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Berg C. Quantitative analysis of nanoparticle transport through in vitro blood-brain barrier models. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1143545. [PMID: 27141425 PMCID: PMC4836482 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1143545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle transport through the blood-brain barrier has received much attention of late, both from the point of view of nano-enabled drug delivery, as well as due to concerns about unintended exposure of nanomaterials to humans and other organisms. In vitro models play a lead role in efforts to understand the extent of transport through the blood-brain barrier, but unique features of the nanoscale challenge their direct adaptation. Here we highlight some of the differences compared to molecular species when utilizing in vitro blood-brain barrier models for nanoparticle studies. Issues that may arise with transwell systems are discussed, together with some potential alternative methodologies. We also briefly review the biomolecular corona concept and its importance for how nanoparticles interact with the blood-brain barrier. We end with considering future directions, including indirect effects and application of shear and fluidics-technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Berg
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen ; Groningen, The Netherlands
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52
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Seo JW, Ang J, Mahakian LM, Tam S, Fite B, Ingham ES, Beyer J, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz KS, Xu T, Ferrara KW. Self-assembled 20-nm (64)Cu-micelles enhance accumulation in rat glioblastoma. J Control Release 2015; 220:51-60. [PMID: 26437259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop nanocarriers for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Using co-registered positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance (MR) images, here we performed systematic studies to investigate how a nanocarrier's size affects the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in rodents with a GBM xenograft. In particular, highly stable, long-circulating three-helix micelles (3HM), based on a coiled-coil protein tertiary structure, were evaluated as an alternative to larger nanocarriers. While the circulation half-life of the 3HM was similar to 110-nm PEGylated liposomes (t1/2=15.5 and 16.5h, respectively), the 20-nm micelles greatly enhanced accumulation within a U87MG xenograft in nu/nu rats after intravenous injection. After accounting for tumor blood volume, the extravasated nanoparticles were quantified from the PET images, yielding ~0.77%ID/cm(3) for the micelles and 0.45%ID/cm(3) for the liposomes. For GBM lesions with a volume greater than 100mm(3), 3HM accumulation was enhanced both within the detectable tumor and in the surrounding brain parenchyma. Further, the nanoparticle accumulation was shown to extend to the margins of the GBM xenograft. In summary, 3HM provides an attractive nanovehicle for carrying treatment to GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Woong Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - JooChuan Ang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lisa M Mahakian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Tam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brett Fite
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Ingham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Janine Beyer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John Forsayeth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Krystof S Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Katherine W Ferrara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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53
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Mahmoudi M, Sheibani S, Milani AS, Rezaee F, Gauberti M, Dinarvand R, Vali H. Crucial role of the protein corona for the specific targeting of nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:215-26. [PMID: 25600967 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to investigate the physicochemical effects of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the composition of the protein corona and their correspondence toxicological issues. MATERIALS & METHODS SPIONs of different sizes and surface charges were exposed to fetal bovine serum. The structure/composition and biological effects of the protein corona-SPION complexes were probed. RESULTS & DISCUSSION The affinity and level of adsorption of specific proteins is strongly dependent on the size and surface charge of the SPIONs. In vivo experiments on the mouse blood-brain barrier model revealed that nontargeted SPIONs containing specific proteins will enter the brain endothelial barrier cells. CONCLUSION Some commercially available nanoparticles used for target-specific applications may have unintended uptake in the body (e.g., brain tissue) with potential cytotoxity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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54
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Rosenberger I, Strauss A, Dobiasch S, Weis C, Szanyi S, Gil-Iceta L, Alonso E, González Esparza M, Gómez-Vallejo V, Szczupak B, Plaza-García S, Mirzaei S, Israel LL, Bianchessi S, Scanziani E, Lellouche JP, Knoll P, Werner J, Felix K, Grenacher L, Reese T, Kreuter J, Jiménez-González M. Targeted diagnostic magnetic nanoparticles for medical imaging of pancreatic cancer. J Control Release 2015; 214:76-84. [PMID: 26192099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Highly aggressive cancer types such as pancreatic cancer possess a mortality rate of up to 80% within the first 6months after diagnosis. To reduce this high mortality rate, more sensitive diagnostic tools allowing an early stage medical imaging of even very small tumours are needed. For this purpose, magnetic, biodegradable nanoparticles prepared using recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) and incorporated iron oxide (maghemite, γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were developed. Galectin-1 has been chosen as target receptor as this protein is upregulated in pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions but not in healthy pancreatic tissue nor in pancreatitis. Tissue plasminogen activator derived peptides (t-PA-ligands), that have a high affinity to galectin-1 have been chosen as target moieties and were covalently attached onto the nanoparticle surface. Improved targeting and imaging properties were shown in mice using single photon emission computed tomography-computer tomography (SPECT-CT), a handheld gamma camera, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rosenberger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Biocenter Niederursel, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Wilhelimnenspital, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Montleartstr. 37, 1160 Wien, Austria
| | - A Strauss
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Dobiasch
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Weis
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Szanyi
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Gil-Iceta
- CIC biomaGUNE, Molecular Imaging Unit, Paseo Miramón No 182, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - E Alonso
- CIC biomaGUNE, Molecular Imaging Unit, Paseo Miramón No 182, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - M González Esparza
- CIC biomaGUNE, Molecular Imaging Unit, Paseo Miramón No 182, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - V Gómez-Vallejo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Molecular Imaging Unit, Paseo Miramón No 182, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - B Szczupak
- CIC biomaGUNE, Molecular Imaging Unit, Paseo Miramón No 182, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - S Plaza-García
- CIC biomaGUNE, Molecular Imaging Unit, Paseo Miramón No 182, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - S Mirzaei
- Wilhelimnenspital, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Montleartstr. 37, 1160 Wien, Austria
| | - L L Israel
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - S Bianchessi
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - E Scanziani
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - J-P Lellouche
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - P Knoll
- Wilhelimnenspital, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Montleartstr. 37, 1160 Wien, Austria
| | - J Werner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of General-, Visceral-, Transplantation-, Vascular- and Thorax-Surgery LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - K Felix
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Grenacher
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Reese
- CIC biomaGUNE, Molecular Imaging Unit, Paseo Miramón No 182, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - J Kreuter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Biocenter Niederursel, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - M Jiménez-González
- CIC biomaGUNE, Molecular Imaging Unit, Paseo Miramón No 182, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
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Hamad-Schifferli K. Exploiting the novel properties of protein coronas: emerging applications in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:1663-74. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein coronas have been the focus of a great deal of study recently due to their inevitable formation and their impact on the biological consequences of nanomaterials. Although the field is still far from completely and definitively understanding protein coronas, we now have a good understanding of their behavior and their key characteristics. Protein corona composition changes with the environment and time, and also the physical properties of the underlying nanoparticle. More importantly, the protein corona has significant biological impact. Because we have a basic understanding of coronas, we can now move forward to exploiting their unique properties. Here, we discuss some emerging ways in which the protein corona is explicitly utilized for different applications in biology and medicine.
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Peluffo H, Unzueta U, Negro-Demontel ML, Xu Z, Váquez E, Ferrer-Miralles N, Villaverde A. BBB-targeting, protein-based nanomedicines for drug and nucleic acid delivery to the CNS. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:277-87. [PMID: 25698504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) demands the urgent development of efficient drugs. While many of these medicines are already available, the Blood Brain Barrier and to a lesser extent, the Blood Spinal Cord Barrier pose physical and biological limitations to their diffusion to reach target tissues. Therefore, efforts are needed not only to address drug development but specially to design suitable vehicles for delivery into the CNS through systemic administration. In the context of the functional and structural versatility of proteins, recent advances in their biological fabrication and a better comprehension of the physiology of the CNS offer a plethora of opportunities for the construction and tailoring of plain nanoconjugates and of more complex nanosized vehicles able to cross these barriers. We revise here how the engineering of functional proteins offers drug delivery tools for specific CNS diseases and more transversally, how proteins can be engineered into smart nanoparticles or 'artificial viruses' to afford therapeutic requirements through alternative administration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Peluffo
- Neuroinflammation Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luciana Negro-Demontel
- Neuroinflammation Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Zhikun Xu
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Váquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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57
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Wacker MG, Altinok M, Urfels S, Bauer J. Nanoencapsulation of ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide into human serum albumin nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:2259-2266. [PMID: 25551054 PMCID: PMC4273279 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human serum albumin nanoparticles have been utilized as drug delivery systems for a variety of medical applications. Since ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) are used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging, their encapsulation into the protein matrix enables the synthesis of diagnostic and theranostic agents by surface modification and co-encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The present investigation deals with the surface modification and nanoencapsulation of USPIO into an albumin matrix by using ethanolic desolvation. Particles of narrow size distribution and with a defined particle structure have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias G Wacker
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project group for Translational Research and Pharmacology, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mahmut Altinok
- Goethe-University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Urfels
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Technical Chemistry, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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58
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Georgieva JV, Hoekstra D, Zuhorn IS. Smuggling Drugs into the Brain: An Overview of Ligands Targeting Transcytosis for Drug Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2014; 6:557-83. [PMID: 25407801 PMCID: PMC4279133 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics6040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier acts as a physical barrier that prevents free entry of blood-derived substances, including those intended for therapeutic applications. The development of molecular Trojan horses is a promising drug targeting technology that allows for non-invasive delivery of therapeutics into the brain. This concept relies on the application of natural or genetically engineered proteins or small peptides, capable of specifically ferrying a drug-payload that is either directly coupled or encapsulated in an appropriate nanocarrier, across the blood-brain barrier via receptor-mediated transcytosis. Specifically, in this process the nanocarrier-drug system ("Trojan horse complex") is transported transcellularly across the brain endothelium, from the blood to the brain interface, essentially trailed by a native receptor. Naturally, only certain properties would favor a receptor to serve as a transporter for nanocarriers, coated with appropriate ligands. Here we briefly discuss brain microvascular endothelial receptors that have been explored until now, highlighting molecular features that govern the efficiency of nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Georgieva
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Hoekstra
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge S Zuhorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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59
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Stukas S, Robert J, Lee M, Kulic I, Carr M, Tourigny K, Fan J, Namjoshi D, Lemke K, DeValle N, Chan J, Wilson T, Wilkinson A, Chapanian R, Kizhakkedathu JN, Cirrito JR, Oda MN, Wellington CL. Intravenously injected human apolipoprotein A-I rapidly enters the central nervous system via the choroid plexus. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001156. [PMID: 25392541 PMCID: PMC4338702 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Brain lipoprotein metabolism is dependent on lipoprotein particles that resemble plasma high‐density lipoproteins but that contain apolipoprotein (apo) E rather than apoA‐I as their primary protein component. Astrocytes and microglia secrete apoE but not apoA‐I; however, apoA‐I is detectable in both cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue lysates. The route by which plasma apoA‐I enters the central nervous system is unknown. Methods and Results Steady‐state levels of murine apoA‐I in cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid are 0.664 and 0.120 μg/mL, respectively, whereas brain tissue apoA‐I is ≈10% to 15% of its levels in liver. Recombinant, fluorescently tagged human apoA‐I injected intravenously into mice localizes to the choroid plexus within 30 minutes and accumulates in a saturable, dose‐dependent manner in the brain. Recombinant, fluorescently tagged human apoA‐I accumulates in the brain for 2 hours, after which it is eliminated with a half‐life of 10.3 hours. In vitro, human apoA‐I is specifically bound, internalized, and transported across confluent monolayers of primary human choroid plexus epithelial cells and brain microvascular endothelial cells. Conclusions Following intravenous injection, recombinant human apoA‐I rapidly localizes predominantly to the choroid plexus. Because apoA‐I mRNA is undetectable in murine brain, our results suggest that plasma apoA‐I, which is secreted from the liver and intestine, gains access to the central nervous system primarily by crossing the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier via specific cellular mediated transport, although transport across the blood–brain barrier may also contribute to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Jerome Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Iva Kulic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Michael Carr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Katherine Tourigny
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Dhananjay Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Kalistyne Lemke
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA (K.L., N.D.V., M.N.O.)
| | - Nicole DeValle
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA (K.L., N.D.V., M.N.O.)
| | - Jeniffer Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Tammy Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
| | - Rafi Chapanian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.) Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.C., J.N.K.)
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.) Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.C., J.N.K.)
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (J.R.C.)
| | - Michael N Oda
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA (K.L., N.D.V., M.N.O.)
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.S., J.R., M.L., I.K., M.C., K.T., J.F., D.N., J.C., T.W., A.W., R.C., J.N.K., C.L.W.)
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60
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Nance E, Zhang C, Shih TY, Xu Q, Schuster BS, Hanes J. Brain-penetrating nanoparticles improve paclitaxel efficacy in malignant glioma following local administration. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10655-64. [PMID: 25259648 PMCID: PMC4212792 DOI: 10.1021/nn504210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Poor drug distribution and short drug half-life within tumors strongly limit efficacy of chemotherapies in most cancers, including primary brain tumors. Local or targeted drug delivery via controlled-release polymers is a promising strategy to treat infiltrative brain tumors, which cannot be completely removed surgically. However, drug penetration is limited with conventional local therapies since small-molecule drugs often enter the first cell they encounter and travel only short distances from the site of administration. Nanoparticles that avoid adhesive interactions with the tumor extracellular matrix may improve drug distribution and sustain drug release when applied to the tumor area. We have previously shown model polystyrene nanoparticles up to 114 nm in diameter were able to rapidly diffuse in normal brain tissue, but only if coated with an exceptionally dense layer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to reduce adhesive interactions. Here, we demonstrate that paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-co-PEG block copolymer nanoparticles with an average diameter of 70 nm were able to diffuse 100-fold faster than similarly sized PTX-loaded PLGA particles (without PEG coatings). Densely PEGylated PTX-loaded nanoparticles significantly delayed tumor growth following local administration to established brain tumors, as compared to PTX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles or unencapsulated PTX. Delayed tumor growth combined with enhanced distribution of drug-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles to the tumor infiltrative front demonstrates that particle penetration within the brain tumor parenchyma improves therapeutic efficacy. The use of drug-loaded brain-penetrating nanoparticles is a promising approach to achieve sustained and more uniform drug delivery to treat aggressive gliomas and potentially other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nance
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Ophthalmology, Deparments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Clark Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Ophthalmology, Deparments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Ting-Yu Shih
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Qingguo Xu
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Ophthalmology, Deparments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Benjamin S. Schuster
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Ophthalmology, Deparments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Ophthalmology, Deparments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Address correspondence to
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Brankatschk M, Dunst S, Nemetschke L, Eaton S. Delivery of circulating lipoproteins to specific neurons in the Drosophila brain regulates systemic insulin signaling. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25275323 PMCID: PMC4210815 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Insulin signaling pathway couples growth, development and lifespan to nutritional conditions. Here, we demonstrate a function for the Drosophila lipoprotein LTP in conveying information about dietary lipid composition to the brain to regulate Insulin signaling. When yeast lipids are present in the diet, free calcium levels rise in Blood Brain Barrier glial cells. This induces transport of LTP across the Blood Brain Barrier by two LDL receptor-related proteins: LRP1 and Megalin. LTP accumulates on specific neurons that connect to cells that produce Insulin-like peptides, and induces their release into the circulation. This increases systemic Insulin signaling and the rate of larval development on yeast-containing food compared with a plant-based food of similar nutritional content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Brankatschk
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dunst
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Nemetschke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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Langiu M, Dadparvar M, Kreuter J, Ruonala MO. Human serum albumin-based nanoparticle-mediated in vitro gene delivery. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107603. [PMID: 25229502 PMCID: PMC4168126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic treatment of neurodegenerative diseases still remains a challenging task since many approaches fail to deliver the therapeutic material in relevant concentrations into the brain. As viral vectors comprise the risk of immune and inflammatory responses, human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles were found to represent a safer and more convenient alternative. Their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver drugs into the brain in order to enhance gene-based therapy has been previously demonstrated. The present study deals with the development of pGL3-PEI-coated HSA nanoparticles and subsequent in vitro testing in cerebellar granular and HeLa cells. The luciferase control vector pGL3 was chosen as reporter plasmid encoding for the firefly luciferase protein, linear polyethylenimine (22 kDa) as endosomolytic agent for enhancing the cells’ transfection. Studies on particle characteristics, their cellular uptake into aforementioned cell lines and on subcellular localisation, and transfection efficiency in the cerebellar cells proved the feasibility of nanoparticle-based gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Langiu
- Center for Membrane Proteomics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miriam Dadparvar
- Center for Membrane Proteomics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Kreuter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mika O. Ruonala
- Center for Membrane Proteomics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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63
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Kreuter J. Drug delivery to the central nervous system by polymeric nanoparticles: what do we know? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 71:2-14. [PMID: 23981489 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles enable the delivery of a great variety of drugs including anticancer drugs, analgesics, anti-Alzheimer's drugs, cardiovascular drugs, protease inhibitors, and several macromolecules into the brain after intravenous injection of animals. The mechanism of the nanoparticle-mediated drug transport across the BBB appears to be receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by transcytosis into the brain or by drug release within the endothelial cells. Modification of the nanoparticle surface with covalently attached targeting ligands or by coating with certain surfactants that lead to the adsorption of specific plasma proteins after injection is necessary for this receptor-mediated uptake. A very critical and important requirement for nanoparticulate brain delivery is that the employed nanoparticles are biocompatible and, moreover, rapidly biodegradable, i.e. over a time frame of a few days. In addition to enabling drug delivery to the brain, nanoparticles, as with doxorubicin, may importantly reduce the drug's toxicity and adverse effects due to an alteration of the body distribution. Because of the possibility to treat severe CNS diseases such as brain tumours and to even transport proteins and other macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier, this technology holds great promise for a non-invasive therapy of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kreuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Goethe-Universtät, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction significantly contributes to the clinical presentation and pathoetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Deposition and aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) within vascular smooth muscle cells leads to inflammation, oxidative stress, impaired vasorelaxation, and disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity. Midlife vascular risk factors, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, increase the relative risk for AD. These comorbidities are all characterized by low and/or dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins (HDL), which itself is a risk factor for AD. HDL performs a wide variety of critical functions in the periphery and CNS. In addition to lipid transport, HDL regulates vascular health via mediating vasorelaxation, inflammation, and oxidative stress and promotes endothelial cell survival and integrity. Here, we summarize clinical and preclinical data examining the involvement of HDL, originating from the circulation and from within the CNS, on AD and hypothesize potential synergistic actions between the two lipoprotein pools.
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65
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Strategies to overcome the barrier: use of nanoparticles as carriers and modulators of barrier properties. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 355:717-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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66
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Guarnieri D, Muscetti O, Netti PA. A method for evaluating nanoparticle transport through the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1141:185-99. [PMID: 24567140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0363-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a formidable barrier for many therapeutic drugs to enter the brain tissue. The development of new strategies for enhancing drug delivery to the brain is of great importance in diagnostics and therapeutics of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In this context, nanoparticles are an emerging class of drug delivery systems that can be easily tailored to deliver drugs to various compartments of the body, including the brain. To identify, characterize, and validate novel nanoparticles applicable to brain delivery, in vitro BBB model systems have been developed. In this work, we describe a method to screen nanoparticles with variable size and surface functionalization in order to define the physicochemical characteristics underlying the design of nanoparticles that are able to efficiently cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guarnieri
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB, Italian Institute of Technology, IIT, Naples, Italy
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67
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Gromnicova R, Davies HA, Sreekanthreddy P, Romero IA, Lund T, Roitt IM, Phillips JB, Male DK. Glucose-coated gold nanoparticles transfer across human brain endothelium and enter astrocytes in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81043. [PMID: 24339894 PMCID: PMC3855187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier prevents the entry of many therapeutic agents into the brain. Various nanocarriers have been developed to help agents to cross this barrier, but they all have limitations, with regard to tissue-selectivity and their ability to cross the endothelium. This study investigated the potential for 4 nm coated gold nanoparticles to act as selective carriers across human brain endothelium and subsequently to enter astrocytes. The transfer rate of glucose-coated gold nanoparticles across primary human brain endothelium was at least three times faster than across non-brain endothelia. Movement of these nanoparticles occurred across the apical and basal plasma membranes via the cytosol with relatively little vesicular or paracellular migration; antibiotics that interfere with vesicular transport did not block migration. The transfer rate was also dependent on the surface coating of the nanoparticle and incubation temperature. Using a novel 3-dimensional co-culture system, which includes primary human astrocytes and a brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3, we demonstrated that the glucose-coated nanoparticles traverse the endothelium, move through the extracellular matrix and localize in astrocytes. The movement of the nanoparticles through the matrix was >10 µm/hour and they appeared in the nuclei of the astrocytes in considerable numbers. These nanoparticles have the correct properties for efficient and selective carriers of therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Gromnicova
- Biomedical Research Network, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Heather A. Davies
- Biomedical Research Network, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ignacio A. Romero
- Biomedical Research Network, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Torben Lund
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan M. Roitt
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - James B. Phillips
- Biomedical Research Network, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - David K. Male
- Biomedical Research Network, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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68
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Exocytosis of nanoparticles from cells: role in cellular retention and toxicity. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 201-202:18-29. [PMID: 24200091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, nanoparticles (NPs) have been increasingly developed in various biomedical applications such as cell tracking, biosensing, contrast imaging, targeted drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Their versatility in design and function has made them an attractive, alternative choice in many biological and biomedical applications. Cellular responses to NPs, their uptake, and adverse biological effects caused by NPs are rapidly-growing research niches. However, NP excretion and its underlying mechanisms and cell signaling pathways are yet elusive. In this review, we present an overview of how NPs are handled intracellularly and how they are excreted from cells following the uptake. We also discuss how exocytosis of nanomaterials impacts both the therapeutic delivery of nanoscale objects and their nanotoxicology.
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69
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Tenzer S, Docter D, Kuharev J, Musyanovych A, Fetz V, Hecht R, Schlenk F, Fischer D, Kiouptsi K, Reinhardt C, Landfester K, Schild H, Maskos M, Knauer SK, Stauber RH. Rapid formation of plasma protein corona critically affects nanoparticle pathophysiology. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:772-81. [PMID: 24056901 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1511] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In biological fluids, proteins bind to the surface of nanoparticles to form a coating known as the protein corona, which can critically affect the interaction of the nanoparticles with living systems. As physiological systems are highly dynamic, it is important to obtain a time-resolved knowledge of protein-corona formation, development and biological relevancy. Here we show that label-free snapshot proteomics can be used to obtain quantitative time-resolved profiles of human plasma coronas formed on silica and polystyrene nanoparticles of various size and surface functionalization. Complex time- and nanoparticle-specific coronas, which comprise almost 300 different proteins, were found to form rapidly (<0.5 minutes) and, over time, to change significantly in terms of the amount of bound protein, but not in composition. Rapid corona formation is found to affect haemolysis, thrombocyte activation, nanoparticle uptake and endothelial cell death at an early exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tenzer
- 1] Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany [2]
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70
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Abstract
Gliovascular pathways guide water flow and solute clearance in the brain (Iliff et al., this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Begley
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.
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71
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Jedlovszky-Hajdú A, Bombelli FB, Monopoli MP, Tombácz E, Dawson KA. Surface coatings shape the protein corona of SPIONs with relevance to their application in vivo. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14983-14991. [PMID: 23002920 DOI: 10.1021/la302446h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have proved their use in many biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, hyperthermia, and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) contrast agents. Due to their instability in fluids, several surface coatings have been used to both stabilize and tune the properties of these nanoparticles (NPs) according to their applications. These coatings will strongly modify their surface properties and influence their interaction with the environment proteins in a relevant biological medium with a clear impact on their function. It is well-accepted that a protein corona is immediately formed when nanoparticles come in contact with a biological milieu, and the emergent bionano interface represents the biological identity of the particles. Here, we investigate how a different coating on the same magnetic core can influence the protein corona composition and structure with clear relevance to application of these NPs in medicine. In particular, we have studied the structure and composition of the protein corona-SPION complexes of magnetite nanoparticles stabilized with citric acid, poly(acrylic acid), or double layer oleic acid by a range of approaches, including dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, differential centrifugal sedimentation, infrared spectroscopy, 1-D SDS gel electrophoresis, and mass spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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72
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Drug delivery to the brain via the blood-brain barrier: a review of the literature and some recent patent disclosures. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:311-27. [PMID: 22834002 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of drugs to the brain is challenging, not only for large biopharmaceutical molecules, but also for small organics, which are effluxed from the brain capillary endothelial cells. These cells constitute, in part, the selectively permeable blood-brain barrier. Progress is being made using delivery systems comprising a vector, a linker and cargo, which are purported to enter the brain via receptors on the luminal surface of the brain capillary endothelial cells. Unfortunately, from a delivery perspective, these receptors are not expressed only on brain capillary endothelial cells; so the approaches described in this review are for enhanced delivery to the brain, not for specific brain targeting. The inventions disclosed in patents relate to technologies to screen for new blood-brain barrier receptors and to identify new vectors, or describe systems that deliver cargoes to the brain via any blood-brain barrier receptor, or define specified peptide vectors that target a specific receptor. To date, only one of the technologies has reached early clinical trials and, as always, major challenges remain to be addressed.
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73
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Kreuter J. Mechanism of polymeric nanoparticle-based drug transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). J Microencapsul 2012; 30:49-54. [PMID: 22676632 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.692491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In 1995 it was reported for the first time that nanoparticles could be used for the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following intravenous injection. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that the underlying mechanism is receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by transcytosis. No opening of the tight junctions was observed. Due to the overcoating of the nanoparticles with polysorbate 80 or poloxamers 188, apolipoproteins A-I and/or E are adsorbed from the blood on to the particle surface after injection. These apolipoproteins mediate the interaction with LDL or scavenger receptors on the BBB followed by the above brain uptake processes. Likewise, covalent attachment of these apolipoproteins or of transferrin, insulin or antibodies against the respective receptors also enables a similar nanoparticle-mediated drug transport across the BBB. From these results it can be concluded that the nanoparticles act as "Trojan Horses" taking advantage of physiological receptor-mediated transport processes across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kreuter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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74
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Liver growth factor treatment reverses vascular and plasmatic oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2012; 30:1185-94. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328353824b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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75
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Tucker IG, Yang L, Mujoo H. Delivery of drugs to the brain via the blood brain barrier using colloidal carriers. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:475-86. [PMID: 22563886 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.658445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Delivering drugs to the brain is challenging given the selective permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB). Targeted colloidal carriers containing drug payloads offer some promise for enhanced and perhaps selective delivery to brain. This review examines the recent literature and identifies issues to be addressed if these systems are to be rationally designed. These include opsonization of nanoparticles and off-target clearance; the cerebral microvasculature, flow of nanoparticles in capillaries and binding to the capillary wall; and transcytosis. Capillary architecture, blood flow and BBB permeability are affected by disease and age and there are species differences. These complexities caution against making extravagant claims for a particular nanosystem but they also highlight the rich opportunities and need for critical research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Tucker
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Lartigue L, Wilhelm C, Servais J, Factor C, Dencausse A, Bacri JC, Luciani N, Gazeau F. Nanomagnetic sensing of blood plasma protein interactions with iron oxide nanoparticles: impact on macrophage uptake. ACS NANO 2012; 6:2665-2678. [PMID: 22324868 DOI: 10.1021/nn300060u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the first biointeractions of magnetic nanoparticles with living systems is characterized by nanoparticle-protein complex formation. The proteins dynamically encompass the particles in the protein corona. Here we propose a method based on nanomagnetism that allows a specific in situ monitoring of interactions between iron oxide nanoparticles and blood plasma. Tracking the nanoparticle orientation through their optical birefringence signal induced by an external magnetic field provides a quantitative real-time detection of protein corona at the surface of nanoparticles and assesses eventual onset of particle aggregation. Since some of the plasma proteins may cause particle aggregation, we use magnetic fractionation to separate the nanoparticle clusters (induced by "destabilizing proteins") from well-dispersed nanoparticles, which remain isolated due to a stabilizing corona involving other different types of proteins. Our study shows that the "biological identity" (obtained after the particles have interacted with proteins) and aggregation state (clustered versus isolated) of nanoparticles depend not only on their initial surface coating, but also on the concentration of plasma in the suspension. Low plasma concentrations (which are generally used in vitro) lead to different protein/nanoparticle complexes than pure plasma, which reflects the in vivo conditions. As a consequence, by mimicking in vivo conditions, we show that macrophages can perceive several different populations of nanoparticle/protein complexes (differing in physical state and in nature of associated proteins) and uptake them to a different extent. When extrapolated to what would happen in vivo, our results suggest a range of cell responses to a variety of nanoparticle/protein complexes which circulate in the body, thereby impacting their tissue distribution and their efficiency and safety for diagnostic and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lénaic Lartigue
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS/Université Paris-Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
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Wagner S, Zensi A, Wien SL, Tschickardt SE, Maier W, Vogel T, Worek F, Pietrzik CU, Kreuter J, von Briesen H. Uptake mechanism of ApoE-modified nanoparticles on brain capillary endothelial cells as a blood-brain barrier model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32568. [PMID: 22396775 PMCID: PMC3291552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents an insurmountable obstacle for most drugs thus obstructing an effective treatment of many brain diseases. One solution for overcoming this barrier is a transport by binding of these drugs to surface-modified nanoparticles. Especially apolipoprotein E (ApoE) appears to play a major role in the nanoparticle-mediated drug transport across the BBB. However, at present the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, the uptake of the ApoE-modified nanoparticles into the brain capillary endothelial cells was investigated to differentiate between active and passive uptake mechanism by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, different in vitro co-incubation experiments were performed with competing ligands of the respective receptor. Conclusions/Significance This study confirms an active endocytotic uptake mechanism and shows the involvement of low density lipoprotein receptor family members, notably the low density lipoprotein receptor related protein, on the uptake of the ApoE-modified nanoparticles into the brain capillary endothelial cells. This knowledge of the uptake mechanism of ApoE-modified nanoparticles enables future developments to rationally create very specific and effective carriers to overcome the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Wagner
- Department of Cell Biology and Applied Virology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, St. Ingbert, Germany
| | - Anja Zensi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sascha L. Wien
- Department of Cell Biology and Applied Virology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, St. Ingbert, Germany
| | - Sabrina E. Tschickardt
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wladislaw Maier
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tikva Vogel
- Laboratory of Pathology and Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology und Toxicology, München, Germany
| | - Claus U. Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Kreuter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Department of Cell Biology and Applied Virology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, St. Ingbert, Germany
- * E-mail:
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78
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Abbate V, Kong X, Bansal SS. Photocrosslinked bovine serum albumin hydrogels with partial retention of esterase activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kenzaoui BH, Bernasconi CC, Hofmann H, Juillerat-Jeanneret L. Evaluation of uptake and transport of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by human brain-derived endothelial cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:39-53. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO-NPs) are under development for imaging and drug delivery; however, their interaction with human blood–brain barrier models is not known. Materials & Methods: The uptake, reactive oxygen species production and transport of USPIO-NPs across human brain-derived endothelial cells as models of the blood–brain tumor barrier were evaluated for either uncoated, oleic acid-coated or polyvinylamine-coated USPIO-NPs. Results: Reactive oxygen species production was observed for oleic acid-coated and polyvinylamine-coated USPIO-NPs. The uptake and intracellular localization of the iron oxide core of the USPIO-NPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. However, while the uptake of these USPIO-NPs by cells was observed, they were neither released by nor transported across these cells even in the presence of an external dynamic magnetic field. Conclusion: USPIO-NP-loaded filopodia were observed to invade the polyester membrane, suggesting that they can be transported by migrating angiogenic brain-derived endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Halamoda Kenzaoui
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Heinrich Hofmann
- Laboratory of Powder Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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80
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Tenzer S, Docter D, Rosfa S, Wlodarski A, Kuharev J, Rekik A, Knauer SK, Bantz C, Nawroth T, Bier C, Sirirattanapan J, Mann W, Treuel L, Zellner R, Maskos M, Schild H, Stauber RH. Nanoparticle size is a critical physicochemical determinant of the human blood plasma corona: a comprehensive quantitative proteomic analysis. ACS NANO 2011; 5:7155-67. [PMID: 21866933 DOI: 10.1021/nn201950e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In biological fluids, proteins associate with nanoparticles, leading to a protein "corona" defining the biological identity of the particle. However, a comprehensive knowledge of particle-guided protein fingerprints and their dependence on nanomaterial properties is incomplete. We studied the long-lived ("hard") blood plasma derived corona on monodispersed amorphous silica nanoparticles differing in size (20, 30, and 100 nm). Employing label-free liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting the composition of the protein corona was analyzed not only qualitatively but also quantitatively. Detected proteins were bioinformatically classified according to their physicochemical and biological properties. Binding of the 125 identified proteins did not simply reflect their relative abundance in the plasma but revealed an enrichment of specific lipoproteins as well as proteins involved in coagulation and the complement pathway. In contrast, immunoglobulins and acute phase response proteins displayed a lower affinity for the particles. Protein decoration of the negatively charged particles did not correlate with protein size or charge, demonstrating that electrostatic effects alone are not the major driving force regulating the nanoparticle-protein interaction. Remarkably, even differences in particle size of only 10 nm significantly determined the nanoparticle corona, although no clear correlation with particle surface volume, protein size, or charge was evident. Particle size quantitatively influenced the particle's decoration with 37% of all identified proteins, including (patho)biologically relevant candidates. We demonstrate the complexity of the plasma corona and its still unresolved physicochemical regulation, which need to be considered in nanobioscience in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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81
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Transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier by nanoparticles. J Control Release 2011; 161:264-73. [PMID: 21872624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system is well protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which maintains its homeostasis. Due to this barrier many potential drugs for the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) cannot reach the brain in sufficient concentrations. One possibility to deliver drugs to the CNS is the employment of polymeric nanoparticles. The ability of these carriers to overcome the BBB and to produce biologic effects on the CNS was shown in a number of studies. Over the past few years, progress in understanding of the mechanism of the nanoparticle uptake into the brain was made. This mechanism appears to be receptor-mediated endocytosis in brain capillary endothelial cells. Modification of the nanoparticle surface with covalently attached targeting ligands or by coating with certain surfactants enabling the adsorption of specific plasma proteins are necessary for this receptor-mediated uptake. The delivery of drugs, which usually are not able to cross the BBB, into the brain was confirmed by the biodistribution studies and pharmacological assays in rodents. Furthermore, the presence of nanoparticles in the brain parenchyma was visualized by electron microscopy. The intravenously administered biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin were successfully used for the treatment of experimental glioblastoma. These data, together with the possibility to employ nanoparticles for delivery of proteins and other macromolecules across the BBB, suggest that this technology holds great promise for non-invasive therapy of the CNS diseases.
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82
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Wacker M, Zensi A, Kufleitner J, Ruff A, Schütz J, Stockburger T, Marstaller T, Vogel V. A toolbox for the upscaling of ethanolic human serum albumin (HSA) desolvation. Int J Pharm 2011; 414:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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83
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Dadparvar M, Wagner S, Wien S, Kufleitner J, Worek F, von Briesen H, Kreuter J. HI 6 human serum albumin nanoparticles--development and transport over an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:60-6. [PMID: 21726608 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The standard treatment of intoxication with organophosphorus (OP) compounds includes the administration of oximes acting as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivating antidotes. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the rapid transport of these drugs from the blood into the brain in therapeutically relevant concentrations. Since human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles enable the delivery of a variety of drugs across the BBB into the brain, HI 6 dimethanesulfonate and HI 6 dichloride monohydrate were bound to these nanoparticles in the present study. The resulting sorption isotherms showed a better fit to Freundlich's empirical adsorption isotherm than to Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. At the pH of 8.3 maximum drug binding capacities of 344.8 μg and 322.6 μg per mg of nanoparticles were calculated for HI 6 dimethanesulfonate and HI 6 dichloride monohydrate, respectively. These calculated values are higher than the adsorption capacity of 93.5 μg/mg for obidoxime onto HSA nanoparticles determined in a previous study. In vitro testing of the nanoparticulate oxime formulations in primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (pBCEC) demonstrated an up to two times higher reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE than the free oximes. These findings show that nanoparticles made of HSA may enable a sufficient antidote OP-poisoning therapy with HI 6 derivatives even within the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Dadparvar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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84
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Wohlfart S, Khalansky AS, Bernreuther C, Michaelis M, Cinatl J, Glatzel M, Kreuter J. Treatment of glioblastoma with poly(isohexyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2011; 415:244-51. [PMID: 21641983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas belong to the most devastating cancer diseases. For this reason, polysorbate 80 (Tween 80)-coated poly(isohexyl cyanoacrylate) (PIHCA) (Monorex) nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin were developed and tested for their use for the treatment of glioblastomas. The preparation of the nanoparticles resulted in spherical particles with high doxorubicin loading. The physico-chemical properties and the release of doxorubicin from the PIHCA-nanoparticles were analysed, and the influence on cell viability of the rat glioblastoma 101/8-cell line was investigated. In vitro, the empty nanoparticles did not show any toxicity, and the anti-cancer effects of the drug-loaded nanoparticles were increased in comparison to doxorubicin solution, represented by IC(50) values. The in vivo efficacy was then tested in intracranially glioblastoma 101/8-bearing rats. Rats were treated with 3 × 1.5mg/kg doxorubicin and were sacrificed 18 days after tumour transplantation. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out to assess the efficacy of the nanoparticles. Tumour size, proliferation activity, vessel density, necrotic areas, and expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein demonstrated that doxorubicin-loaded PIHCA-nanoparticles were much more efficient than the free drug. The results suggest that poly(isohexyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles hold great promise for the non-invasive therapy of human glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wohlfart
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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85
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Ragnaill MN, Brown M, Ye D, Bramini M, Callanan S, Lynch I, Dawson KA. Internal benchmarking of a human blood-brain barrier cell model for screening of nanoparticle uptake and transcytosis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 77:360-7. [PMID: 21236340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from harmful agents, is considered the holy grail of targeted delivery, due to the extreme effectiveness of this barrier at preventing passage of non-essential molecules through to the brain. This has caused severe limitations for therapeutics for many brain-associated diseases, such as HIV and neurodegenerative diseases. Nanomaterials, as a result of their small size (in the order of many protein-lipid clusters routinely transported by cells) and their large surface area (which acts as a scaffold for proteins thereby rendering nanoparticles as biological entities) offer great promise for neuro-therapeutics. However, in parallel with developing neuro-therapeutic applications based on nanotechnology, it is essential to ensure their safety and long-term consequences upon reaching the brain. One approach to determining safe application of nanomaterials in biology is to obtain a deep mechanistic understanding of the interactions between nanomaterials and living systems (bionanointeractions). To this end, we report here on the establishment and internal round robin validation of a human cell model of the blood-brain barrier for use as a tool for screening nanoparticles interactions, and assessing the critical nanoscale parameters that determine transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nic Ragnaill
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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86
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Wagner S, Kufleitner J, Zensi A, Dadparvar M, Wien S, Bungert J, Vogel T, Worek F, Kreuter J, von Briesen H. Nanoparticulate transport of oximes over an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14213. [PMID: 21151975 PMCID: PMC2997055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the use of organophosphates (OP) as pesticides and the availability of OP-type nerve agents, an effective medical treatment for OP poisonings is still a challenging problem. The acute toxicity of an OP poisoning is mainly due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS). This results in an increase in the synaptic concentration of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, overstimulation of cholinergic receptors and disorder of numerous body functions up to death. The standard treatment of OP poisoning includes a combination of a muscarinic antagonist and an AChE reactivator (oxime). However, these oximes can not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) sufficiently. Therefore, new strategies are needed to transport oximes over the BBB. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we combined different oximes (obidoxime dichloride and two different HI 6 salts, HI 6 dichloride monohydrate and HI 6 dimethanesulfonate) with human serum albumin nanoparticles and could show an oxime transport over an in vitro BBB model. In general, the nanoparticulate transported oximes achieved a better reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE than free oximes. Conclusions/Significance With these nanoparticles, for the first time, a tool exists that could enable a transport of oximes over the BBB. This is very important for survival after severe OP intoxication. Therefore, these nanoparticulate formulations are promising formulations for the treatment of the peripheral and the CNS after OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Wagner
- Department of Cell Biology and Applied Virology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sankt Ingbert, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kufleitner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Zensi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miriam Dadparvar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sascha Wien
- Department of Cell Biology and Applied Virology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sankt Ingbert, Germany
| | - Judith Bungert
- Department of Cell Biology and Applied Virology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sankt Ingbert, Germany
| | | | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology und Toxicology, München, Germany
| | - Jörg Kreuter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Department of Cell Biology and Applied Virology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sankt Ingbert, Germany
- * E-mail:
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