a non-malignant human mammary epithelial cell line showed that the increase in LOX transcription and the suppression of Smad2 activity are early effects of FoxF1. Conclusion These data show that FoxF1 enhances invasion in a LOX-dependent manner, is involved in the regulation of Smad2 signaling, and that FoxF1 overexpression ultimately leads to activation of p38 MAPK signaling. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of signaling pathways known to be important during breast tumor progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2196-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 430, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Kannius-Janson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Ronan T, Macdonald-Obermann JL, Huelsmann L, Bessman NJ, Naegle KM, Pike LJ. Different Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Agonists Produce Unique Signatures for the Recruitment of Downstream Signaling Proteins. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5528-5540. [PMID: 26786109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.710087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The EGF receptor can bind seven different agonist ligands. Although each agonist appears to stimulate the same suite of downstream signaling proteins, different agonists are capable of inducing distinct responses in the same cell. To determine the basis for these differences, we used luciferase fragment complementation imaging to monitor the recruitment of Cbl, CrkL, Gab1, Grb2, PI3K, p52 Shc, p66 Shc, and Shp2 to the EGF receptor when stimulated by the seven EGF receptor ligands. Recruitment of all eight proteins was rapid, dose-dependent, and inhibited by erlotinib and lapatinib, although to differing extents. Comparison of the time course of recruitment of the eight proteins in response to a fixed concentration of each growth factor revealed differences among the growth factors that could contribute to their differing biological effects. Principal component analysis of the resulting data set confirmed that the recruitment of these proteins differed between agonists and also between different doses of the same agonist. Ensemble clustering of the overall response to the different growth factors suggests that these EGF receptor ligands fall into two major groups as follows: (i) EGF, amphiregulin, and EPR; and (ii) betacellulin, TGFα, and epigen. Heparin-binding EGF is distantly related to both clusters. Our data identify differences in network utilization by different EGF receptor agonists and highlight the need to characterize network interactions under conditions other than high dose EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Ronan
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering and
| | - Jennifer L Macdonald-Obermann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Lorel Huelsmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Nicholas J Bessman
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059
| | - Kristen M Naegle
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering and.
| | - Linda J Pike
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and.
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Chapter Six - The Ubiquitin Network in the Control of EGFR Endocytosis and Signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:225-76. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Lim Y, Yoo J, Kim MS, Hur M, Lee EH, Hur HS, Lee JC, Lee SN, Park TW, Lee K, Chang KH, Kim K, Kang Y, Hong KW, Kim SH, Kim YG, Yoon Y, Nam DH, Yang H, Kim DG, Cho HS, Won J. GC1118, an Anti-EGFR Antibody with a Distinct Binding Epitope and Superior Inhibitory Activity against High-Affinity EGFR Ligands. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 15:251-63. [PMID: 26586721 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibodies are a valid therapeutic strategy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, only a small subset of mCRC patients has therapeutic benefits and there are high demands for EGFR therapeutics with a broader patient pool and more potent efficacy. In this study, we report GC1118 exhibiting a different character in terms of binding epitope, affinity, mode of action, and efficacy from other anti-EGFR antibodies. Structural analysis of the EGFR-GC1118 crystal complex revealed that GC1118 recognizes linear, discrete N-terminal epitopes of domain III of EGFR, critical for EGF binding but not overlapping with those of other EGFR-targeted antibodies. GC1118 exhibited superior inhibitory activity against high-affinity EGFR ligands in terms of EGFR binding, triggering EGFR signaling, and proliferation compared with cetuximab and panitumumab. EGFR signaling driven by low-affinity ligands, on the contrary, was well inhibited by all the antibodies tested. GC1118 demonstrated robust antitumor activity in tumor xenografts with elevated expression of high-affinity ligands in vivo, whereas cetuximab did not. Considering the significant role of high-affinity EGFR ligands in modulating tumor microenvironment and inducing resistance to various cancer therapeutics, our study suggests a potential therapeutic advantage of GC1118 in terms of efficacy and a range of benefited patient pool. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(2); 251-63. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmi Lim
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Yoo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Hur
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Lee
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Suk Hur
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Nai Lee
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wook Park
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhyun Lee
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Chang
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuglae Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - YingJin Kang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Hong
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- University-Industry Cooperation Foundation, and Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Gil Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeup Yoon
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyoung Yang
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Geon Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jonghwa Won
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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De Luca A, Roma C, Gallo M, Fenizia F, Bergantino F, Frezzetti D, Costantini S, Normanno N. RNA-seq analysis reveals significant effects of EGFR signalling on the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10518-28. [PMID: 25344915 PMCID: PMC4279390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute to breast cancer progression by releasing soluble factors that sustain tumor progression. MSCs express functional epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and breast cancer cells secrete EGFR-ligands including transforming growth factor-α (TGFα). Using RNA-sequencing, we analysed the whole transcriptome of MSCs stimulated with TGFα. We identified 1,640 highly differentially regulated genes: 967 genes up-regulated with Fold Induction (FI)≥1.50 and 673 genes down-regulated with FI≤0.50. When highly regulated genes were categorized according to GO molecular function classification and KEGG pathways analysis, a large number of genes coding for potentially secreted proteins or surface receptors resulted enriched following TGFα treatment, including VEGFA, IL6, EREG, HB-EGF, LIF, NGF, NRG1, CCL19, CCL2, CCL25 and CXCL3. Secretion of corresponding proteins was confirmed for selected factors. Finally, we identified 4,377 and 4,262 alternatively spliced genes in untreated and TGFα-treated MSCs, respectively. Among these, an unannotated splice variant of VEGFA coding for a secreted VEGF protein of 172 aminoacids (VEGFA172), was found only in MSCs stimulated with TGFα. These findings suggest that EGFR activation in MSCs leads to a significant change in the expression of a wide array of genes coding for secreted proteins that can significantly enhance tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Luca
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristin Roma
- Centro di Ricerche Oncologiche di Mercogliano (CROM)-Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Mercogliano (AV), Italy
| | - Marianna Gallo
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Fenizia
- Centro di Ricerche Oncologiche di Mercogliano (CROM)-Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Mercogliano (AV), Italy
| | - Francesca Bergantino
- Centro di Ricerche Oncologiche di Mercogliano (CROM)-Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Mercogliano (AV), Italy
| | - Daniela Frezzetti
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Susan Costantini
- Centro di Ricerche Oncologiche di Mercogliano (CROM)-Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Mercogliano (AV), Italy
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy. Centro di Ricerche Oncologiche di Mercogliano (CROM)-Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Mercogliano (AV), Italy
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63
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Dunning KR, Watson LN, Zhang VJ, Brown HM, Kaczmarek AK, Robker RL, Russell DL. Activation of Mouse Cumulus-Oocyte Complex Maturation In Vitro Through EGF-Like Activity of Versican1. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:116. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.127274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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64
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An antibody to amphiregulin, an abundant growth factor in patients’ fluids, inhibits ovarian tumors. Oncogene 2015; 35:438-47. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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65
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Kearns JD, Bukhalid R, Sevecka M, Tan G, Gerami-Moayed N, Werner SL, Kohli N, Burenkova O, Sloss CM, King AM, Fitzgerald JB, Nielsen UB, Wolf BB. Enhanced Targeting of the EGFR Network with MM-151, an Oligoclonal Anti-EGFR Antibody Therapeutic. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1625-36. [PMID: 25911688 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although EGFR is a validated therapeutic target across multiple cancer indications, the often modest clinical responses to current anti-EGFR agents suggest the need for improved therapeutics. Here, we demonstrate that signal amplification driven by high-affinity EGFR ligands limits the capacity of monoclonal anti-EGFR antibodies to block pathway signaling and cell proliferation and that these ligands are commonly coexpressed with low-affinity EGFR ligands in epithelial tumors. To develop an improved antibody therapeutic capable of overcoming high-affinity ligand-mediated signal amplification, we used a network biology approach comprised of signaling studies and computational modeling of receptor-antagonist interactions. Model simulations suggested that an oligoclonal antibody combination may overcome signal amplification within the EGFR:ERK pathway driven by all EGFR ligands. Based on this, we designed MM-151, a combination of three fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibodies that can simultaneously engage distinct, nonoverlapping epitopes on EGFR with subnanomolar affinities. In signaling studies, MM-151 antagonized high-affinity EGFR ligands more effectively than cetuximab, leading to an approximately 65-fold greater decrease in signal amplification to ERK. In cell viability studies, MM-151 demonstrated antiproliferative activity against high-affinity EGFR ligands, either singly or in combination, while cetuximab activity was largely abrogated under these conditions. We confirmed this finding both in vitro and in vivo in a cell line model of autocrine high-affinity ligand expression. Together, these preclinical studies provide rationale for the clinical study of MM-151 and suggest that high-affinity EGFR ligand expression may be a predictive response marker that distinguishes MM-151 from other anti-EGFR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Sevecka
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gege Tan
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Neeraj Kohli
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Anne M King
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Beni B Wolf
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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66
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Amphiregulin activates human hepatic stellate cells and is upregulated in non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8812. [PMID: 25744849 PMCID: PMC4351520 DOI: 10.1038/srep08812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphiregulin (AR) involvement in liver fibrogenesis and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) regulation is under study. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its more severe form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Our aim was to investigate ex vivo the effect of AR on human primary HSC (hHSC) and verify in vivo the relevance of AR in NAFLD fibrogenesis. hHSC isolated from healthy liver segments were analyzed for expression of AR and its activator, TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE). AR induction of hHSC proliferation and matrix production was estimated in the presence of antagonists. AR involvement in fibrogenesis was also assessed in a mouse model of NASH and in humans with NASH. hHSC time dependently expressed AR and TACE. AR increased hHSC proliferation through several mitogenic signaling pathways such as EGFR, PI3K and p38. AR also induced marked upregulation of hHSC fibrogenic markers and reduced hHSC death. AR expression was enhanced in the HSC of a murine model of NASH and of severe human NASH. In conclusion, AR induces hHSC fibrogenic activity via multiple mitogenic signaling pathways, and is upregulated in murine and human NASH, suggesting that AR antagonists may be clinically useful anti-fibrotics in NAFLD.
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67
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Curran TG, Zhang Y, Ma DJ, Sarkaria JN, White FM. MARQUIS: a multiplex method for absolute quantification of peptides and posttranslational modifications. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5924. [PMID: 25581283 PMCID: PMC4293043 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Absolute quantification of protein expression and post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry has been challenging due to a variety of factors, including the potentially large dynamic range of phosphorylation response. To address these issues, we have developed MARQUIS — Multiplex Absolute Regressed Quantification with Internal Standards — a novel mass spectrometry-based approach using a combination of isobaric tags and heavy-labeled standard peptides to construct internal standard curves for peptides derived from key nodes in signal transduction networks. We applied MARQUIS to quantify phosphorylation dynamics within the EGFR network at multiple time points following stimulation with several ligands, enabling a quantitative comparison of EGFR phosphorylation sites and demonstrating that receptor phosphorylation is qualitatively similar but quantitatively distinct for each EGFR ligand tested. MARQUIS was also applied to quantify the effect of EGFR kinase inhibition on glioblastoma patient derived xenografts. MARQUIS is a versatile method, broadly applicable and extendable to multiple mass spectrometric platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Curran
- 1] Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Thermo-Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, USA
| | - Daniel J Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street South West, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street South West, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Forest M White
- 1] Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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68
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Austin CL, Manivannan SN, Simcox A. TGF-α ligands can substitute for the neuregulin Vein in Drosophila development. Development 2014; 141:4110-4. [PMID: 25336739 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ErbB receptors, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr), are activated by EGF ligands to govern cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. The different EGF-induced cell responses in development are regulated by deployment of multiple ligands. These inputs, however, engage only a limited number of intracellular pathways and are thought to elicit specific responses by regulating the amplitude or duration of the intracellular signal. The single Drosophila Egfr has four ligands: three of the TGF-α-type and a single neuregulin-like called vein (vn). Here, we used mutant combinations and gene replacement to determine the constraints of ligand specificity in development. Mutant analysis revealed extensive ligand redundancy in embryogenesis and wing development. Surprisingly, we found that the essential role of vn in development could be largely replaced by expression of any TGF-α ligand, including spitz (spi), in the endogenous vn pattern. vn mutants die as white undifferentiated pupae, but the rescued individuals showed global differentiation of adult body parts. Spi is more potent than Vn, and the best morphological rescue occurred when Spi expression was reduced to achieve an intracellular signaling level comparable to that produced by Vn. Our results show that the developmental repertoire of a strong ligand like Spi is flexible and at the appropriate level can emulate the activity of a weak ligand like Vn. These findings align with a model whereby cells respond similarly to an equivalent quantitative level of an intracellular signal generated by two distinct ligands regardless of ligand identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Austin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sathiya N Manivannan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amanda Simcox
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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69
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Lauriola M, Enuka Y, Zeisel A, D'Uva G, Roth L, Sharon-Sevilla M, Lindzen M, Sharma K, Nevo N, Feldman M, Carvalho S, Cohen-Dvashi H, Kedmi M, Ben-Chetrit N, Chen A, Solmi R, Wiemann S, Schmitt F, Domany E, Yarden Y. Diurnal suppression of EGFR signalling by glucocorticoids and implications for tumour progression and treatment. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5073. [PMID: 25278152 PMCID: PMC4205848 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and nuclear receptors for steroid hormones is essential for body homeostasis, but the cross-talk between these receptor families is poorly understood. We observed that glucocorticoids inhibit signalling downstream of EGFR, an RTK. The underlying mechanism entails suppression of EGFR's positive feedback loops and simultaneous triggering of negative feedback loops that normally restrain EGFR. Our studies in mice reveal that the regulation of EGFR's feedback loops by glucocorticoids translates to circadian control of EGFR signalling: EGFR signals are suppressed by high glucocorticoids during the active phase (night-time in rodents), while EGFR signals are enhanced during the resting phase. Consistent with this pattern, treatment of animals bearing EGFR-driven tumours with a specific kinase inhibitor was more effective if administered during the resting phase of the day, when glucocorticoids are low. These findings support a circadian clock-based paradigm in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Lauriola
- 1] Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel [2] Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Yehoshua Enuka
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amit Zeisel
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gabriele D'Uva
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lee Roth
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Sharon-Sevilla
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moshit Lindzen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nava Nevo
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Morris Feldman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Silvia Carvalho
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hadas Cohen-Dvashi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Merav Kedmi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nir Ben-Chetrit
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rossella Solmi
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fernando Schmitt
- 1] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 [2] Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4 [3] IPATIMUP, University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Eytan Domany
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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70
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Knudsen SLJ, Mac ASW, Henriksen L, van Deurs B, Grøvdal LM. EGFR signaling patterns are regulated by its different ligands. Growth Factors 2014; 32:155-63. [PMID: 25257250 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2014.952410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
EGF receptor (EGFR) and its signaling have been investigated for many years, but how its different ligands regulate signaling has not been thoroughly explored. When investigating EGFR activation and downstream signaling in HeLa cells using a panel of ligands, we found a ligand-dependent differential activation of EGFR and the signaling pathways Akt, PLCγ and STAT with HB-EGF and BTC being the most potent ligands. All the tested ligands induced full activation of Erk signaling at 1 nM, whereas only HB-EGF and partly BTC and EGF induced strong activation of Akt, STAT3 and PLCγ at this concentration. Interestingly, we also found that the high activation potencies of HB-EGF and BTC could only partially be explained by their binding affinities, and are therefore likely to be regulated by other mechanisms. We thus suggest that the signaling pathways initiated from the EGFR vary depending on the ligands bound in a cell specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Louise Jeppe Knudsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
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71
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Kiuchi T, Ortiz-Zapater E, Monypenny J, Matthews DR, Nguyen LK, Barbeau J, Coban O, Lawler K, Burford B, Rolfe DJ, de Rinaldis E, Dafou D, Simpson MA, Woodman N, Pinder S, Gillett CE, Devauges V, Poland SP, Fruhwirth G, Marra P, Boersma YL, Plückthun A, Gullick WJ, Yarden Y, Santis G, Winn M, Kholodenko BN, Martin-Fernandez ML, Parker P, Tutt A, Ameer-Beg SM, Ng T. The ErbB4 CYT2 variant protects EGFR from ligand-induced degradation to enhance cancer cell motility. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra78. [PMID: 25140053 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the ErbB family that can promote the migration and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Therapies that target EGFR can promote the dimerization of EGFR with other ErbB receptors, which is associated with the development of drug resistance. Understanding how interactions among ErbB receptors alter EGFR biology could provide avenues for improving cancer therapy. We found that EGFR interacted directly with the CYT1 and CYT2 variants of ErbB4 and the membrane-anchored intracellular domain (mICD). The CYT2 variant, but not the CYT1 variant, protected EGFR from ligand-induced degradation by competing with EGFR for binding to a complex containing the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl and the adaptor Grb2. Cultured breast cancer cells overexpressing both EGFR and ErbB4 CYT2 mICD exhibited increased migration. With molecular modeling, we identified residues involved in stabilizing the EGFR dimer. Mutation of these residues in the dimer interface destabilized the complex in cells and abrogated growth factor-stimulated cell migration. An exon array analysis of 155 breast tumors revealed that the relative mRNA abundance of the ErbB4 CYT2 variant was increased in ER+ HER2- breast cancer patients, suggesting that our findings could be clinically relevant. We propose a mechanism whereby competition for binding to c-Cbl in an ErbB signaling heterodimer promotes migration in response to a growth factor gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Kiuchi
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - James Monypenny
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel R Matthews
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Lan K Nguyen
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jody Barbeau
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Oana Coban
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Katherine Lawler
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Brian Burford
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel J Rolfe
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Emanuele de Rinaldis
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dimitra Dafou
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael A Simpson
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Natalie Woodman
- Guy's and St Thomas' Breast Tissue and Data Bank, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK. Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sarah Pinder
- Guy's and St Thomas' Breast Tissue and Data Bank, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK. Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Cheryl E Gillett
- Guy's and St Thomas' Breast Tissue and Data Bank, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK. Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Viviane Devauges
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Simon P Poland
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gilbert Fruhwirth
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Pierfrancesco Marra
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ykelien L Boersma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William J Gullick
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - George Santis
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Martyn Winn
- Computational Science and Engineering Department, Daresbury Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Warrington, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Boris N Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marisa L Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Peter Parker
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK. Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Andrew Tutt
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Simon M Ameer-Beg
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Tony Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK. UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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72
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Macdonald-Obermann JL, Pike LJ. Different epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands show distinct kinetics and biased or partial agonism for homodimer and heterodimer formation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26178-26188. [PMID: 25086039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.586826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The EGF receptor has seven different cognate ligands. Previous work has shown that these different ligands are capable of inducing different biological effects, even in the same cell. To begin to understand the molecular basis for this variation, we used luciferase fragment complementation to measure ligand-induced dimer formation and radioligand binding to study the effect of the ligands on subunit-subunit interactions in EGF receptor (EGFR) homodimers and EGFR/ErbB2 heterodimers. In luciferase fragment complementation imaging studies, amphiregulin (AREG) functioned as a partial agonist, inducing only about half as much total dimerization as the other three ligands. However, unlike the other ligands, AREG showed biphasic kinetics for dimer formation, suggesting that its path for EGF receptor activation involves binding to both monomers and preformed dimers. EGF, TGFα, and betacellulin (BTC) appear to mainly stimulate receptor activation through binding to and dimerization of receptor monomers. In radioligand binding assays, EGF and TGFα exhibited increased affinity for EGFR/ErbB2 heterodimers compared with EGFR homodimers. By contrast, BTC and AREG showed a similar affinity for both dimers. Thus, EGF and TGFα are biased agonists, whereas BTC and AREG are balanced agonists with respect to selectivity of dimer formation. These data suggest that the differences in biological response to different EGF receptor ligands may result from partial agonism for dimer formation, differences in the kinetic pathway utilized to generate activated receptor dimers, and biases in the formation of heterodimers versus homodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Macdonald-Obermann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Linda J Pike
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
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Propper D, Davidenko I, Bridgewater J, Kupcinskas L, Fittipaldo A, Hillenbach C, Klughammer B, Ducreux M. Phase II, randomized, biomarker identification trial (MARK) for erlotinib in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1384-1390. [PMID: 24827134 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prospective, randomized phase II study, with mandatory tumor sampling at current disease stage, aimed to identify biomarkers predictive of improved progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with erlotinib. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with histologically/cytologically confirmed, unresectable, locally advanced/metastatic pancreatic cancer, who had failed on or were unsuitable for first-line chemotherapy, underwent a tumor biopsy and were then randomized to receive once-daily erlotinib 150 mg or placebo. The primary end point was identification of biomarkers predicting improved PFS with erlotinib. Secondary end points included PFS, overall survival, response and toxicity. RESULTS At data cut-off, 207 patients were enrolled and analyzed. Prespecified biomarker analyses of EGFR protein expression, EGFR gene copy number/mutations/polymorphisms and KRAS mutations did not identify any subgroups with a detrimental effect or a strong benefit for PFS with erlotinib. In the primary analysis, the median PFS was 6.1 versus 5.9 weeks in the erlotinib and placebo arms, respectively [hazard ratio (HR) 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63-1.10; P = 0.1909]. However, observed baseline imbalances indicated worse prognosis in the erlotinib arm. After adjustment for baseline characteristics, a significant PFS benefit for erlotinib was observed (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.50-0.91; P = 0.0102). Exploratory biomarker analyses showed patients with high baseline serum amphiregulin levels might benefit from erlotinib. CONCLUSION This study in patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer did not identify any prespecified biomarkers predictive of PFS benefit with erlotinib. Exploratory analyses suggested high amphiregulin might predict PFS benefit from erlotinib. CLINICALTRIALSGOV NUMBER NCT00674973.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Propper
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - I Davidenko
- State Medical Institution Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Krasnodar, Russia
| | - J Bridgewater
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - L Kupcinskas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | - M Ducreux
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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74
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Watkins DJ, Zhou Y, Matthews MAB, Chen L, Besner GE. HB-EGF augments the ability of mesenchymal stem cells to attenuate intestinal injury. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:938-44; discussion 944. [PMID: 24888839 PMCID: PMC4044538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration protect the intestines from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo, with amniotic fluid-derived MSC (AF-MSC) being more efficacious than bone marrow-derived MSC (BM-MSC). The goal of the current study was to determine whether the protective effects of HB-EGF were from direct effects on MSC or via alternative mechanisms. METHODS Murine MSC were transfected with an HB-EGF plasmid or control plasmid by electroporation. Mice were subjected to segmental intestinal I/R injury and received either BM-MSC or AF-MSC either with or without exogenous HB-EGF, or BM-MSC or AF-MSC that endogenously over-expressed HB-EGF. MSC engraftment, intestinal histologic injury, and intestinal permeability were quantified. RESULTS There was increased MSC engraftment into injured compared to uninjured intestine. HB-EGF increased AF-MSC engraftment into injured intestine. Administration of HB-EGF and MSC improved intestinal histology and intestinal permeability after I/R injury, with AF-MSC being most efficacious. The effect of HB-EGF on MSC was similar when the growth factor was administered exogenously, or when it was overexpressed endogenously. CONCLUSIONS The effect of HB-EGF on AF-MSC was similar with both exogenous administration and endogenous overexpression of the growth factor, implying that HB-EGF has a direct effect on AF-MSC. This information may assist in guiding potential future AF-MSC-based therapies for patients at risk of intestinal ischemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Watkins
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yu Zhou
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mika A B Matthews
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Li Chen
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gail E Besner
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
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75
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Gu J, Yang J, Chang Q, Lu X, Wang J, Chen M, Ghayur T, Gu J. Identification of anti-ErbB2 dual variable domain immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig™) proteins with unique activities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97292. [PMID: 24824849 PMCID: PMC4019538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting ErbB2 signaling with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or small molecules is an established therapeutic strategy in oncology. We have developed anti-ErbB2 Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig) proteins that capture the function of a combination of two anti-ErbB2 antibodies. In addition, some of the anti-ErbB2 DVD-Ig proteins gain the new functions of enhancing ErbB2 signaling and cell proliferation in N87 cells. We further found that two DVD-Ig proteins, DVD687 and DVD688, have two distinct mechanisms of actions in Calu-3 and N87 cells. DVD687 enhances cell cycle progression while DVD688 induces apoptosis in N87 cells. Using a half DVD687, we found that avidity may play a key role in the agonist activity of DVD687 in N87 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Gu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, R&D, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinsong Yang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, R&D, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qing Chang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, R&D, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, R&D, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jieyi Wang
- Cancer Research, R&D, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mingjiu Chen
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, R&D, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tariq Ghayur
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, R&D, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jijie Gu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, R&D, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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76
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Fang WB, Yao M, Cheng N. Priming cancer cells for drug resistance: role of the fibroblast niche. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:114-126. [PMID: 25045348 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional and targeted chemotherapies remain integral strategies to treat solid tumors. Despite the large number of anti-cancer drugs available, chemotherapy does not completely eradicate disease. Disease recurrence and the growth of drug resistant tumors remain significant problems in anti-cancer treatment. To develop more effective treatment strategies, it is important to understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. It is generally accepted that cancer cells do not function alone, but evolve through interactions with the surrounding tumor microenvironment. As key cellular components of the tumor microenvironment, fibroblasts regulate the growth and progression of many solid tumors. Emerging studies demonstrate that fibroblasts secrete a multitude of factors that enable cancer cells to become drug resistant. This review will explore how fibroblast secretion of soluble factors act on cancer cells to enhance cancer cell survival and cancer stem cell renewal, contributing to the development of drug resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bin Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Abstract
Epiregulin is a 46-amino acid protein that belongs to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of peptide hormones. Epiregulin binds to the EGF receptor (EGFR/ErbB1) and ErbB4 (HER4) and can stimulate signaling of ErbB2 (HER2/Neu) and ErbB3 (HER3) through ligand-induced heterodimerization with a cognate receptor. Epiregulin possesses a range of functions in both normal physiologic states as well as in pathologic conditions. Epiregulin contributes to inflammation, wound healing, tissue repair, and oocyte maturation by regulating angiogenesis and vascular remodeling and by stimulating cell proliferation. Deregulated epiregulin activity appears to contribute to the progression of a number of different malignancies, including cancers of the bladder, stomach, colon, breast, lung, head and neck, and liver. Therefore, epiregulin and the elements of the EGF/ErbB signaling network that lie downstream of epiregulin appear to be good targets for therapeutic intervention.
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78
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Epiregulin: roles in normal physiology and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 28:49-56. [PMID: 24631357 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epiregulin is a 46-amino acid protein that belongs to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of peptide hormones. Epiregulin binds to the EGF receptor (EGFR/ErbB1) and ErbB4 (HER4) and can stimulate signaling of ErbB2 (HER2/Neu) and ErbB3 (HER3) through ligand-induced heterodimerization with a cognate receptor. Epiregulin possesses a range of functions in both normal physiologic states as well as in pathologic conditions. Epiregulin contributes to inflammation, wound healing, tissue repair, and oocyte maturation by regulating angiogenesis and vascular remodeling and by stimulating cell proliferation. Deregulated epiregulin activity appears to contribute to the progression of a number of different malignancies, including cancers of the bladder, stomach, colon, breast, lung, head and neck, and liver. Therefore, epiregulin and the elements of the EGF/ErbB signaling network that lie downstream of epiregulin appear to be good targets for therapeutic intervention.
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79
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Richani D, Sutton-McDowall ML, Frank LA, Gilchrist RB, Thompson JG. Effect of epidermal growth factor-like peptides on the metabolism of in vitro- matured mouse oocytes and cumulus cells. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:49. [PMID: 24451986 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.115311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is an assisted reproductive technology that involves the maturation of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) that are then capable of normal development. We have shown that epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like peptide signaling is perturbed in mouse COCs undergoing IVM when matured with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and/or EGF, but supplementation of IVM with EGF-like peptides amphiregulin or epiregulin improves oocyte developmental competence. Here we aimed to determine whether EGF-like peptides regulate COC metabolism. Immature 129/Sv mouse COCs underwent IVM with FSH, EGF, amphiregulin, epiregulin, betacellulin, or no treatment (control). Epiregulin significantly increased intraoocyte flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and REDOX (reduction and oxidation) ratio compared to FSH and control. Amphiregulin and epiregulin significantly increased the proportion of J aggregates (from JC-1) in oocyte mitochondria compared to control, FSH, or EGF, and this coupled with FAD and REDOX measures indicates greater mitochondrial activity. There were no differences in glucose consumption, lactate production, or glycolysis between COCs matured with FSH, EGF, and EGF-like peptides. COCs matured with EGF or EGF-like peptides exhibited significantly higher mRNA expression of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) rate-limiting enzyme gene Gfpt2, Has2 expression, and global beta-O-linked glycosylation of proteins, compared to control or FSH, suggesting greater HBP activity. Our findings suggest that 1) EGF-like peptides, particularly epiregulin, induce more oocyte mitochondrial activity than EGF or FSH and 2) EGF-like peptides and EGF induce greater HBP activity, enabling more hyaluronic acid synthesis and protein beta-O-linked glycosylation. These metabolic alterations may be a mechanism by which EGF-like peptides increase oocyte developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulama Richani
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Robinson Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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80
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Scheving LA, Zhang X, Garcia OA, Wang RF, Stevenson MC, Threadgill DW, Russell WE. Epidermal growth factor receptor plays a role in the regulation of liver and plasma lipid levels in adult male mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G370-81. [PMID: 24407590 PMCID: PMC3949019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00116.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dsk5 mice have a gain of function in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), caused by a point mutation in the kinase domain. We analyzed the effect of this mutation on liver size, histology, and composition. We found that the livers of 12-wk-old male Dsk5 heterozygotes (+/Dsk5) were 62% heavier compared with those of wild-type controls (+/+). The livers of the +/Dsk5 mice compared with +/+ mice had larger hepatocytes with prominent, polyploid nuclei and showed modestly increased cell proliferation indices in both hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. An analysis of total protein, DNA, and RNA (expressed relative to liver weight) revealed no differences between the mutant and wild-type mice. However, the livers of the +/Dsk5 mice had more cholesterol but less phospholipid and fatty acid. Circulating cholesterol levels were twice as high in adult male +/Dsk5 mice but not in postweaned young male or female mice. The elevated total plasma cholesterol resulted mainly from an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The +/Dsk5 adult mouse liver expressed markedly reduced protein levels of LDL receptor, no change in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, and a markedly increased fatty acid synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase. Increased expression of transcription factors associated with enhanced cholesterol synthesis was also observed. Together, these findings suggest that the EGFR may play a regulatory role in hepatocyte proliferation and lipid metabolism in adult male mice, explaining why elevated levels of EGF or EGF-like peptides have been positively correlated to increased cholesterol levels in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David W. Threadgill
- 6Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - William E. Russell
- 1Departments of Pediatrics, ,2Cell and Developmental Biology, ,3Digestive Disease Research Center, ,4Vanderbilt Diabetes Center, ,5Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
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81
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Berasain C, Avila MA. Amphiregulin. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 28:31-41. [PMID: 24463227 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amphiregulin (AREG) is a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a widely expressed transmembrane tyrosine kinase. AREG is synthesized as a membrane-anchored precursor protein that can engage in juxtacrine signaling on adjacent cells. Alternatively, after proteolytic processing by cell membrane proteases, mainly TACE/ADAM17, AREG is secreted and behaves as an autocrine or paracrine factor. AREG gene expression and release is induced by a plethora of stimuli including inflammatory lipids, cytokines, hormones, growth factors and xenobiotics. Through EGFR binding AREG activates major intracellular signaling cascades governing cell survival, proliferation and motility. Physiologically, AREG plays an important role in the development and maturation of mammary glands, bone tissue and oocytes. Chronic elevation of AREG expression is increasingly associated with different pathological conditions, mostly of inflammatory and/or neoplastic nature. Here we review the essential aspects of AREG structure, function and regulation, discuss the basis for its differential role within the EGFR family of ligands, and identify emerging aspects in AREG research with translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Matías A Avila
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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82
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Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Microvesicles as mediators of intercellular communication in cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1165:147-73. [PMID: 24839024 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0856-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that cancer cells generate large membrane-enclosed packets of epigenetic information, known as microvesicles (MVs), that can be transferred to other cells and influence their behavior (Antonyak et al., Small GTPases 3:219-224, 2012; Cocucci et al., Trends Cell Biol 19:43-51, 2009; Rak, Semin Thromb Hemost 36:888-906, 2010; Skog et al., Nat Cell Biol 10:1470-1476, 2008) has added a unique perspective to the classical paracrine signaling paradigm. This is largely because, in addition to growth factors and cytokines, MVs contain a variety of components that are not usually thought to be released into the extracellular environment by viable cells including plasma membrane-associated proteins, cytosolic- and nuclear-localized proteins, as well as nucleic acids, particularly RNA transcripts and micro-RNAs (Skog et al., Nat Cell Biol 10:1470-1476, 2008; Al-Nedawi et al., Nat Cell Biol 10:619-624, 2008; Antonyak et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:4852-4857, 2011; Balaj et al., Nat Commun 2:180, 2011; Choi et al., J Proteome Res 6:4646-4655, 2007; Del Conde et al., Blood 106:1604-1611, 2005; Gallo et al., PLoS One 7:e30679, 2012; Graner et al., FASEB J 23:1541-1557, 2009; Grange et al., Cancer Res 71:5346-5356, 2011; Hosseini-Beheshti et al., Mol Cell Proteomics 11:863-885, 2012; Martins et al., Curr Opin Oncol 25:66-75, 2013; Noerholm et al., BMC Cancer 12:22, 2012; Zhuang et al., EMBO J 31:3513-3523, 2012). When transferred between cancer cells, MVs have been shown to stimulate signaling events that promote cell growth and survival (Al-Nedawi et al., Nat Cell Biol 10:619-624, 2008). Cancer cell-derived MVs can also be taken up by normal cell types that surround the tumor, an outcome that helps shape the tumor microenvironment, trigger tumor vascularization, and even confer upon normal recipient cells the transformed characteristics of a cancer cell (Antonyak et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:4852-4857, 2011; Martins et al., Curr Opin Oncol 25:66-75, 2013; Al-Nedawi et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:3794-3799, 2009; Ge et al., Cancer Microenviron 5:323-332, 2012). Thus, the production of MVs by cancer cells plays crucial roles in driving the expansion of the primary tumor. However, it is now becoming increasingly clear that MVs are also stable in the circulation of cancer patients, where they can mediate long-range effects and contribute to the formation of the pre-metastatic niche, an essential step in metastasis (Skog et al., Nat Cell Biol 10:1470-1476, 2008; Noerholm et al., BMC Cancer 12:22, 2012; Peinado et al., Nat Med 18:883-891, 2012; Piccin et al., Blood Rev 21:157-171, 2007; van der Vos et al., Cell Mol Neurobiol 31:949-959, 2011). These findings, when taken together with the fact that MVs are being aggressively pursued as diagnostic markers, as well as being considered as potential targets for intervention against cancer (Antonyak et al., Small GTPases 3:219-224, 2012; Hosseini-Beheshti et al., Mol Cell Proteomics 11:863-885, 2012; Martins et al., Curr Opin Oncol 25:66-75, 2013; Ge et al., Cancer Microenviron 5:323-332, 2012; Peinado et al., Nat Med 18:883-891, 2012; Piccin et al., Blood Rev 21:157-171, 2007; Al-Nedawi et al., Cell Cycle 8:2014-2018, 2009; Cocucci and Meldolesi, Curr Biol 21:R940-R941, 2011; D'Souza-Schorey and Clancy, Genes Dev 26:1287-1299, 2012; Shao et al., Nat Med 18:1835-1840, 2012), point to critically important roles for MVs in human cancer progression that can potentially be exploited to develop new targeted approaches for treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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83
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Berasain C, Avila MA. The EGFR signalling system in the liver: from hepatoprotection to hepatocarcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:9-23. [PMID: 24318021 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The liver displays an outstanding wound healing and regenerative capacity unmatched by any other organ. This reparative response is governed by a complex network of inflammatory mediators, growth factors and metabolites that are set in motion in response to hepatocellular injury. However, when liver injury is chronic, these regenerative mechanisms become dysregulated, facilitating the accumulation of genetic alterations leading to unrestrained cell proliferation and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or ErbB1) signaling system has been identified as a key player in all stages of the liver response to injury, from early inflammation and hepatocellular proliferation to fibrogenesis and neoplastic transformation. The EGFR system engages in extensive crosstalk with other signaling pathways, acting as a true signaling hub for other growth factors, cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Here, we briefly review essential aspects of the biology of the EGFR, the other ErbB receptors, and their ligands in liver injury, regeneration and HCC development. Some aspects of the preclinical and clinical experience with EGFR therapeutic targeting in HCC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy and CIBEREhd, CIMA-University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain,
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84
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Zhou ZN, Sharma VP, Beaty BT, Roh-Johnson M, Peterson EA, Van Rooijen N, Kenny PA, Wiley HS, Condeelis JS, Segall JE. Autocrine HBEGF expression promotes breast cancer intravasation, metastasis and macrophage-independent invasion in vivo. Oncogene 2013; 33:3784-93. [PMID: 24013225 PMCID: PMC3950352 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of HBEGF in ER negative breast tumors is correlated with enhanced metastasis to distant organ sites and more rapid disease recurrence upon removal of the primary tumor. Our previous work has demonstrated a paracrine loop between breast cancer cells and macrophages in which the tumor cells are capable of stimulating macrophages through the secretion of CSF-1 while the tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) in turn aid in tumor cell invasion by secreting EGF. To determine how the autocrine expression of EGFR ligands by carcinoma cells would affect this paracrine loop mechanism, and in particular whether tumor cell invasion depends on spatial ligand gradients generated by TAMs, we generated cell lines with increased HBEGF expression. We find that autocrine HBEGF expression enhanced in vivo intravasation and metastasis, and resulted in a novel phenomenon in which macrophages were no longer required for in vivo invasion of breast cancer cells. In vitro studies revealed that expression of HBEGF enhanced invadopodium formation, thus providing a mechanism for cell autonomous invasion. The increased invadopodium formation was directly dependent on EGFR signaling, as demonstrated by a rapid decrease in invadopodia upon inhibition of autocrine HBEGF/EGFR signaling as well as inhibition of signaling downstream of EGFR activation. HBEGF expression also resulted in enhanced invadopodium function via upregulation of MMP2 and MMP9 expression. We conclude that high levels of HBEGF expression can short-circuit the tumor cell/macrophage paracrine invasion loop, resulting in enhanced tumor invasion that is independent of macrophage signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - V P Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - B T Beaty
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Roh-Johnson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - E A Peterson
- Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - N Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P A Kenny
- Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - H S Wiley
- 1] Systems Biology Program, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA [2] Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - J S Condeelis
- 1] Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA [2] Gruss Lipper Center for Biophotonics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J E Segall
- 1] Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA [2] Gruss Lipper Center for Biophotonics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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85
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Nickerson NK, Mill CP, Wu HJ, Riese DJ, Foley J. Autocrine-derived epidermal growth factor receptor ligands contribute to recruitment of tumor-associated macrophage and growth of basal breast cancer cells in vivo. Oncol Res 2013; 20:303-17. [PMID: 23879171 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13639794277761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression has been linked to progression of basal breast cancers. Many breast cancer cells harbor the EGFR and produce its family of ligands, suggesting they may participate in autocrine and paracrine signaling with cells of the tumor microenvironment. EGFR ligand expression was profiled in the basal breast cancer cell line MDA-231 where AREG, TGF-alpha, and HBEGF were the three ligands most highly expressed. Autocrine signaling was modulated through silencing or overexpression of these three ligands using lentiviral constructs and the impact measured using motility, proliferation, and cytokine expression assays. Changes in receptor phosphorylation and receptor turnover were examined. Knockdown of AREG or TGF-alpha in vitro resulted in decreased motility (p < 0.05) and decreased expression of macrophage chemoattractants. Overexpression of TGF-alpha increased motility and chemoattractant expression, whereas AREG did not. HBEGF modulation had no effect on any cellular behaviors. All the cells with altered ligand production were inoculated into female athymic nude mice to form mammary fat pad tumors, followed by immunohistochemical analysis for necrosis, angiogenesis, and macrophage recruitment. In vivo, knockdown of AREG or TGF-alpha increased survival (p < 0.001) while decreasing angiogenesis (p < 0.001), tumor growth (p < 0.001), and macrophage attraction (p < 0.001). Overexpression of AREG appeared to elicit a greater effect than TGF-alpha on mammary fat pad tumor growth by increasing angiogenesis (p < 0.001) and macrophage attraction to the tumor (p < 0.01). We propose these changes in mammary tumor growth were the result of increased recruitment of macrophages to the tumor by cells with altered autocrine EGFR signaling. We conclude that AREG and TGF-alpha were somewhat interchangeable in their effects on EGFR signaling; however, TGF-alpha had a greater effect in vitro and AREG had a greater effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Nickerson
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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86
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Intracoronary Infusion of Autologous CD133(+) Cells in Myocardial Infarction and Tracing by Tc99m MIBI Scintigraphy of the Heart Areas Involved in Cell Homing. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:582527. [PMID: 23983717 PMCID: PMC3745950 DOI: 10.1155/2013/582527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD133 mesenchymal cells were enriched using magnetic microbead anti-CD133 antibody from bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs). Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry analysis using specific antibodies revealed that these cells were essentially 89 ± 4% CD133+ and 8 ± 5% CD34+. CD133+/CD34+ BMMNCs secrete important bioactive proteins such as cardiotrophin-1, angiogenic and neurogenic factors, morphogenetic proteins, and proinflammatory and remodeling factors in vitro. Single intracoronary infusions of autologous CD133+/CD34+ BMMNCs are effective and reduce infarct size in patients as analyzed by Tc99m MIBI myocardial scintigraphy. The majority of patients were treated via left coronary artery. Nine months after cell therapy, 5 out of 8 patients showed a net positive response to therapy in different regions of the heart. Uptake of Tc99 isotope and revitalization of the heart area in inferoseptal region are more pronounced (P = 0.016) as compared to apex and anterosptal regions after intracoronary injection of the stem cells. The cells chosen here have the properties essential for their potential use in cell therapy and their homing can be followed without major difficulty by the scintigraphy. The cell therapy proposed here is safe and should be practiced, as we found, in conjunction with scintigraphic observation of areas of heart which respond optimally to the infusion of autologous CD133+/CD34+ BMMNCs.
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87
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Richani D, Ritter LJ, Thompson JG, Gilchrist RB. Mode of oocyte maturation affects EGF-like peptide function and oocyte competence. Mol Hum Reprod 2013; 19:500-9. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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88
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Henriksen L, Grandal MV, Knudsen SLJ, van Deurs B, Grøvdal LM. Internalization mechanisms of the epidermal growth factor receptor after activation with different ligands. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58148. [PMID: 23472148 PMCID: PMC3589378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates normal growth and differentiation, but dysregulation of the receptor or one of the EGFR ligands is involved in the pathogenesis of many cancers. There are eight ligands for EGFR, however most of the research into trafficking of the receptor after ligand activation focuses on the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α). For a long time it was believed that clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the major pathway for internalization of the receptor, but recent work suggests that different pathways exist. Here we show that clathrin ablation completely inhibits internalization of EGF- and TGF-α-stimulated receptor, however the inhibition of receptor internalization in cells treated with heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) or betacellulin (BTC) was only partial. In contrast, clathrin knockdown fully inhibits EGFR degradation after all ligands tested. Furthermore, inhibition of dynamin function blocked EGFR internalization after stimulation with all ligands. Knocking out a number of clathrin-independent dynamin-dependent pathways of internalization had no effect on the ligand-induced endocytosis of the EGFR. We suggest that EGF and TGF-α lead to EGFR endocytosis mainly via the clathrin-mediated pathway. Furthermore, we suggest that HB-EGF and BTC also lead to EGFR endocytosis via a clathrin-mediated pathway, but can additionally use an unidentified internalization pathway or better recruit the small amount of clathrin remaining after clathrin knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Henriksen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Vibo Grandal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bo van Deurs
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Melsæther Grøvdal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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89
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Effect of the leptin receptor Q223R polymorphism on the host transcriptome following infection with Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1460-70. [PMID: 23429533 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01383-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to amebiasis is associated with a polymorphism in the leptin receptor. Previous studies demonstrated that humans with the ancestral Q223 leptin receptor allele were nearly four times less likely to be infected with Entamoeba histolytica than those carrying the mutant R223 allele. We hypothesized that the Q223 allele protected against E. histolytica via STAT3-mediated transcription of genes required for mucosal immunity. To test this, mice containing the humanized LEPR Q or R allele at codon 223 were intracecally infected with E. histolytica. Susceptibility to amebiasis was assessed, and cecal tissues were analyzed for changes in gene expression. By 72 h postchallenge, all Q223 mice had cleared E. histolytica, whereas 39% of 223R mice were infected. Thirty-seven genes were differentially expressed in response to infection at 72 h, including proinflammatory genes (CXCL2, S100A8/9, PLA2G7, ITBG2, and MMP9) and functions pertaining to the movement and activity of immune cells. A comparison at 12 h postchallenge of infected Q223 versus R223 mice identified a subset of differentially expressed genes, many of which were closely linked to leptin signaling. Further analyses indicated that the Q223 gene expression pattern was consistent with a suppressed apoptotic response to infection, while 223R showed increased cellular proliferation and recruitment. These studies are the first to illuminate the downstream effects of leptin receptor polymorphisms on intestinal infection by E. histolytica. As such, they are important for the insight that they provide into this previously uncharacterized mechanism of mucosal immunity.
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90
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Wang C, Lv X, Jiang C, Cordes CM, Fu L, Lele SM, Davis JS. Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) regulates granulosa cell tumor (GCT) cell proliferation and migration through activation of multiple pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48299. [PMID: 23155381 PMCID: PMC3498304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common ovarian estrogen producing tumors, leading to symptoms of excessive estrogen such as endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial adenocarcinoma. These tumors have malignant potential and often recur. The etiology of GCT is unknown. TGFα is a potent mitogen for many different cells. However, its function in GCT initiation, progression and metastasis has not been determined. The present study aims to determine whether TGFα plays a role in the growth of GCT cells. KGN cells, which are derived from an invasive GCT and have many features of normal granulosa cells, were used as the cellular model. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR results showed that the ErbB family of receptors is expressed in human GCT tissues and GCT cell lines. RT-PCR results also indicated that TGFα and EGF are expressed in the human granulosa cells and the GCT cell lines, suggesting that TGFα might regulate GCT cell function in an autocrine/paracrine manner. TGFα stimulated KGN cell DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, cell viability, cell cycle progression, and cell migration. TGFα rapidly activated EGFR/PI3K/Akt and mTOR pathways, as indicated by rapid phosphorylation of Akt, TSC2, Rictor, mTOR, P70S6K and S6 proteins following TGFα treatment. TGFα also rapidly activated the EGFR/MEK/ERK pathway, and P38 MAPK pathways, as indicated by the rapid phosphorylation of EGFR, MEK, ERK1/2, P38, and CREB after TGFα treatment. Whereas TGFα triggered a transient activation of Akt, it induced a sustained activation of ERK1/2 in KGN cells. Long-term treatment of KGN cells with TGFα resulted in a significant increase in cyclin D2 and a decrease in p27/Kip1, two critical regulators of granulosa cell proliferation and granulosa cell tumorigenesis. In conclusion, TGFα, via multiple signaling pathways, regulates KGN cell proliferation and migration and may play an important role in the growth and metastasis of GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CW); (JSD)
| | - Xiangmin Lv
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Crystal M. Cordes
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Lan Fu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Subodh M. Lele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - John S. Davis
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- VA Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CW); (JSD)
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EGFR: A Master Piece in G1/S Phase Transition of Liver Regeneration. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:476910. [PMID: 23050157 PMCID: PMC3461622 DOI: 10.1155/2012/476910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the molecular clues of liver proliferation has become conceivable thanks to the model of two-third hepatectomy. The synchronicity and the well-scheduled aspect of this process allow scientists to slowly decipher this mystery. During this phenomenon, quiescent hepatocytes of the remnant lobes are able to reenter into the cell cycle initiating the G1-S progression synchronously before completing the cell cycle. The major role played by this step of the cell cycle has been emphasized by loss-of-function studies showing a delay or a lack of coordination in the hepatocytes G1-S progression. Two growth factor receptors, c-Met and EGFR, tightly drive this transition. Due to the level of complexity surrounding EGFR signaling, involving numerous ligands, highly controlled regulations and multiple downstream pathways, we chose to focus on the EGFR pathway for this paper. We will first describe the EGFR pathway in its integrity and then address its essential role in the G1/S phase transition for hepatocyte proliferation. Recently, other levels of control have been discovered to monitor this pathway, which will lead us to discuss regulations of the EGFR pathway and highlight the potential effect of misregulations in pathologies.
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