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Tayeb HT, Dela Cruz DM, Al-Qahtani A, Al-Ahdal MN, Carter MJ. Enteric viruses in pediatric diarrhea in Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1919-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wilhelmi de Cal I, Mohedano del Pozo RB, Sánchez-Fauquier A. [Rotavirus and other viruses causing acute childhood gastroenteritis]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008; 26 Suppl 13:61-5. [PMID: 19100169 PMCID: PMC7130379 DOI: 10.1157/13128782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases, affecting children worldwide. Viruses are recognized as a major cause of this disease, particularly in children. Since the Norwalk virus was identified as a cause of gastroenteritis, the number of viral agents associated with diarrheal disease in humans has progressively increased. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. Human astroviruses, caliciviruses and enteric adenovirus are also important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis. Other viruses such as toroviruses, coronaviruses, picobirnaviruses, Aichi virus and human bocavirus are increasingly being identified as causative agents of diarrhea. Vaccination against rotavirus could prevent cases of severe diarrhea and reduce the mortality attributable to this disease.
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Patel MM, Widdowson MA, Glass RI, Akazawa K, Vinjé J, Parashar UD. Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1224-31. [PMID: 18680645 PMCID: PMC2600393 DOI: 10.3201/eid1408.071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 731] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses accounted for 12% of severe gastroenteritis cases among children <5 years of age. We conducted a systematic review of studies that used reverse transcription–PCR to diagnose norovirus (NoV) infections in patients with mild or moderate (outpatient) and severe (hospitalized) diarrhea. NoVs accounted for 12% (95% confidence interval [CI] 10%–15%) of severe gastroenteritis cases among children <5 years of age and 12% (95% CI 9%–15%) of mild and moderate diarrhea cases among persons of all ages. Of 19 studies among children <5 years of age, 7 were in developing countries where pooled prevalence of severe NoV disease (12%) was comparable to that for industrialized countries (12%). We estimate that each year NoVs cause 64,000 episodes of diarrhea requiring hospitalization and 900,000 clinic visits among children in industrialized countries, and up to 200,000 deaths of children <5 years of age in developing countries. Future efforts should focus on developing targeted strategies, possibly even vaccines, for preventing NoV disease and better documenting their impact among children living in developing countries, where >95% of the deaths from diarrhea occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish M Patel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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de Rougemont A, Kaplon J, Lebon P, Huet F, Denis F, Alain S, Fourcade L, Grosjean J, El-Hajje MJ, Gendrel D, Pothier P. Unexpected substitution of dominant rotavirus G genotypes in French hospitalized children over five consecutive seasons. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 28:403-7. [PMID: 18855026 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to evaluate the circulation of group A rotaviruses in French hospitalized children, and to detect unusual strains. This prospective study was conducted from 2001 to 2006 in children consulting for acute diarrhea at the pediatric emergency department in three French University Hospitals. The rotaviruses were detected by rapid test and genotyped by RT-PCR on the basis of their outer capsid proteins VP4 (P-type) and VP7 (G-type). The stools from 757 children were analyzed. G1P[8] strains were predominant (44.0%), followed by G9P[8] (17.7%), G3P[8] 13.1%, G4P[8] (9.5%), and G2P[4] (1.8%); mixed rotavirus infections occurred in 2.3%. G9 rotaviruses emerged during the 2004-2005 season (73.4%) and remained the second most prevalent strains. Few unusual strains, G6, G8, G12 and P[6]-types, were detected. The monitoring of rotavirus infections should be maintained to document strain distribution and to assess the emergence of new reassortants that may not respond to current rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Rougemont
- National Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, University Hospital of Dijon, France.
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Huet F, Chouchane M, Cremillieux C, Aubert M, Caulin E, Pothier P, Allaert FA. [Prospective epidemiological study of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Europe (REVEAL study). Results in the French area of the study]. Arch Pediatr 2008; 15:362-74. [PMID: 18396016 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To estimate the incidence of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and rotavirus acute gastroenteritis (RVAGE) in children less than 5 years of age seeking medical care in primary care, emergency department, and hospital settings. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical profile of RVAGE and non-RVAGE and to describe the distribution of RV serotypes among RVAGE cases. METHODS A prospective primary care, emergency ward and hospital-based observational study was conducted during 1 year in a selected city of France with 250,000 inhabitants. Children less than 5 years of age presenting with symptoms of AGE were included. Rotavirus was identified using an Elisa test in stools. RESULTS The estimated annual incidence of RVAGE was 1.56% for AGE and 0.87% for RVAGE in hospital, 5.87% for AGE and 2.65% for RVAGE in emergency-wards, 7.39% for AGE and 1.45% for RVAGE in primary care. Total incidence was 14.82% for AGE and 4.96% for RVAGE among children less than 5 years of age. RVAGE were more clinically severe than the AGE: dehydration (26.8% vs. 14.7%, p<0.0001), vomiting 84.9% vs. 60.9%, p<0.0001), fever (74.3% vs. 44.4%, p<0.0001), lethargy (84.9% vs. 70.2%, p<0.0001). G9 serotype was the most frequent serotype encountered (54.7%) during the study period followed by G3 serotype (33.6%) and G2 serotype (7.9%). CONCLUSION In this study, RVAGE, caused by serotypes G9 and G3, represented about 1/3 of AGE and were more severe than non-RV AGE with twice as high dehydration rate. These results underline the need for continued promotion on the use of oral rehydration fluids and provide some arguments on the benefits of vaccination against rotavirus and also permanent virological monitoring of circulating serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Huet
- Service de pédiatrie, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
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Montes M, Iturriza-Gómara M. Pruebas moleculares en el diagnóstico de la gastroenteritis aguda causada por virus. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008; 26 Suppl 9:81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(08)76545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yang J, Wang T, Wang Y, Lu B, Bai X, Zhang L, Wang M, Wang H. Emergence of human rotavirus group a genotype G9 strains, Wuhan, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 13:1587-9. [PMID: 18258015 PMCID: PMC2851520 DOI: 10.3201/eid1310.070142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus Group A G9, China Of 322 stool specimens collected from children with diarrhea from October 2005 through September 2006 in Wuhan, China, group A rotavirus was identified in 101 (31.4%). The most prevalent group A rotavirus genotype was G3P[8] (62.6%), followed by G1P[8](17.6%), G1+G3P[8](8.8%), G3P[4](6.6%), G1P[4](2.2%), and G9P[8](2.2%). The G9 strains were first detected in Wuhan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology WIV CAS, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Lennon G, Reidy N, Cryan B, Fanning S, O'Shea H. Changing profile of rotavirus in Ireland: predominance of P[8] and emergence of P[6] and P[9] in mixed infections. J Med Virol 2008; 80:524-30. [PMID: 18205218 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Six hundred and thirty three fecal specimens were collected from patients under 6 years, suffering from non-bacterial, putative viral gastroenteritis in the south of Ireland, between 2003 and 2006. Following laboratory identification of rotavirus as the aetiological agent in 558 specimens, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was employed to amplify the VP7 and VP4 gene segments of 249 and 245 samples, respectively. G and P typing was subsequently carried out on these amplicons. G1 (65.1%), and G3 (16.1%) were found to be the most prevalent circulating G types over the course of the study. Both G2 (1.2%) and G9 (3.6%), were also found to be circulating, however, these types were less frequently detected. Mixed G type infections were found to account for 41 samples (14%). P typing was carried out on 245 samples. P[8] was the most commonly detected P type over the course of the study (93.5%). Both P[6] and P[9], which had not previously been detected in the Irish population, were detected during this investigation. P[6] was detected in both single and mixed P type infections, while P[9] was detected as part of mixed infections only. The key findings of this study were the emergence of P[6] and P[9] as epidemiologically important rotavirus strains in the Irish population. The profile of rotavirus is changing continuously in Ireland, and continued surveillance of the circulating strains is needed to detect the appearance of new strains, or new variants which could escape immune protection induced by an outdated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lennon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Ave, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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Moyo SJ, Gro N, Kirsti V, Matee MI, Kitundu J, Maselle SY, Langeland N, Myrmel H. Prevalence of enteropathogenic viruses and molecular characterization of group A rotavirus among children with diarrhea in Dar es Salaam Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2007; 7:359. [PMID: 18162127 PMCID: PMC2235852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different groups of viruses have been shown to be responsible for acute diarrhea among children during their first few years of life. Epidemiological knowledge of viral agents is critical for the development of effective preventive measures, including vaccines. Methods In this study we determined the prevalence of the four major enteropathogenic viruses – rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus – was determined in 270 stool samples collected from children aged 0 – 60 months who were admitted with diarrhea in four hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, using commercially available ELISA kits. In addition, the molecular epidemiology of group A rotavirus was investigated using reverse transcriptase multiplex polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results At least one viral agent was detected in 87/270 (32.2%) of the children. The prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus was 18.1%, 13.7%, 2.6% and 0.4%, respectively. In most cases (62.1%) of viruses were detected in children aged 7–12 months. The G and P types (VP7 and VP4 genotypes respectively) were further investigated in 49 rotavirus ELISA positive samples. G9 was the predominant G type (81.6%), followed by G1 (10.2%) and G3 (0.2%). P[8] was the predominant P type (83.7%), followed by P[6] (0.4%) and P[4] (0.2%). The following G and P types were not detected in this study population; G2, G4, G8 G10, P[9], P[10] and P[11]. The dominating G/P combination was G9P[8], accounting for 39 (90.7%) of the 43 fully characterized strains. Three (6.1%) of the 49 rotavirus strains could not be typed. Conclusion Nearly one third of children with diarrhea admitted to hospitals in Dar es Salaam had one of the four viral agents. The predominance of rotavirus serotype G9 may have implication for rotavirus vaccination in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina J Moyo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Rare AU-1-like G3P[9] human rotaviruses with a Kun-like NSP4 gene detected in children with diarrhea in Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 46:357-60. [PMID: 18063802 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01593-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three G3P[9] rotaviruses, detected in children hospitalized with gastroenteritis in Palermo, Italy, were found to be genetically related to strains of either human or feline origin in the VP7, VP4, and VP6 genes. In contrast, in the NSP4 gene the viruses resembled G2P[4] human strains, suggesting a reassortment between AU-1-like and Kun-like strains.
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Desselberger U. Second European Rotavirus Biology Meeting. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.5.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Molecular Immunology International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy, and, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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Mas Marques A, Diedrich S, Huth C, Schreier E. Group A rotavirus genotypes in Germany during 2005/2006. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1743-9. [PMID: 17557132 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the 2005/2006 winter season a total of 802 group A positive rotavirus specimens of patients from different regions throughout Germany were genotyped. Amplicons from a one-tube RT-PCR were typed by analysis of their (type-specific) size using type-specific primers, fluorescent consensus primers and a capillary sequencer for detection. While G1P[8] was predominant (45.8%), G9P[8] has emerged as the second most frequent genotype combination (37.7%). The distribution of genotypes was heterogeneous, regional frequencies regarding G1 and G9 were ranging from 15.0 to 89.3% and from 7.1 to 67.7%, respectively. Furthermore, a few human rotavirus G10P[6] and G10P[8] infections were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mas Marques
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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Tcheremenskaia O, Marucci G, De Petris S, Ruggeri FM, Dovecar D, Sternak SL, Matyasova I, Dhimolea MK, Mladenova Z, Fiore L. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus in Central and Southeastern Europe. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2197-204. [PMID: 17507520 PMCID: PMC1933006 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00484-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A surveillance network was implemented by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità of Rome in collaboration with laboratories of virology in Czech Republic, Slovenia, Croatia, Albania, and Bulgaria. About 1,500 rotavirus-positive stool samples were collected from children with severe gastroenteritis admitted to hospitals or outpatient wards between 2004 and 2006. The G and P genotypes were determined by reverse transcription-nested PCR. Significant differences were found in the geographical distributions of rotavirus genotypes between countries participating in the study. The prevalence of "common" G/P combinations, G1P[8], G3P[8], G4P[8], and G2P[4], ranged between 50 and 85%. The G9 genotype, which is emerging worldwide, was identified in 2 to 35% of all samples depending on the country. Unusual combinations, such as G1 or G4 associated with P[4] or G2 with P[8], which may have arisen by reassortment between human strains, were found in samples from 3 to 20% of patients. The uncommon genotypes G8P[8] and G10P[6], which may have an animal origin, were also identified. Double infections with two rotavirus strains were observed in between 1.7 and 14% of cases studied. Our findings might implicate challenges for rotavirus vaccine implementation in a wide geographic area of the Balkans and Central-Eastern Europe and underscore the importance of extensive strain surveillance for success in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tcheremenskaia
- Department MIPI, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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