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Mann S, McArt J, Abuelo A. Production‐related metabolic disorders of cattle: ketosis, milk fever and grass staggers. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Dancy K, Ribeiro E, DeVries T. Effect of dietary transition at dry off on the behavior and physiology of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4387-4402. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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53
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Aylward B, Clark M, Galileo D, Baernard A, Wilson J, Brannick E, Gressley T, Fecteau M, Davis W, Dyer R. Immune cell populations residing in mesenteric adipose depots and mesenteric lymph nodes of lean dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3452-3468. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Leal Yepes FA, Mann S, Overton TR, Ryan CM, Bristol LS, Granados GE, Nydam DV, Wakshlag JJ. Effect of rumen-protected branched-chain amino acid supplementation on production- and energy-related metabolites during the first 35 days in milk in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5657-5672. [PMID: 30928273 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Essential AA are critical for multiple physiological processes. Branched-chain AA (BCAA) supplementation has beneficial effects on body weight, lipogenesis, and insulin resistance in several species. The BCAA are used for milk and body protein synthesis as well as being oxidized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle to produce ATP during catabolic states. The objective was to evaluate the effect of rumen-protected BCAA (375 g of 27% l-Leu, 85 g of 48% l-Ile, and 91 g of 67% l-Val) with or without propylene glycol (PG) oral administration on milk production, dry matter intake, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and plasma urea nitrogen during the first 35 d in milk (DIM) in dairy cattle. Multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled in blocks of three 28 d before expected calving and assigned randomly to either the control or 1 of 2 treatments. The control (n = 26) received 200 g/d of dry molasses, the BCAA treatment (n = 23) received BCAA mixed with 200 g/d of dry molasses from calving until 35 DIM, and the BCAA plus PG (BCAAPG) treatment (n = 25) received BCAA mixed with 200 g/d of dry molasses from calving until 35 DIM plus 300 mL of PG once daily from calving until 7 DIM. Postpartum, dry matter intake least squares means (LSM; 95% confidence interval) were 20.7 (19.9, 21.7), 21.3 (20.4, 22.3), and 21.9 (20.9, 22.8) kg for control, BCAA, and BCAAPG, respectively. Milk yield (1-35 DIM) LSM were 41.7 (39.4, 44.0), 42.7 (40.3, 45.0), and 43.7 (41.4, 46.0) kg for control, BCAA, and BCAAPG, respectively. Energy-corrected milk LSM were 50.3 (46.8, 53.7), 52.4 (48.9, 55.8), and 52.9 (49.5, 56.4) kg for control, BCAA, and BCAAPG, respectively. Milk urea nitrogen LSM in milk for control, BCAA, and BCAAPG were 8.60 (8.02, 9.22), 9.70 (9.01, 10.45), and 9.75 (9.08, 10.47) mg/dL. Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations LSM for control, BCAA, and BCAAPG were 8.3 (7.7, 8.9), 10.1 (9.4, 10.9), and 9.6 (9.4, 10.3) mg/dL, respectively. The numbers of plasma samples classified as hyperketonemia were 77, 44, and 57 in control, BCAA, and BCAAPG, respectively. The BCAA supplementation increased plasma urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen, free valine concentration in plasma, and decreased hyperketonemia events during the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Leal Yepes
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C M Ryan
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - L S Bristol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - G E Granados
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Newman AW, Miller A, Leal Yepes FA, Bitsko E, Nydam D, Mann S. The effect of the transition period and postpartum body weight loss on macrophage infiltrates in bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1693-1701. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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56
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Salin S, Vanhatalo A, Jaakkola S, Elo K, Taponen J, Boston R, Kokkonen T. Effects of dry period energy intake on insulin resistance, metabolic adaptation, and production responses in transition dairy cows on grass silage–based diets. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11364-11383. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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57
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Mikuła R, Pruszyńska - Oszmałek E, Maćkowiak P, Nowak W. Effect of different pre-calving feeding strategies
on the metabolic status and lactation performance of dairy cows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/99003/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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58
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Leal Yepes F, Nydam D, Heuwieser W, Mann S. Technical note: Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of 2 point-of-care β-hydroxybutyrate devices in stored bovine plasma at room temperature and at 37°C. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6455-6461. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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59
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Sun J, Xu J, Shen Y, Wang M, Yu L, Wang H. Effects of different dietary ratio of physically effective neutral detergent fiber and metabolizable glucose on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and growth performance of 8 to 10-month-old heifers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [PMID: 29514435 PMCID: PMC6043429 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The present study was undertaken to determine an optimal balance between the amount of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) to metabolizable glucose (MG) on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and growth performance of 8 to 10-month-old heifers. METHODS A total of 15 healthy Holstein heifers weighing an average of 256 kg (8 month of age) were randomly assigned to three groups of five. Treatment diets consisted of the following three peNDF8.0/MG levels: 1.46 (Treatment A), 1.74 (Treatment B), and 2.08 (Treatment C). RESULTS The results showed that the ratio of peNDF8.0/MG affected rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and growth performance of heifers. The average daily gain of heifers tended to decrease as the ratio of peNDF8.0/MG increased (p = 0.07). The concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, and cholesterol increased significantly (p<0.05), while the high-density lipoprotein concentration decreased (p<0.05). After feeding 2 h and 4 h, insulin concentration in Treatment A was greater than Treatment C (p<0.05). Propionate concentration had decreasing trend (p = 0.07); acetate to propionate ratio and non-glucogenic to glucogenic volatile fatty acid (NGR) increased significantly (p<0.05). In addition, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber decreased significantly (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The present investigation indicated that dietary peNDF8.0/MG ratio can affect the growth and development, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation and apparent digestibility of heifers, and the optimal dietary peNDF8.0/MG ratio for 8 to 10-month-old heifers in the present study was 1.46.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jinhao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yizhao Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Lihuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hongrong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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60
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Zenobi M, Gardinal R, Zuniga J, Dias A, Nelson C, Driver J, Barton B, Santos J, Staples C. Effects of supplementation with ruminally protected choline on performance of multiparous Holstein cows did not depend upon prepartum caloric intake. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1088-1110. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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61
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Mann S, Urh C, Sauerwein H, Wakshlag J, Yepes FAL, Overton T, Nydam D. Short communication: The association of adiponectin and leptin concentrations with prepartum dietary energy supply, parity, body condition, and postpartum hyperketonemia in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:806-811. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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62
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Fry MM, Yao B, Ríos C, Wong C, Mann S, McArt JAA, Nydam DV, Leal Yepes FA, Viesselmann L, Geick A, Goldin K, Jordan A, Behling-Kelly E. Diagnostic performance of cytology for assessment of hepatic lipid content in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1379-1387. [PMID: 29248218 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to characterize the diagnostic performance of cytology for assessing hepatic lipid content (HLC) in dairy cows by comparing microscopic evaluation of lipid vacuolation in touch imprint slide preparations of liver biopsies with quantitative measurement of triglyceride concentration ([TG]; mg/mg of wet weight) in paired biopsy samples. Our study also sought to compare the diagnostic performance of liver cytology, plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration ([NEFA]), and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration ([BHB]) derived from a measurement performed on whole blood, for assessing HLC. Chemical extraction of TG from liver tissue remains the gold standard for quantifying HLC, largely because available blood tests, although useful for detecting some types of pathology, such as increased lipid mobilization, ketosis, or hepatocellular injury, are nonspecific as to etiology. Veterinary practitioners can sample bovine liver for cytological evaluation in a fast, minimally invasive, and inexpensive manner. Thus, if highly predictive of HLC, cytology would be a practical diagnostic tool for dairy veterinarians. In our study, liver biopsy samples from Holstein cows (219 samples from 105 cows: 52 from cows 2 to 20 d prepartum, 105 from cows 0 to 10 d in milk, 62 from cows 18 to 25 d in milk) were used to prepare cytology slides and to quantify [TG] using the Folch extraction method followed by the Hantzch condensation reaction and spectrophotometric measurement. An ordinal scale (0-4) based on amount of hepatocellular cytoplasm occupied by discrete clear vacuoles was used by 3 blinded, independent observers to rank HLC in Wright-Giemsa-stained slides. Interobserver agreement in cytology scoring was good. Corresponding plasma [NEFA] and [BHB] measurements were available for 187 and 195 of the 219 samples, respectively. Liver [TG] correlated more strongly with cytology score than with NEFA or BHB, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that cytology had better diagnostic performance than either NEFA or BHB for correctly categorizing [TG] at thresholds of 5, 10, and 15%. Hepatic lipidosis in high-producing dairy cows is of major clinical and economic importance, and this study demonstrates that cytology is an accurate means of assessing HLC. Additional work is indicated to evaluate the diagnostic utility of liver cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Fry
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - B Yao
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C Ríos
- Dirección Académica, Universidad Santo Tomás, Mendoza 120, Los Ángeles, Chile
| | - C Wong
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J A A McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - F A Leal Yepes
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853
| | - L Viesselmann
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - A Geick
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - K Goldin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - A Jordan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - E Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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63
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Overton T, McArt J, Nydam D. A 100-Year Review: Metabolic health indicators and management of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:10398-10417. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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64
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Farahani TA, Amanlou H, Kazemi-Bonchenari M. Effects of shortening the close-up period length coupled with increased supply of metabolizable protein on performance and metabolic status of multiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6199-6217. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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65
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Mann S, Yepes FAL, Behling-Kelly E, McArt J. The effect of different treatments for early-lactation hyperketonemia on blood β-hydroxybutyrate, plasma nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, insulin, and glucagon in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6470-6482. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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66
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Little MW, O'Connell NE, Welsh MD, Mulligan FJ, Ferris CP. Concentrate supplementation of a diet based on medium-quality grass silage for 4 weeks prepartum: Effects on cow performance, health, metabolic status, and immune function. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4457-4474. [PMID: 28342599 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because negative energy balance (EB) contributes to transition-period immune dysfunction in dairy cows, dietary management strategies should aim to minimize negative EB during this time. Prepartum diets that oversupply energy may exacerbate negative EB in early lactation, with detrimental effects on immune function. However, with lower body condition score (BCS) cows, it has been shown that offering concentrates in addition to a grass silage-based diet when confined during an 8-wk dry period resulted in increased neutrophil function in early lactation. The aim of this study was to examine if similar benefits occur when concentrate feeding was restricted to a 4-wk period prepartum. Twenty-six multiparous and 22 primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were offered ad libitum access to medium-quality grass silage until 28 d before their predicted calving dates (actual mean of 32 d prepartum; standard deviation = 6.4). At this time multiparous cows had a mean BCS of 2.9 (standard deviation = 0.12) and primiparous cows a mean BCS of 3.0 (standard deviation = 0.14) on a 1 to 5 scale. Cows were then allocated in a balanced manner to 1 of 2 treatments (13 multiparous cows and 11 primiparous cows on each treatment): silage only (SO) or silage plus concentrates (S+C) until calving. Cows on SO were offered the same grass silage ad libitum. Cows on S+C were offered an ad libitum mixed ration of the same grass silage and additional concentrates in a 60:40 dry matter (DM) ratio, which provided a mean concentrate DM intake (DMI) of 4.5 kg/cow per d. After calving, all cows were offered a common mixed ration (grass silage and concentrates, 40:60 DM ratio) for 70 d postpartum. Offering concentrates in addition to grass silage during the 4 wk prepartum increased prepartum DMI (12.0 versus 10.1 kg/cow per d), EB (+40.0 versus +10.6 MJ/cow per d), and body weight (BW; 640 versus 628 kg), and tended to increase BCS (3.02 versus 2.97). However, postpartum DMI, milk yield, milk composition, BW change, BCS change, serum nonesterified fatty acid, and β-hydroxybutryrate concentrations, health, and corpus luteum measures were unaffected by treatment. The in vitro assays of neutrophil phagocytosis, neutrophil oxidative burst, and interferon gamma production, conducted on blood samples obtained at d 14 prepartum and d 3, 7, 14, and 21 postpartum, were unaffected by treatment. Primiparous cows had higher phagocytic fluorescence intensity at d 14 prepartum and d 3 and 7 postpartum; a higher percentage of neutrophils undergoing oxidative burst at d 3, 7, and 21 postpartum; and a higher oxidative burst fluorescence intensity at d 14 prepartum and d 7, 14, and 21 postpartum compared with multiparous cows. This suggests that neutrophil function of primiparous cows was less sensitive to the changes occurring during the transition period than that of multiparous cows. In conclusion, offering concentrates during the 4-wk period prepartum had no effect on postpartum DMI, milk yield, body tissue mobilization, EB, measures of neutrophil or lymphocyte function, health, or corpus luteum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Little
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, BT26 6DR, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom.
| | - N E O'Connell
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
| | - M D Welsh
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Belfast, BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - F J Mulligan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C P Ferris
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
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Contreras GA, Thelen K, Schmidt SE, Strieder-Barboza C, Preseault CL, Raphael W, Kiupel M, Caron J, Lock AL. Adipose tissue remodeling in late-lactation dairy cows during feed-restriction-induced negative energy balance. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:10009-10021. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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68
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Effect of feeding brown rice instead of corn on lactation performance and blood metabolites in periparturient dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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69
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Little M, O’Connell N, Welsh M, Barley J, Meade K, Ferris C. Prepartum concentrate supplementation of a diet based on medium-quality grass silage: Effects on performance, health, fertility, metabolic function, and immune function of low body condition score cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7102-7122. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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70
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Mann S, Nydam DV, Abuelo A, Leal Yepes FA, Overton TR, Wakshlag JJ. Insulin signaling, inflammation, and lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of transition dairy cows either overfed energy during the prepartum period or fed a controlled-energy diet. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6737-6752. [PMID: 27209137 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue mobilization is a hallmark of the transition period in dairy cows. Cows overfed energy during the dry period have higher concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) compared with cows fed a controlled-energy diet prepartum. The reason for an increase in blood NEFA concentrations at the level of adipose tissue in cows overfed energy has not been fully elucidated. One hypothesis is that cows with high BHB concentrations suffer from adipose tissue-specific insulin resistance, leading to higher rates of adipose tissue mobilization in the postpartum period. To test this hypothesis, subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies of cows overfed energy in excess of predicted requirements by 50% in the dry period, and that had high concentrations of blood BHB postpartum (group H; n=12), were used. Findings were compared with results of biopsies from cows fed a controlled-energy diet and with low BHB concentrations postpartum (group C; n=12) to create the biggest contrast in BHB concentrations. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained before and 60 min after an intravenous glucose challenge (0.25 g/kg of glucose) at 28 and 10 d before expected calving as well as on d 4 and 21 postpartum. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and hormone-sensitive lipase was determined before and after glucose infusion by Western blot. Western blot was also used to assess the baseline protein abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and insulin receptor β-subunit. In addition, gene expression of fatty acid synthase, adiponectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and tumor necrosis factor α was determined by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Backfat thickness was determined in the thurl area by ultrasonography. Cows in group H showed a greater degree of lipogenesis prepartum, but no differences were found in lipolytic enzyme activity postpartum compared with cows in group C. Baseline plasma insulin concentrations were decreased and serum NEFA concentrations increased postpartum in group H. Insulin signaling through protein kinase B, quantity of insulin receptor, markers of inflammation, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in adipose tissue were not different between the groups, but expression of adiponectin was increased in adipose tissue of cows in group H during the immediate peripartum period. In conclusion, differences in serum concentrations of NEFA between cows overfed energy prepartum and high blood concentrations of BHB are likely due to greater negative energy balance postpartum reflected in lower circulating concentrations of glucose and insulin and an increase in the total amount of mobilized adipose tissue mass rather than due to changes in adipose tissue insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - A Abuelo
- Department of Animal Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002 Spain
| | - F A Leal Yepes
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Mann S, Nydam DV, Lock AL, Overton TR, McArt JAA. Short communication: Association of milk fatty acids with early lactation hyperketonemia and elevated concentration of nonesterified fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5851-5857. [PMID: 27179869 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to extend the limited research available on the association between concentrations of milk fatty acids and elevated nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations in early lactation dairy cattle. Measurement of milk fatty acids for detection of cows in excessive negative energy balance has the potential to be incorporated in routine in-line monitoring systems. Blood samples were taken from 84 cows in second or greater lactation 3 times per week between 3 to 14 d in milk. Cows were characterized as hyperketonemic (HYK) if blood BHB concentration was ≥1.2mmol/L at least once and characterized as having elevated concentrations of NEFA (NEFAH) if serum NEFA concentration was ≥1mmol/L at least once. Composition of colostrum and milk fatty acids at wk 2 postpartum was used to investigate the potential diagnostic value of individual fatty acids and fatty acid ratios for the correct classification of cows with NEFA and BHB concentrations above these thresholds, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify thresholds of fatty acid concentration and fatty acid ratios when ROC area under the curve was ≥0.70. Correct classification rate (CCR, %) was calculated as {[(number of true positives + number of true negatives)/total number tested] × 100}. None of the colostrum fatty acids yielded a sufficiently high area under the curve in ROC analysis for the association with HYK and NEFAH. The following fatty acids and fatty acid ratios were identified for an association with NEFAH (threshold, CCR): C15:0 (≤0.65g/100g, 68.3%); cis-9 C16:1 (≥1.85g/100g, 70.7%); cis-9 C18:1 (≥26g/100g, 69.5%), cis-9 C18:1 to C15:0 ratio (≥45, 69.5%); cis-9 C16:1 to C15:0 (≥2.50, 73.2%). Several fatty acids were associated with HYK (threshold, CCR): C6:0 (≤1.68g/100g, 80.5%), C8:0 (≤0.80g/100g, 80.5%), C10:0 (≤1.6g/100g, 79.3%); C12:0 (≤1.42g/100g, 82.9%); C14:0 (≤6.10g/100g, 84.1%); C15:0 (≤0.50g/100g, 82.9%), cis-9 C18:1 (≥30g/100g, 81.7%). The use of fatty acid ratios did not improve CCR over using individual fatty acids for the classification of HYK. Colostrum fatty acid composition was not useful in predicting NEFAH or HYK between 3 to 14 d in milk. Accuracy of milk fatty acids and fatty acid ratios to correctly classify cows with elevated concentrations of NEFA and BHB between 3 to 14 d in milk was moderate and overall higher for HYK. Determining changes in the fatty acid composition of milk fat from milk samples at wk 2 postpartum for the detection of cows with elevated concentrations of BHB and NEFA can currently not be recommended to replace direct measurement. Future applications should target repeated milk sampling between 3 to 14 d in milk to identify the best sampling for determination of milk fatty acid composition within the first 2 wk postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J A A McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Mann S, Abuelo A, Nydam DV, Leal Yepes FA, Overton TR, Wakshlag JJ. Insulin signaling and skeletal muscle atrophy and autophagy in transition dairy cows either overfed energy or fed a controlled energy diet prepartum. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:513-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mann S, Leal Yepes F, Overton T, Lock A, Lamb S, Wakshlag J, Nydam D. Effect of dry period dietary energy level in dairy cattle on volume, concentrations of immunoglobulin G, insulin, and fatty acid composition of colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:1515-1526. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mann S, Yepes F, Duplessis M, Wakshlag J, Overton T, Cummings B, Nydam D. Dry period plane of energy: Effects on glucose tolerance in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:701-17. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Metabolic Disorders in the Transition Period Indicate that the Dairy Cows' Ability to Adapt is Overstressed. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:978-1020. [PMID: 26479480 PMCID: PMC4693199 DOI: 10.3390/ani5040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metabolic disorders are a key problem in the transition period of dairy cows and often appear before the onset of further health problems. Problems derive from difficulties animals have to adapt to large variations and disturbances occurring both outside and inside the organism. A lack of success in solving these issues may be due to predominant approaches in farm management and agricultural science, dealing with such disorders as merely negative side effects. Instead, a successful adaptation of animals to their living conditions should be seen as an important end in itself. Both farm management and agricultural sciences should support animals in their ability to cope with nutritional and metabolic challenges by employing a functional and result-driven approach. Abstract Metabolic disorders are a key problem in the transition period of dairy cows and often appear before the onset of further health problems. They mainly derive from difficulties the animals have in adapting to changes and disturbances occurring both outside and inside the organisms and due to varying gaps between nutrient supply and demand. Adaptation is a functional and target-oriented process involving the whole organism and thus cannot be narrowed down to single factors. Most problems which challenge the organisms can be solved in a number of different ways. To understand the mechanisms of adaptation, the interconnectedness of variables and the nutrient flow within a metabolic network need to be considered. Metabolic disorders indicate an overstressed ability to balance input, partitioning and output variables. Dairy cows will more easily succeed in adapting and in avoiding dysfunctional processes in the transition period when the gap between nutrient and energy demands and their supply is restricted. Dairy farms vary widely in relation to the living conditions of the animals. The complexity of nutritional and metabolic processes and their large variations on various scales contradict any attempts to predict the outcome of animals’ adaptation in a farm specific situation. Any attempts to reduce the prevalence of metabolic disorders and associated production diseases should rely on continuous and comprehensive monitoring with appropriate indicators on the farm level. Furthermore, low levels of disorders and diseases should be seen as a further significant goal which carries weight in addition to productivity goals. In the long run, low disease levels can only be expected when farmers realize that they can gain a competitive advantage over competitors with higher levels of disease.
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McCarthy M, Mann S, Nydam D, Overton T, McArt J. Short communication: Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in dairy cows are not well correlated during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6284-90. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Duplessis M, Mann S, Nydam D, Girard C, Pellerin D, Overton T. Short communication: Folates and vitamin B12 in colostrum and milk from dairy cows fed different energy levels during the dry period. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5454-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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