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Zhang L, Boeren S, van Hooijdonk ACM, Vervoort JM, Hettinga KA. A proteomic perspective on the changes in milk proteins due to high somatic cell count. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5339-51. [PMID: 26094216 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although cows with subclinical mastitis have no difference in the appearance of their milk, milk composition and milk quality are altered because of the inflammation. To know the changes in milk quality with different somatic cell count (SCC) levels, 5 pooled bovine milk samples with SCC from 10(5) to 10(6) cells/mL were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using both one-dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate PAGE and filter-aided sample preparation coupled with dimethyl labeling, both followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Minor differences were found on the qualitative level in the proteome from milk with different SCC levels, whereas the concentration of milk proteins showed remarkable changes. Not only immune-related proteins (cathelicidins, IGK protein, CD59 molecule, complement regulatory protein, lactadherin), but also proteins with other biological functions (e.g., lipid metabolism: platelet glycoprotein 4, butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1, perilipin-2) were significantly different in milk from cows with high SCC level compared with low SCC level. The increased concentration of protease inhibitors in the milk with higher SCC levels may suggest a protective role in the mammary gland against protease activity. Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase showed a linear relation with SCC, which was confirmed with an ELISA. However, the correlation coefficient was lower in individual cows compared with bulk milk. These results indicate that prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase may be used as an indicator to evaluate bulk milk quality and thereby reduce the economic loss in the dairy industry. The results from this study reflect the biological phenomena occurring during subclinical mastitis and in addition provide a potential indicator for the detection of bulk milk with high SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Wageningen University, 6700EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6700EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A C M van Hooijdonk
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Wageningen University, 6700EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J M Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6700EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - K A Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Wageningen University, 6700EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Fuenzalida M, Fricke P, Ruegg P. The association between occurrence and severity of subclinical and clinical mastitis on pregnancies per artificial insemination at first service of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3791-805. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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53
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Roth Z, Asaf S, Furman O, Lavon Y, Kalo D, Wolfenson D, Leitner G. Subclinical mastitis disrupts oocyte cytoplasmic maturation in association with reduced developmental competence and impaired gene expression in preimplantation bovine embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 28:RD14431. [PMID: 25891636 DOI: 10.1071/rd14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical chronic mastitis was induced to examine the effects on oocyte developmental competence. Uninfected Holstein cows were intramammary administrated with serial (every 48h for 20 days) low doses of toxin of Staphylococcus aureus origin (Gram-positive; G+), endotoxin of Escherichia coli origin (Gram-negative; G-) or sterile saline (control). Follicular fluid of toxin- and saline-treated cows was aspirated from preovulatory follicles and used as maturation medium. Oocytes harvested from ovaries collected at the abattoir were matured and then fertilised and cultured for 8 days. The percentage of oocytes undergoing nuclear maturation, determined by meiotic nuclear stages, did not differ between groups. Cytoplasmic maturation, determined by cortical granule distribution, was affected by both toxins (PPPPTGS2) mRNA increased, whereas that of growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) decreased in matured oocytes. In addition, PTGS2 expression increased and POU class 5 homeobox 1 (POU5F1) expression decreased in 4-cell embryos developed from both G+ and G- oocytes. Thus, regardless of toxin type, subclinical mastitis disrupts oocyte cytoplasmic maturation and alters gene expression in association with reduced developmental competence.
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Bijker I, Christley RM, Smith RF, Dobson H. Effect of signs of oestrus, disease stressors and cow activity on pregnancy rate following artificial insemination. Vet Rec 2015; 176:411. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Bijker
- West Ridge Veterinary Practice; Witheridge Devon UK
- St Boniface Veterinary Clinic; Crediton Devon UK
| | - R. M. Christley
- Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus; Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - R. F. Smith
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus; Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - H. Dobson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus; Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
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55
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Tremellen K, Syedi N, Tan S, Pearce K. Metabolic endotoxaemia--a potential novel link between ovarian inflammation and impaired progesterone production. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:309-12. [PMID: 25539190 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.994602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical conditions such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease are associated with impaired luteal function, menstrual disturbance and infertility. It is proposed that the disturbance in gut wall integrity ("leaky gut") seen in these conditions may result in the passage of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) from the colonic lumen into the circulation that may initiate inflammation in the ovary and subsequently impair hormone production. METHODS Quantify the association between systemic levels of LBP, a marker of endotoxin exposure, and levels of inflammation in the ovary (follicular fluid IL-6), plus steroid hormone production in 45 women undergoing IVF treatment. RESULTS Endotoxaemia (LBP) were positively correlated with plasma CRP and inflammation within the ovary (follicular fluid IL-6). Furthermore, endotoxaemia was negatively correlated with progesterone production. CONCLUSION The observed correlations, together with previously published animal studies linking endotoxin exposure to impaired luteal function, suggest that the translocation of bacterial endotoxin from the gut lumen into the circulation has the potential to interfere with progesterone production and result in luteal deficiency.
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56
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Hudson CD, Bradley AJ, Breen JE, Green MJ. Dairy herd mastitis and reproduction: using simulation to aid interpretation of results from discrete time survival analysis. Vet J 2015; 204:47-53. [PMID: 25744810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) is a simulation-based technique for evaluating the relative importance of different inputs to a complex process model. It is commonly employed in decision analysis and for evaluation of the potential impact of uncertainty in research findings on clinical practice, but has a wide variety of other possible applications. In this example, it was used to evaluate the association between herd-level udder health and reproductive performance in dairy herds. Although several recent studies have found relatively large associations between mastitis and fertility at the level of individual inseminations or lactations, the current study demonstrated that herd-level intramammary infection status is highly unlikely to have a clinically significant impact on the overall reproductive performance of a dairy herd under typical conditions. For example, a large increase in incidence rate of clinical mastitis (from 92 to 131 cases per 100 cows per year) would be expected to increase a herd's modified FERTEX score (a cost-based measure of overall reproductive performance) by just £4.50(1) per cow per year. The herd's background level of submission rate (proportion of eligible cows served every 21 days) and pregnancy risk (proportion of inseminations leading to a pregnancy) correlated strongly with overall reproductive performance and explained a large proportion of the between-herd variation in performance. PSA proved to be a highly useful technique to aid understanding of results from a complex statistical model, and has great potential for a wide variety of applications within the field of veterinary science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Hudson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew J Bradley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Quality Milk Management Services Ltd, Cedar Barn, Easton, Wells, Somerset BA5 1DU, United Kingdom
| | - James E Breen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Quality Milk Management Services Ltd, Cedar Barn, Easton, Wells, Somerset BA5 1DU, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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57
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Fitzgerald A, Ryan D, Carthy T, Evans R, Berry D. Ovarian structures and uterine environment are associated with phenotypic and genetic merit for performance in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 2014; 82:1231-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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58
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Experimental model of toxin-induced subclinical mastitis and its effect on disruption of follicular function in cows. Theriogenology 2014; 82:1165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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59
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Deaver SE, Felix AM, Rhoads ML. Reproductive performance of lactating dairy cattle after intrauterine administration of a prostaglandin F2α receptor antagonist 4 days after insemination. Theriogenology 2014; 83:560-6. [PMID: 25488790 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has determined that PGF2α detrimentally affects pregnancy via direct effects on early embryonic development. Because early embryonic loss is relatively prevalent in lactating dairy cows, we hypothesized that pregnancy retention (and resulting conception rates) would be improved by administering a PGF2α receptor antagonist (AL-8810) shortly after insemination. Multiparous, lactating Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to receive one of four intrauterine treatments: (1) control group-untreated cohort (CON; n = 93); (2) control group-vehicle infusion (CON-V; n = 90); (3) 2000 nM AL-8810 infusion (AL-2000; n = 96); or (4) 10,000 nM AL-8810 infusion (AL-10,000; n = 93). Treatments were administered transcervically 4 days after insemination in the horn ipsilateral to the CL. There was no effect of treatment on conception rate (36.6%, 38.9%, 25.0%, and 35.5% for CON, CON-V, AL-2000, and AL-10,000, respectively) or calving rate (24.7%, 24.4%, 16.7%, and 28.0% for CON, CON-V, AL-2000, and AL-10,000, respectively). There was a significant effect of treatment on return to estrus with CON-V (23.6 ± 0.6) and AL-10,000 (23.3 ± 0.6) groups having a longer interval to next estrus over the CON group (21.5 ± 0.6; P < 0.05). Prior treatment did not affect conception to the subsequent insemination. It is important to note that although the addition of AL-8810 into the uterus on Day 4 after insemination did not increase conception rates in the present experiment, it also did not have a negative impact. Furthermore, the treatment procedure itself did not impair the establishment of pregnancy (CON vs. CON-V, AL-2000, and AL-10,000). These results demonstrate that a therapeutic agent can be administered directly into the uterus on Day 4 after insemination without detrimentally affecting conception rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Deaver
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - A M Felix
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - M L Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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60
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Cattaneo L, Signorini ML, Bertoli J, Bartolomé JA, Gareis NC, Díaz PU, Bó GA, Ortega HH. Epidemiological Description of Cystic Ovarian Disease in Argentine Dairy Herds: Risk Factors and Effects on the Reproductive Performance of Lactating Cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:1028-33. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Cattaneo
- Cátedra de Teriogenología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
| | | | - J Bertoli
- Cátedra de Producción de leche; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
| | - JA Bartolomé
- Cátedra de Teriogenología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
| | - NC Gareis
- Cátedra de Teriogenología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
| | - PU Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (CONICET); Esperanza Argentina
| | - GA Bó
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal de Córdoba (IRAC); Esperanza Argentina
| | - HH Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (CONICET); Esperanza Argentina
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61
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Isobe N, Iwamoto C, Kubota H, Yoshimura Y. Relationship between the somatic cell count in milk and reproductive function in peripartum dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:433-7. [PMID: 25196356 PMCID: PMC4284317 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk on reproductive performance, such as pregnancy status in the prepartum period and ovarian function in the postpartum period, in dairy cows. Blood samples were collected every week from one month prepartum to parturition in order to measure the concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM), estrone sulfate (E1S) and progesterone. Milk samples were collected three times per week in both the prepartum (for one month before the dry period) and postpartum periods (for 3 months immediately after parturition) to measure the SCC. Progesterone was also determined in the whole milk of postpartum cows to define the day of the first ovulation. In the prepartum period, the maximum SCC negatively correlated with the pregnancy period (r = –0.77), but not the calf birth weight. Positive and negative correlations were observed between the average SCC and PGFM or progesterone
concentrations in plasma, respectively (r = 0.84 or –0.92, respectively), at 39 weeks of pregnancy. In the postpartum period, a correlation was observed between the day of the first ovulation and both the average and maximum SCC (r = –0.74 and –0.75, respectively), whereas days open was not related to the SCC. These results suggest that a high SCC in the prepartum period may advance parturition by increasing PGF2α and decreasing progesterone and that the first ovulation in the postpartum period was affected by a high SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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62
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Feltrin C, Cooper CA, Mohamad-Fauzi N, Rodrigues VHV, Aguiar LH, Gaudencio-Neto S, Martins LT, Calderón CEM, Morais AS, Carneiro IS, Almeida TM, Silva ING, Rodrigues JL, Maga EA, Murray JD, Libório AB, Bertolini LR, Bertolini M. Systemic Immunosuppression by Methylprednisolone and Pregnancy Rates in Goats Undergoing the Transfer of Cloned Embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:648-656. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Feltrin
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - CA Cooper
- Transgenics Lab; Department of Animal Science; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - N Mohamad-Fauzi
- Transgenics Lab; Department of Animal Science; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - VHV Rodrigues
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - LH Aguiar
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - S Gaudencio-Neto
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - LT Martins
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - CEM Calderón
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - AS Morais
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - IS Carneiro
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - TM Almeida
- Ceará State University; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - ING Silva
- Ceará State University; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - JL Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Reproduction and Embryology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - EA Maga
- Transgenics Lab; Department of Animal Science; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - JD Murray
- Transgenics Lab; Department of Animal Science; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - AB Libório
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - LR Bertolini
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - M Bertolini
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
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63
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Aungier S, Roche J, Diskin M, Crowe M. Risk factors that affect reproductive target achievement in fertile dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3472-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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64
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Knapp JR, Laur GL, Vadas PA, Weiss WP, Tricarico JM. Invited review: Enteric methane in dairy cattle production: quantifying the opportunities and impact of reducing emissions. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3231-61. [PMID: 24746124 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many opportunities exist to reduce enteric methane (CH4) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of product from ruminant livestock. Research over the past century in genetics, animal health, microbiology, nutrition, and physiology has led to improvements in dairy production where intensively managed farms have GHG emissions as low as 1 kg of CO2 equivalents (CO2e)/kg of energy-corrected milk (ECM), compared with >7 kg of CO2 e/kg of ECM in extensive systems. The objectives of this review are to evaluate options that have been demonstrated to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions per unit of ECM (CH4/ECM) from dairy cattle on a quantitative basis and in a sustained manner and to integrate approaches in genetics, feeding and nutrition, physiology, and health to emphasize why herd productivity, not individual animal productivity, is important to environmental sustainability. A nutrition model based on carbohydrate digestion was used to evaluate the effect of feeding and nutrition strategies on CH4/ECM, and a meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of lipid supplementation on CH4/ECM. A second model combining herd structure dynamics and production level was used to estimate the effect of genetic and management strategies that increase milk yield and reduce culling on CH4/ECM. Some of these approaches discussed require further research, but many could be implemented now. Past efforts in CH4 mitigation have largely focused on identifying and evaluating CH4 mitigation approaches based on nutrition, feeding, and modifications of rumen function. Nutrition and feeding approaches may be able to reduce CH4/ECM by 2.5 to 15%, whereas rumen modifiers have had very little success in terms of sustained CH4 reductions without compromising milk production. More significant reductions of 15 to 30% CH4/ECM can be achieved by combinations of genetic and management approaches, including improvements in heat abatement, disease and fertility management, performance-enhancing technologies, and facility design to increase feed efficiency and life-time productivity of individual animals and herds. Many of the approaches discussed are only partially additive, and all approaches to reducing enteric CH4 emissions should consider the economic impacts on farm profitability and the relationships between enteric CH4 and other GHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Knapp
- Fox Hollow Consulting LLC, Columbus, OH 43201.
| | - G L Laur
- Gwinn-Sawyer Veterinary Clinic, Gwinn, MI 49841
| | - P A Vadas
- USDA Agricultural Research Service Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706
| | - W P Weiss
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
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65
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Asaf S, Leitner G, Furman O, Lavon Y, Kalo D, Wolfenson D, Roth Z. Effects of Escherichia coli- and Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in lactating cows on oocyte developmental competence. Reproduction 2014; 147:33-43. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is associated with decreased fertility in dairy cows. In the current study, we created an experimental model to simulate short-term mastitis by a single intramammary administration of Gram-negative endotoxin ofEscherichia coliorigin (G−), or Gram-positive toxin ofStaphylococcus aureusorigin (G+), to examine the effect of mastitis on oocyte developmental competence. Healthy Holstein cows were synchronized, and follicular fluid (FF) of cows treated with G+ or G− and of uninfected cows (controls) was aspirated from the preovulatory follicles by transvaginal ultrasound procedure. The aspirated FF was used as maturation medium forin vitroembryo production. The distribution of matured oocytes into different cortical granule classes and meiotic stages was affected by G− administration (P<0.05) but not by G+ administration. The proportion of oocytes that cleaved to two- and four-cell stage embryos (44 h postfertilization) was lower in both G+ and G− groups than in controls (P<0.05). Blastocyst formation rate (7–8 days postfertilization) was lower in the G− group (P<0.05) and numerically lower in the G+ group compared with their uninfected counterparts. The total cell number in blastocysts did not differ among groups; however, the apoptotic index was higher in the G+ group (P<0.05), but not in the G− group, relative to controls. Examining mRNA relative abundance in oocytes and early embryos revealed mastitis-induced alterations inPTGS2(COX2),POU5F1, andHSF1but not inSLC2A1(GLUT1) orGDF9. Results indicate a differential disruptive effect of mastitis induced by G− and G+ on oocyte developmental competence in association with alterations in maternal gene expression.
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66
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Application of random regression models to infer the genetic background and phenotypic trajectory of binary conception rate by alterations of temperature × humidity indices. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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67
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Roth Z, Dvir A, Kalo D, Lavon Y, Krifucks O, Wolfenson D, Leitner G. Naturally occurring mastitis disrupts developmental competence of bovine oocytes. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6499-505. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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68
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Inferring relationships between clinical mastitis, productivity and fertility: A recursive model application including genetics, farm associated herd management, and cow-specific antibiotic treatments. Prev Vet Med 2013; 112:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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69
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Arruda A, Godden S, Rapnicki P, Gorden P, Timms L, Aly S, Lehenbauer T, Champagne J. Randomized noninferiority clinical trial evaluating 3 commercial dry cow mastitis preparations: II. Cow health and performance in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6390-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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70
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Morris M, Kaneko K, Uppal S, S.L.Walker, Jones D, Routly J, Smith R, Dobson H. Effects of high somatic cell counts in milk on reproductive hormones and oestrus behaviour in dairy cows with special reference to those with concurrent lameness. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 141:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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71
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Langoni H. Qualidade do leite: utopia sem um programa sério de monitoramento da ocorrência de mastite bovina. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As mastites continuam sendo um dos principais problemas a onerar a pecuária leiteira, além dos aspectos de saúde pública, considerando-se a veiculação de patógenos causadores de doença em humanos. Sua múltipla etiologia, com o envolvimento de inúmeros patógenos, requer um programa de controle rigoroso para o seu monitoramento e controle de qualidade do leite, pautado em ações diagnósticas e de vigilância epidemiológica com relação a parâmetros que indiretamente associam-se à ocorrência de mastites nos rebanhos, como California Mastitis Test (CMT) e Contagem de Células Somáticas (CCS/mL de leite), de amostras de leite individuais composta de cada vaca, bem como do tanque de expansão, o que permite ainda o monitoramento da Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT), que tende a se relacionar com a ocorrência de mastites, principalmente subclínicas. Destacam-se ainda aspectos de exame microbiológico do leite e da importância da ordenha como ponto crucial nas mastites, enfatizando aspectos relevantes do processo de ordenha com fatores de risco para a ocorrência das mastites. Baseando-se nestes aspectos, apresenta-se esta revisão, acreditando-se na possibilidade de obtenção de produtos lácteos de melhor qualidade, com o comprometimento de todos os envolvidos na cadeia produtiva do leite, conscientes de que a qualidade do leite depende de todos, valendo-se também os consumidores, que são os elementos finais da cadeia produtiva do leite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio Langoni
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
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72
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Proietto R, Hinckley L, Fox L, Andrew S. Evaluation of a clay-based acidic bedding conditioner for dairy cattle bedding. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1044-53. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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73
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The effect of dry cow antibiotic with and without an internal teat sealant on udder health during the first 100 d of lactation: a field study with matched pairs. J DAIRY RES 2012; 79:477-84. [PMID: 22963716 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029912000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this field study was to compare the udder health status as well as the clinical mastitis rate during the first 100 d of lactation in cows that received long-acting dry cow antibiotic alone (group AB) or in combination with an internal teat sealant (group AB + OS). The study was conducted during a 9-month period and included 136 Holstein cows from 12 dairy farms in Hessia, Germany. Between days 1 and 5 after calving a California mastitis test (CMT) was performed. Milk-samples were collected for bacteriological culture before drying off, between days 6 and 14 and days 35 and 56 of lactation. Additionally the cows were monitored for the occurrence of clinical mastitis events until 100 d post partum. Within the 12 herds cow-pairs were formed on the basis of age, milk yield and SCC. A cow-pair consisted of one cow from group AB and one cow from group AB + OS. For statistical analysis within every cow-pair one quarter that has been dried off with internal teat sealant and dry cow antibiotic (group AB + OS) was compared with one quarter that has been dried off with dry cow antibiotic (group AB) alone. As criterion for the matching process of udder quarters the cytobacteriological udder health status before drying off was used. A total of 544 quarters (136 cows) were used in this analysis. In the first 5 d after calving, group AB had significantly more quarters with a positive CMT reaction than group AB + OS (85 vs. 57; P <0·001), and in the first 100 d of lactation, group AB had more quarters with clinical mastitis than group AB + OS (25 vs. 15; P = 0·03). In the time periods 6-14 and 35-56 d of lactation, there were fewer quarters in group AB + OS populated with Corynebacterium spp. (days 6-14, P = 0·05; days 35-56, P = 0·02) and aesculin-positive streptococci (days 35-56, P = 0·02). The internal teat sealant was a promising tool for the prevention of new intramammary infections (IMI) of dry cows with environmental udder pathogens as expressed during early lactation.
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74
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Rahman MM, Mazzilli M, Pennarossa G, Brevini TAL, Zecconi A, Gandolfi F. Chronic mastitis is associated with altered ovarian follicle development in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1885-93. [PMID: 22459835 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Connection between mastitis and fertility is multifaceted; therefore, several aspects need more elucidation. In particular, the aim was to investigate if naturally occurring chronic mastitis has an effect on ovarian function. At the time of slaughter, a milk sample and both ovaries were collected from 68 cows. The presence and intensity of chronic mastitis was diagnosed by the combined evaluation of bacteriological examination and somatic cell count of the milk of each individual quarter according to the measures of the National Mastitis Council. Animals were divided into 4 groups characterized by a low (n=15), mild (n=14), intense (n=19), or severe (n=16) degree of infection. A count of visible follicles on each ovary was followed by a quantitative analysis of microscopic traits on a selected group of animals (n=16). The latter included the classification and count of the entire preantral follicle population, and the morphometric analysis of the vascular bed extension and connective stroma in the cortical region. Finally, the expression of growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) was studied. The number of follicles with diameters ranging from 1 to 3 mm and 4 to 7 mm was not affected by the degree of infection. A significant effect of the degree of udder infection was observed on the number of follicles with a diameter larger than 8 mm. Furthermore, the intensity of mastitis had no effect on the number of primordial and primary follicles, but severely affected cows showed a lower number of secondary follicles (0.5±0.1 vs. 0.2±0.03). Quantitative analysis demonstrated a decrease in the density of blood vessels (6.30±1.08 vs. 4.68±0.28) expressed as ratio of vascular bed/total area) and a higher incidence of fibrous stroma (1.60±0.99 vs. 6.04±3.08 expressed as ratio of connective tissue/total area) in the cortical area of the most affected animals. Finally, the level of GDF-9 protein within the oocytes of different follicle size was lower in the animals with the severe form of chronic mastitis (1.34±0.05 vs. 0.78±0.21 expressed as arbitrary units). In conclusion, decreased fertility of cows with chronic mastitis takes place through an effect on the ovary altering the dynamics of folliculogenesis. Within the ovary, this implies a reduction of the vascular bed and an increase in the fibrotic tissue together with a direct effect on oocyte-specific factors as GDF-9, all of which are essential regulatory elements of folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- Department of Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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75
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Hudson C, Bradley A, Breen J, Green M. Associations between udder health and reproductive performance in United Kingdom dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3683-97. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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76
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77
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Leslie KE, Petersson-Wolfe CS. Assessment and Management of Pain in Dairy Cows with Clinical Mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2012; 28:289-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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78
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Alawneh J, Stevenson M, Williamson N, Lopez-Villalobos N, Otley T. The effect of liveweight change on reproductive performance in a seasonally calving, pasture fed dairy herd. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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79
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Gernand E, Rehbein P, von Borstel U, König S. Incidences of and genetic parameters for mastitis, claw disorders, and common health traits recorded in dairy cattle contract herds. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2144-56. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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80
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Jackson LR, Farin CE, Whisnant S. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits in vitro bovine embryo development through a prostaglandin mediated mechanism. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2012; 3:7. [PMID: 22958469 PMCID: PMC3436611 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis or other infectious diseases have been related to reduced fertility in cattle. Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) are released in response to infection and may have negative effects on embryo development. In the current study the effect of exposure to TNFα on the development of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos was examined. Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, was used to determine if blockade of prostaglandin synthesis would alter the effects of TNFα. Ovaries were obtained from a local abattoir and immature COC were isolated from 2-10 mm follicles, in vitro matured and fertilized. After fertilization, groups of presumptive zygotes were randomly placed into either control development medium, medium containing 25 ng/mL TNFα or medium containing 25 ng/mL TNFα plus 1 μg/mL indomethacin. The proportion of blastocysts formed was assessed at day 7 of culture. Fewer embryos exposed to TNFα alone reached the blastocyst stage (17.5 ± 2.4%, P < 0.01) compared with controls (30.5 ± 2.4%) or embryos developed in TNFα plus indomethacin (25.8 ± 2.8%). There was no difference between control embryos and embryos developed in TNFα plus indomethacin. These results indicate that TNFα is inhibitory to the in vitro development of bovine embryos and that this inhibition may be mediated by prostaglandins because it can be blocked by indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Jackson
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, PO Box 7621, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA.
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81
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Crowe MA, Williams EJ. Triennial Lactation Symposium: Effects of stress on postpartum reproduction in dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:1722-7. [PMID: 22064736 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to review the effects of production stressors on reproductive performance of dairy cows. It has been well documented that genetic selection for milk yield over the last 50 yr has been associated with reduced fertility. In addition to negative associations between yield and conception rate, there is also an association between milk production and expression of behavioral estrus. Stress caused by production diseases in high-yielding dairy cows also contributes to the problems of poor fertility. Lameness results in reduced intensity of estrus and can contribute to ovulation failure, which is largely due to reduced pre-ovulatory estradiol secretion and failure of the LH surge. Mastitis has been associated with prolonged intervals to dominant follicle selection, and in animals with uterine infection the dominant follicle grows slower and produces less estradiol. In a recent study, we identified that milk yield was associated with an increased incidence of uterine infection, which is known to contribute to reduced fertility and prolonged calving-to-conception intervals. The incidence of uterine disease was 73% in high-yielding, compared with 45% in low-yielding cows. As well as effects at the ovary, various models of stress have also been shown to perturb endocrine secretion in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. In conclusion, the adverse effects on fertility associated with genetic selection for yield in dairy cows is, in part, associated with increased incidences of production disease-induced stress but is also associated with high milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Crowe
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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82
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Lavon Y, Ezra E, Leitner G, Wolfenson D. Association of conception rate with pattern and level of somatic cell count elevation relative to time of insemination in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:4538-45. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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83
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Nguyen T, Nakao T, Gautam G, Su L, Ranasinghe R, Yusuf M. Relationship between milk somatic cell count and postpartum ovarian cyclicity and fertility in dairy cows. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59:349-62. [PMID: 21727067 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2011.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the study was to describe the relationship of high somatic cell count (SCC) with the incidence of abnormal postpartum resumption of ovarian cyclicity and reproductive performance in dairy cows. The factors influencing SCC were also investigated. Four hundred and forty-seven cows from six dairy herds in Japan were monitored for SCC and postpartum resumption of ovarian cyclicity. Cows with high SCC (200,000 to 500,000) had a higher incidence of prolonged luteal phase (P < 0.01) than cows with an SCC of 50,000 to 100,000. The high SCC cows (> 500,000) also showed a higher incidence of delayed first ovulation post partum than cows with an SCC ≤500,000 (P < 0.05) during the first month post partum. Cows with an SCC of 200,000 to 500,000 showed lower conception and pregnancy rates, and more days from calving to conception than cows with an SCC of less than 200,000 (P < 0.05). Cows in parity 5 or more had a higher incidence of high SCC than cows in the first and second parities (P < 0.05). It is concluded that cows with a high SCC have a higher incidence of abnormal postpartum resumption of ovarian cyclicity, leading to reduced reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinh Nguyen
- 1 Yamaguchi University Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture 1677-1 Yoshida Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nakao
- 1 Yamaguchi University Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture 1677-1 Yoshida Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
| | - Gokarna Gautam
- 1 Yamaguchi University Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture 1677-1 Yoshida Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
| | - Long Su
- 1 Yamaguchi University Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture 1677-1 Yoshida Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
| | - Ranasinghe Ranasinghe
- 1 Yamaguchi University Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture 1677-1 Yoshida Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- 1 Yamaguchi University Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture 1677-1 Yoshida Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
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84
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Lavon Y, Leitner G, Moallem U, Klipper E, Voet H, Jacoby S, Glick G, Meidan R, Wolfenson D. Immediate and carryover effects of Gram-negative and Gram-positive toxin-induced mastitis on follicular function in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2011; 76:942-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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85
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Peake KA, Biggs AM, Argo CM, Smith RF, Christley RM, Routly JE, Dobson H. Effects of lameness, subclinical mastitis and loss of body condition on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Vet Rec 2011; 168:301. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Peake
- The Vale Veterinary Group, The Laurels; Station Road Tiverton Devon EX16 4LF
| | - A. M. Biggs
- The Vale Veterinary Group, The Laurels; Station Road Tiverton Devon EX16 4LF
| | - C. M. Argo
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - R. F. Smith
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - R. M. Christley
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - J. E. Routly
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - H. Dobson
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
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86
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Lavon Y, Leitner G, Klipper E, Moallem U, Meidan R, Wolfenson D. Subclinical, chronic intramammary infection lowers steroid concentrations and gene expression in bovine preovulatory follicles. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 40:98-109. [PMID: 21163607 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic, subclinical intramammary infection depresses fertility. We previously found that 30% of subclinical mastitic cows exhibit delayed ovulation, low circulating estradiol levels, and delayed luteinizing hormone surge. We examined the function of preovulatory follicles of cows experiencing subclinical mastitis or a past event of acute clinical mastitis. Cows were diagnosed for mastitis by somatic cell count and bacteriological examination. All clinical infections were caused by Escherichia coli, and most subclinical infections were caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae and coagulase-negative staphylococci. On day 6 of the cycle, cows received PGF2α; 42 h later, follicular fluids and granulosa cells or theca cells were aspirated from preovulatory follicles in vivo or following slaughter, respectively. Overall, follicular estradiol and androstenedione concentrations in the subclinical group (n = 28) were 40% lower (P < 0.05) than those in uninfected cows (n = 24) and lower than in past clinical mastitic cows (n = 9). Distribution analysis revealed a clear divergence among subclinical cows: one-third (9/28) exhibited low follicular estradiol; the other two-thirds had normal levels similar to all uninfected (P < 0.01) and most clinical cows (P < 0.08) that had normal follicular estradiol levels. Subclinical normal-estradiol cows had twofold higher (P < 0.05) circulating estradiol concentrations and sevenfold and fourfold higher (P < 0.05) follicular androstenedione levels and estradiol-to-progesterone ratio, respectively, than subclinical low-estradiol cows. Follicular progesterone level was not affected. Reduced expression (P < 0.05) of LHCGR in theca and granulosa cells, CYP11A1 (mRNA and protein) and CYP17A1 in theca cells, and CYP19A1 in granulosa cells may have contributed to the lower follicular steroid production in the subclinical low-estradiol subgroup. StAR and HSD3B1 in theca cells and FSHR in granulosa cells were not affected. Mastitis did not alter follicular growth dynamics, and no carryover effect of past clinical mastitis on follicular function was detected. These data indicate that a considerable proportion (one-third) of subclinical mastitic cows have abnormal follicular steroidogenesis, which can explain the reproductive failure associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lavon
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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87
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Thompson IM, Cerri RLA, Kim IH, Green JA, Santos JEP, Thatcher WW. Effects of resynchronization programs on pregnancy per artificial insemination, progesterone, and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in plasma of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:4006-18. [PMID: 20723675 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to develop a timed artificial insemination (TAI) resynchronization program to improve pregnancy per AI and to evaluate responses of circulating progesterone and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in lactating cows. Cows (n=1,578) were presynchronized with 2 injections of PGF2alpha, given 14 d apart starting on d 45+/-3 postpartum, followed by Ovsynch [2 injections of GnRH 7 d before and 56 h after injection of PGF2alpha, TAI 16 h after second injection (d 0)]. The Resynch-treated cows received an intravaginal progesterone insert from d 18 to 25, GnRH on d 25, and pregnancy diagnosis on d 32, and nonpregnant cows received PGF2alpha., GnRH 56 h later, and TAI 16 h later (d 35). The control cows were diagnosed for pregnancy on d 32 and nonpregnant cows received GnRH, PGF2alpha 39 d after TAI, GnRH 56 h later, and TAI 16 h later (d 42). Pregnancy was reconfirmed on d 60 after AI. Ovarian structures were examined in a subset of cows at the time of GnRH and PGF2alpha injections. Blood samples for analyses of progesterone and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins were collected every 2 d from d 18 to 30 in 100 cows, and collection continued weekly to d 60 for pregnant cows (n=43). Preenrollment pregnancies per AI on d 32 did not differ for cows subsequently treated as Resynch (45.8%, n=814) and control (45.9%, n=764), and pregnancy losses on d 60 were 6.7 and 4.0%, respectively. Resynchronized service pregnancy per AI (36%, n=441; 39.5%, n=412) and pregnancy losses (6.3 and 6.7%) did not differ for Resynch and control treatments, respectively. Days open for pregnant cows after 2 TAI were less for the Resynch treatment than for the control treatment (96.2+/-0.82 vs. 99.5+/-0.83 d). Cows in the Resynch treatment had more large follicles at the time of GnRH. The number of corpora lutea did not differ between treatments at the time of PGF2alpha. Plasma progesterone for pregnant cows was greater for Resynch cows than for control cows (18-60 d; 6.6 vs. 5.3 ng/mL), and plasma concentrations of progesterone on d 18 were greater for pregnant cows than for nonpregnant cows (5.3 vs. 4.3 ng/mL). Plasma pregnancy-associated glycoproteins during pregnancy were lower for cows in the Resynch treatment compared with control cows on d 39 (2.8 vs. 4.1 ng/mL) and 46 (1.3 vs. 3.0 ng/mL). Cows pregnant on d 32 that lost pregnancy by d 60 (n=7) had lower plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins on d 30 than cows that maintained pregnancy (n=36; 2.9 vs. 5.0 ng/mL). Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins on d 30 (>0.33 ng/mL) were predictive of a positive d 32 pregnancy diagnosis (sensitivity=100%; specificity=90.6%). In conclusion, Resynch and control protocols had comparable pregnancy per AI for first and second TAI services, but pregnancy occurred 3.2 d earlier in the Resynch group because inseminations in the Resynch treatment began 7 d before those in the control treatment. Administration of an intravaginal progesterone insert, or GnRH, or both increased progesterone during pregnancy. Dynamics of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins were indicative of pregnancy status and pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Thompson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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88
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Madouasse A, Huxley J, Browne W, Bradley A, Dryden I, Green M. Use of individual cow milk recording data at the start of lactation to predict the calving to conception interval. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:4677-90. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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89
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Effects of clinical mastitis from calving to first service on reproductive performance in dual-purpose cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 121:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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90
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Dow TL, Rogers-Nieman G, Holásková I, Elsasser TH, Dailey RA. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and acute-phase proteins in early pregnant ewes after challenge with peptidoglycan-polysaccharide. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 39:147-54. [PMID: 20603027 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection shortly after mating interferes with establishment of pregnancy. Injection of peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS), a component of gram-positive bacteria, into sheep on day 5 after mating reduces pregnancy rate. Experiments were designed to evaluate the acute-phase response (APR) in ewes to injection of PG-PS on day 5 after mating (day 0). Catheters were inserted into the jugular and posterior vena cava on day 4. On day 5, ewes were challenged with saline or 30 microg/kg body weight (BW) PG-PS (Exp 1) or 60 microg/kg BW PG-PS (Exp 2). Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 6 h (Exp 1) and every 15 min for 2 h, hourly for 12 h, and at 24, 36, and 48 h (Exp 2). Body temperature and clinical signs of infection were monitored in Exp 2. Plasma was assayed for concentrations of a pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); 2 APR proteins, serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp); and progesterone (P(4)). Ewes injected with 60 microg/kg BW PG-PS exhibited fever, vaginal discharge, loss of appetite, and lethargy. After challenge with either 30 microg/kg or 60 microg/kg BW PG-PS, TNF-alpha increased in the posterior vena cava. Concentrations of SAA and Hp in the jugular increased after challenge with 60 microg/kg BW PG-PS. Only half (5/10) of the ewes treated with 60 microg/kg BW PG-PS had ultrasonically visible embryos, and none of them had functional corpora lutea (CL) (<1 ng/mL of P(4)) on day 21. On the other hand, 8/9 (88.9%) control ewes had visible embryos and all had functional CL on day 21. Using logistic regression, pregnancy on day 21 was predicted to depend on concentrations of TNF-alpha and Hp on day 5 and concentration of P(4) on day 14. In summary, injection of PG-PS on day 5 after mating resulted in fever; increased concentrations of TNF-alpha, Hp, and SAA on the day of and the day after the PG-PS challenge; and decreased concentrations of P(4) on days 14 and 21. These factors were related to failure to establish pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Dow
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA
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91
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Hertl J, Gröhn Y, Leach JG, Bar D, Bennett G, González R, Rauch B, Welcome F, Tauer L, Schukken Y. Effects of clinical mastitis caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and other organisms on the probability of conception in New York State Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1551-60. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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92
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Schefers JM, Weigel KA, Rawson CL, Zwald NR, Cook NB. Management practices associated with conception rate and service rate of lactating Holstein cows in large, commercial dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1459-67. [PMID: 20338423 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Data from lactating Holstein cows in herds that participate in a commercial progeny testing program were analyzed to explain management factors associated with herd-average conception and service rates on large commercial dairies. On-farm herd management software was used as the source of data related to production, reproduction, culling, and milk quality for 108 herds. Also, a survey regarding management, facilities, nutrition, and labor was completed on 86 farms. A total of 41 explanatory variables related to management factors and conditions that could affect conception and service rate were considered in this study. Models explaining conception and service rates were developed using a machine learning algorithm for constructing model trees. The most important explanatory variables associated with conception rate were the percentage of repeated inseminations between 4 and 17 d post-artificial insemination, stocking density in the breeding pen, length of the voluntary waiting period, days at pregnancy examination, and somatic cell score. The most important explanatory variables associated with service rate were the number of lactating cows per breeding technician, use of a resynchronization program, utilization of soakers in the holding area during the summer, and bunk space per cow in the breeding pen. The aforementioned models explained 35% and 40% of the observed variation in conception rate and service rate, respectively, and underline the association of herd-level management factors not strictly related to reproduction with herd reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schefers
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
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93
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Lavon Y, Leitner G, Voet H, Wolfenson D. Naturally occurring mastitis effects on timing of ovulation, steroid and gonadotrophic hormone concentrations, and follicular and luteal growth in cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:911-21. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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94
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Breen JE, Bradley AJ, Green MJ. Quarter and cow risk factors associated with a somatic cell count greater than 199,000 cells per milliliter in United Kingdom dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3106-15. [PMID: 19528588 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quarter and cow risk factors associated with a somatic cell count (SCC) >199,000 cells/mL at the next milk recording during lactation were investigated during a 12-mo longitudinal study on 8 commercial Holstein-Friesian dairy herds in Southwest England, United Kingdom. The individual risk factors studied on 1,677 cows included assessments of udder and leg hygiene, teat-end callosity and hyperkeratosis, body condition score (BCS), and measurements of monthly milk quality and yield. The outcome variable used for statistical analysis was the next recorded individual cow SCC >199,000 cells/mL. Statistical analysis included use of generalized linear mixed models. Significant covariates associated with an increased risk of SCC >199,000 cells/mL were increasing parity, increasing month of lactation, previous SCC (SCC 200,000 cells/mL and greater, odds ratio = 7.12), and cows with a BCS <1.5 (odds ratio = 2.09) or BCS >3.5 (odds ratio = 2.20). Significant covariates associated with a reduced risk of SCC >199,000 cells/mL were cows with contamination of the skin of the udder and quarters with mild (odds ratio = 0.65) and moderate (odds ratio = 0.62) hyperkeratosis of the teat-end. These results suggest that individual quarter and cow-level factors are important in the acquisition of intramammary infections as measured by SCC during lactation. Cow energy status, as measured by BCS, may influence the risk of intramammary infection during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Breen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DT, United Kingdom.
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95
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Bacha B, Regassa FG. Subclinical endometritis in Zebu x Friesian crossbred dairy cows: its risk factors, association with subclinical mastitis and effect on reproductive performance. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:397-403. [PMID: 19728136 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out on 59 clinically healthy Zebu x Friesian crossbred cows to determine the prevalence of subclinical endometritis, associated factors and its effect on the reproductive performance. Subclinical endometritis was diagnosed by endometrial cytology using uterine lavege technique and subclinical mastitis using CMT. The clinical, management and reproductive data were obtained from a weekly follow up visit of each cow for a period of 6 months after calving. The prevalence of subclinical endometritis, with > or =5% neutrophil count, was 47.5% and 30.5% at week 4 and 8, significantly decreasing (P = 0.002) as postpartum period advanced. Body condition score at week 4 postpartum (OR = 4.5, P = 0.017) and regular cow exercise (OR = 4.8, P = 0.026) were the significant risk factors while post-calving hygiene (P = 0.06) was poorly associated. Subclinical endometritis was also directly associated with subclinical mastitis at both week 4 (OR = 4.5, P = 0.012) and 8 (OR = 3.6, P = 0.031) postpartum. The risk of first service pregnancy (OR = 5.1, P = 0.004) was higher in cows negative for subclinical endometritis at week 8 postpartum and the proportion of cows that required more than 3 services was higher in cows with uterine inflammation. Also the proportion of cows diagnosed pregnant within 180 DIM was higher in cows with normal uterus at both week 4 (OR = 10.3, P = 0.001) and week 8(OR = 21.8, P = 0.001). These results indicated that subclinical endometritis was directly associated with poor body condition and subclinical mastitis and that it had negative effect on reproductive traits of dairy cows. This association may also reflect the possibility of translocation of bacteria/bacterial products from the uterus to the udder or vic-versa or else the presence of common cause for both endometritis and mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belachew Bacha
- College of Animal Science, Wollega University, PO Box 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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96
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97
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Factors affecting pregnancy loss for single and twin pregnancies in a high-producing dairy herd. Theriogenology 2009; 71:1462-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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98
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Pinedo P, Melendez P, Villagomez-Cortes J, Risco C. Effect of high somatic cell counts on reproductive performance of Chilean dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:1575-80. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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99
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Wilson DJ, Grohn YT, Bennett GJ, González RN, Schukken YH, Spatz J. Milk production change following clinical mastitis and reproductive performance compared among J5 vaccinated and control dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2009; 91:3869-79. [PMID: 18832209 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring cases of bovine clinical mastitis (CM) were studied among J5 vaccinates and controls on 3 commercial dairy farms. Milk production change and reproductive performance following CM were compared between the 2 groups. Among 306 controls and 251 vaccinates, there were 221 new cases of CM affecting 120 cows; 437 lactations never had a case of CM. Environmental pathogens made up 90% (159/176) of etiologic agents isolated. Change in daily milk production following CM was associated with J5 vaccination, days in milk (DIM) at onset of CM, and herd effect as well as each 2-way interaction between the 3 factors. The adjusted daily milk for 21 d following CM was 7.6 kg greater among J5 vaccinates than controls; however, this protective effect of vaccination waned with increasing DIM at onset of CM. A mixed linear model with autoregressive order 1 [AR(1)] correlation structure estimated the daily milk production of any cow (whether or not she had CM) on a given DIM. Cows with CM caused by nonagalactiae streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Klebsiella lost significant daily milk production for the entire lactation relative to nonmastitic cows. Another mixed linear model for only coliform CM cases (E. coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter) within the first 50 DIM showed milk loss for 21 d following coliform CM to be significantly less for J5 vaccinates than for controls, by 6 to 15 kg per day. Cows were significantly less likely to become pregnant if they had CM caused by E. coli (42% pregnant) or Streptococcus spp. (38% pregnant), whereas 78% (342/437) of cows with no mastitis conceived. Days open (number of days from calving until pregnancy) averaged 131 d for cows with no CM and 162 d for cows that had at least one case of CM. Days until conception, days until last breeding, days open, times bred, and percentage of cows pregnant by 200 DIM were not changed with J5 vaccination. Nonetheless, an important benefit of the use of J5 bacterin appears to be reduction of the loss of daily milk production following CM, whether all cases or only those caused by coliform bacteria were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wilson
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84321, USA.
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100
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Influence of somatic cell count, body condition and lameness on follicular growth and ovulation in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2008; 71:801-6. [PMID: 19059637 PMCID: PMC2651481 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of somatic cell count (SCC), body condition score (BCS) or lameness score on ovarian follicular growth and ovulation in dairy cows. Seventy four animals 30–80 days post-partum were monitored for all three conditions before synchronization of ovarian follicular phases by administration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) followed seven days later with prostaglandin F2alpha (PG). Ultrasonography of both ovaries twice daily throughout the follicular phase revealed that fewer animals with combined high SCC and lameness (4/9) ovulated compared to healthy animals (19/21; P = 0.006) or animals with only high SCC (11/11; P = 0.004) or only lameness (21/27; P = 0.06). Overall, regardless of the presence of other concurrent conditions, fewer lame cows ovulated than Non Lame animals (30/42 and 30/32; P = 0.015). Mean follicular growth and maximum follicular diameter were unaffected by any of the three conditions. However, dominant follicle growth and maximum diameter were greater in the 60 animals that ovulated compared to the 14 that did not; 1.83 ± 0.16 versus 0.96 ± 0.26 mm/day (P = 0.014) and 19.4 ± 0.4 versus 16.4 ± 1.2 mm (P = 0.003), respectively. In conclusion, lameness reduced the proportion of cows that ovulated and the synergistic effect of high SCC and lameness reduced that proportion further. However, follicular growth and maximum follicular diameter were unaffected by high SCC, low BCS or lameness.
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