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Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis PB6 improves sow reproductive performance and reduces piglet birth intervals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:278-287. [PMID: 33005761 PMCID: PMC7503085 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis PB6 (B. subtilis PB6) during late gestation and lactation on sow reproductive performance, antioxidant indices, and gut microbiota. A total of 32 healthy Landrace × Yorkshire sows on d 90 of gestation were randomly assigned to 2 groups, with 16 replicates per group, receiving basal diet (CON) or the basal diet + 0.2% B. subtilis PB6, containing 4.0 × 108 CFU/kg of feed (BS). The litter sizes (total born) and numbers of piglets born alive were larger in the BS group (P < 0.01), whereas the weights of piglets born alive and the piglet birth intervals were lower in the BS group (P < 0.05). Although the litter weights and piglet bodyweights (after cross-fostering) were lower after BS treatment (P < 0.05), the litter sizes, litter weights, lactation survival rate, and litter weight gains at weaning were higher in BS group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the sow sera at parturition were lower in the BS group (P < 0.01). The serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) at parturition and the serum catalase (CAT) concentrations on d 21 of lactation were higher in the BS group (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with B. subtilis PB6 (P < 0.05) reduced the serum endotoxin concentrations in the sows and the serum cortisol concentrations of the piglets at d 14 of lactation. The α-diversity indices of microbial were higher in the CON group (P < 0.05). At the phylum level, B. subtilis PB6 supplementation increased the relative abundances of Gemmatimonadete and Acidobacteria (both P < 0.01) and reduced those of Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria (both P < 0.05). At the genus level, B. subtilis PB6 supplementation increased the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013 cc (P < 0.05) and reduced that of Streptococcus (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that adding 4.0 × 108 CFU/kg B. subtilis PB6 to sows' feed during late gestation and lactation could shorten piglet birth intervals, enhance the growth performance of suckling piglets, and improve the gut health of sows during late gestation.
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Huang Z, Chen J, Li B, Zeng B, Chou CH, Zheng X, Xie J, Li H, Hao Y, Chen G, Pei F, Shen B, Kraus VB, Wei H, Zhou X, Cheng L. Faecal microbiota transplantation from metabolically compromised human donors accelerates osteoarthritis in mice. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79:646-656. [PMID: 32205337 PMCID: PMC7384301 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). We aimed to test the two-hit model of OA pathogenesis and potentiation in which one 'hit' is provided by an adverse gut microbiome that activates innate immunity; the other 'hit' is underlying joint damage. METHODS Medical history, faecal and blood samples were collected from human healthy controls (OA-METS-, n=4), knee OA without metabolic syndrome (OA+METS-, n=7) and knee OA with metabolic syndrome (OA+METS+, n=9). Each group of human faecal samples, whose microbial composition was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, was pooled and transplanted into germ-free mice 2 weeks prior to meniscal/ligamentous injury (MLI) (n≥6 per group). Eight weeks after MLI, mice were evaluated for histological OA severity and synovitis, systemic inflammation and gut permeability. RESULTS Histological OA severity following MLI was minimal in germ-free mice. Compared with the other groups, transplantation with the OA+METS+ microbiome was associated with higher mean systemic concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α), higher gut permeability and worse OA severity. A greater abundance of Fusobacterium and Faecalibaterium and lesser abundance of Ruminococcaceae in transplanted mice were consistently correlated with OA severity and systemic biomarkers concentrations. CONCLUSION The study clearly establishes a direct gut microbiome-OA connection that sets the stage for a new means of exploring OA pathogenesis and potentially new OA therapeutics. Alterations of Fusobacterium, Faecalibaterium and Ruminococcaceae suggest a role of these particular microbes in exacerbating OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZeYu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - BoLei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ching-Heng Chou
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - JingWei Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - FuXing Pei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hong Wei
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Bao C, Cao Y. High-level expression of an acidic thermostable xylanase in Pichia pastoris and its application in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5645401. [PMID: 31778535 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An acidic thermostable xylanase (AT-xynA) which was stable at low pH and high temperature was considered to have great potential in animal feed. For large-scale production, AT-xynA activity was enhanced about 1-fold in Pichia pastoris by constructing a double-copy expression strain in this study. Furthermore, impacts of different AT-xynA levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, short-chain fatty acids, and bacterial community in weaned piglets were determined. Compared with the control group, ADFI and ADG were higher for the pigs fed 4,000 or 6,000 U/kg AT-xynA (P < 0.05). AT-xynA supplementation also significantly increased the digestibility of OM, GE, and DM (P < 0.05). AT-xynA supplementation increased the concentrations of acetate in ileal (P < 0.01) and cecal digesta (P < 0.05). Isobutyrate (P < 0.05) and valerate (P < 0.05) concentrations in colonic digesta also significantly increased compared with the control group. AT-xynA supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus in the ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). AT-xynA alleviated anti-nutritional effects of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) by preventing the growth of Pateurella and Leptotrichia in the ileum (P < 0.05). AT-xynA increased the abundance of NSP-degrading bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, Prevotella in the cecum and colon (P < 0.05). In summary, AT-xynA addition could improve the growth performance of weaned piglets by altering gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengling Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Fecal bacteria and metabolite responses to dietary lysozyme in a sow model from late gestation until lactation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3210. [PMID: 32081946 PMCID: PMC7035255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme (LZM) is a natural anti-bacterial protein that is found in the saliva, tears and milk of all mammals including humans. Its anti-bacterial properties result from the ability to cleave bacterial cell walls, causing bacterial death. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary LZM on fecal microbial composition and variation in metabolites in sow. The addition of LZM decreased the fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Zonulin and endotoxin in the serum, and feces, were decreased with lysozyme supplementation. Furthermore, fecal concentrations of lipocalin-2 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were also decreased while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased by lysozyme supplementation. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region suggested that fecal microbial levels changed at different taxonomic levels with the addition of LZM. Representative changes included the reduction of diversity between sows, decreased Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes and Spirochaetes during lactation as well as an increase in Lactobacillus. These findings suggest that dietary lysozyme supplementation from late gestation to lactation promote microbial changes, which would potentially be the mechanisms by which maternal metabolites and inflammatory status was altered after LZM supplementation.
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Xu C, Cheng C, Zhang X, Peng J. Inclusion of Soluble Fiber in the Gestation Diet Changes the Gut Microbiota, Affects Plasma Propionate and Odd-Chain Fatty Acids Levels, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Sows. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020635. [PMID: 31963640 PMCID: PMC7013540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from pregnancy to lactation is characterized by a progressive decrease in insulin sensitivity. Propionate increases with dietary fiber consumption and has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. Recent studies suggest that plasma odd-chain fatty acids [OCFAs; pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0)] that inversely correlated with insulin resistance are synthesized endogenously from gut-derived propionate. The present study investigated the effects of soluble fiber during gestation on gut microbiota, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and insulin sensitivity in sows. Sows were allocated to either control or 2.0% guar gum plus pregelatinized waxy maize starch (SF) dietary treatment during gestation. The SF addition changes the structure and composition of gut microbiota in sows. Genus Eubacterium increased by SF addition may promote intestinal propionate production. Moreover, the dietary SF increased circulating levels of plasma OCFAs, especially C17:0. The SF-fed sows had a higher insulin sensitivity and a lower systemic inflammation level during perinatal period. Furthermore, the plasma C15:0 and C17:0 was negatively correlated with the area under curve of plasma glucose after meal and plasma interleukin-6. In conclusion, dietary SF improves insulin sensitivity and alleviates systemic inflammation in perinatal sows, potentially related to its stimulating effect on propionate and OCFAs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (C.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chuanshang Cheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (C.C.); (X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, WENS Research Institute (Technology center), Yunfu 527300, China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (C.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (C.C.); (X.Z.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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Shao Y, Zhou J, Xiong X, Zou L, Kong X, Tan B, Yin Y. Differences in Gut Microbial and Serum Biochemical Indices Between Sows With Different Productive Capacities During Perinatal Period. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3047. [PMID: 32010103 PMCID: PMC6978668 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal gut microflora changes dramatically during perinatal period and plays a vital role in animal health and reproductive performance. However, little is known about the microbial differences between sows with different productive capacities during perinatal period. Hence, this study explored fecal microbial diversity, composition, metabolic functions, and phenotypes differences between high productive capacity (HPC, litter size ≥ 15) and low productive capacity (LPC, litter size ≤ 7) sows during late pregnancy (LP, the third day before due date) and early stage after parturition (EAP, the third day after parturition) as well as serum biochemical indices differences after parturition. Results showed that HPC sows had lower microbial richness at LP stage and higher microbial diversity at EAP stage than LPC sows. Several genera belonging to the Prevotellaceae family exhibited higher abundance, while some genera belonging to the Ruminococcaceae family exhibited lower abundance in HPC sows compared to LPC sows at LP stage. Moreover, the relative abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 in HPC sows was significantly higher than that in LPC sows at EAP stage. The predicted metabolic functions related to Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis were significantly higher in HPC sows at LP stage. Further, HPC sows had significantly higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels after parturition, and there were strong correlations between BUN level and the relative abundance of genera belonging to the Ruminococcaceae families. These results indicated that the HPC sows may experience greater inflammation than LPC sows at LP stage. Inflammation environment might impact health but promote parturition. The microbial differences at EAP stage might be beneficial to hemostasis and anti-inflammation, which might contribute to postpartum recovery in HPC sow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Zou
- Laboratory of Basic Biology, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Cheng C, Wu X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Peng J. Obesity of Sows at Late Pregnancy Aggravates Metabolic Disorder of Perinatal Sows and Affects Performance and Intestinal Health of Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010049. [PMID: 31881697 PMCID: PMC7023453 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our novel findings suggest that excessive backfat thickness of sows at days 109 of gestation exacerbates the metabolic disorder of perinatal sows, reduces the number and litter weight of piglets born alive, and adversely affects the intestinal health of sows and their offspring piglets. Moreover, the current study also provides an important theoretical reference for strengthening the control of body condition in sows during reproductive cycle. Abstract This study explored the effect of obesity of sows in late pregnancy on metabolic status of perinatal sows and performance, intestinal health, and immune system of offspring piglets. Sixty multiparous Landrance × Large White sows were selected in this study. Sows were divided into two groups according to backfat thickness (normal backfat thickness group, =17 mm; excessive backfat thickness group, ≥21 mm) at days 109 of gestation. The excessive backfat thickness of sows during late pregnancy decreased the total number and litter weight of piglets born alive. Compared with normal backfat thickness sows, the excessive backfat thickness sows had increased levels of plasma glucose, IL-6, and TNF-α and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance values. The excessive backfat thickness also reduced total superoxide dismutase but increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in plasma of perinatal sows. Additionally, the fecal levels of TNF-α were increased but those of IL-10 were decreased in piglets from excessive backfat thickness sow. These findings indicate that the obesity of sows during late pregnancy aggravates the metabolic disorder of perinatal sows, reduces the number of piglets born alive, and adversely affects the intestinal health of sows and their offspring piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshang Cheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, WENS Research Institute (Technology Center), Yunfu 527300, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China;
| | - Xiu Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (X.W.); (X.Z.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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Cao M, Li Y, Wu QJ, Zhang P, Li WT, Mao ZY, Wu DM, Jiang XM, Zhuo Y, Fang ZF, Che LQ, Xu SY, Feng B, Li J, Lin Y, Wu D. Effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum addition to sows in late gestation and lactation on reproductive performance and intestinal microbiota1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3426-3439. [PMID: 31233597 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Clostridium butyricum addition to diets in late gestation and lactation on the reproductive performance and gut microbiota for sows. A total of 180 healthy Landrace × Yorkshire sows at 90 d of gestation were randomly assigned to one of four groups, with 45 replicates per group, receiving a basal commercial diet (Control, 0% C. butyricum) or diet added with 0.1% C. butyricum (1 × 108 CFU/kg of feed), 0.2% C. butyricum (2 × 108 CFU/kg of feed), 0.4% C. butyricum (4 × 108 CFU/kg of feed), respectively. The experiment was conducted from 90 d of gestation to weaning at 21 d of lactation. The results showed that the interval between piglet born was linearly (P < 0.05) decreased, and the duration of farrowing was significantly (quadratic, P < 0.05) shortened as C. butyricum addition increased. There was a linear (P < 0.05) increase in litter weight at weaning and litter weight gain. The concentrations of IgG and IgM in colostrum, and IgM in milk were linearly increased (P < 0.05) as C. butyricum addition. Serum MDA concentrations of sows at parturition and 14 d in lactation, and piglets at 14 and 21 d of age were linearly (P < 0.05) decreased, respectively. The serum total antioxidant capacity concentrations of sows at parturition and 14 and 21 d in lactation, and piglets at 14 and 21 d of age were linearly (P < 0.05) increased as C. butyricum addition, respectively. There was a linear decrease in the serum endotoxin concentration of sows on 21 d in lactation (P < 0.05). The serum cortisol concentrations of piglets at 14 and 21 d of age were both significantly (quadratic, P < 0.05) decreased. The 0.2% C. butyricum increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (P = 0.016) at phylum level, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Prevotella_1, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Prevotella_9, Alloprevotella (P < 0.05) at genus level, and decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria (P < 0.001) at phylum level, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Streptococcus, Escheruchia-Shigella, Sphingomonas, Succinivibrio (P < 0.05) at genus level and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (P = 0.020). In conclusion, the present research indicated that dietary addition with C. butyricum could shorten the duration of farrowing and enhance the growth performance of suckling piglets. Moreover, 0.2% C. butyricum administration to sows changed the composition of intestinal microbiota, especially increased the relative abundance of Prevotella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiujie J Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentao T Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyu Y Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei M Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei M Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengfeng F Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianqiang Q Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyu Y Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Effects of Maternal Supplementation with Rare Earth Elements during Late Gestation and Lactation on Performances, Health, and Fecal Microbiota of the Sows and Their Offspring. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100738. [PMID: 31569383 PMCID: PMC6826669 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The immunological and metabolic status of breeding sows directly affect the overall productivity of porcine operations. Especially, maternal health status during the transition from gestation to lactation are important in maintaining health and growth of the suckling piglets. Rare earth elements (REEs) have been considered as a promising natural feed additive and been reported to exert their activity locally within the gastrointestinal tract, including effects on the bacterial microflora and on nutrient utilization. The present study was conducted to explore the effects of dietary maternal REE supplementation during late gestation and lactation on sows and their offspring. After the experiment, we found that maternal REE addition enhanced antioxidant activity and immunity of sows and their suckling piglets. At the same time, REE supplementation during perinatal period improved the reproductivity of the sows as well as the growth of their offspring. Besides, maternal REEs supply altered the intestinal microbiota community and composition of sows as well as their offspring, and Spearman correlation analysis shows that fecal bacteria are associated with the antioxidase, inflammatory factors of the sows and offspring as well as average daily gain of the suckling piglets. In addition, our results suggested that REE supplementation during both gestation and lactation are more beneficial to sows and their offspring than supplementation during only late gestation. This paper holds promise in providing efficient feeding strategies in swine production. Abstract The study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal supplementation with rare earth elements (REEs) on sows and their offspring. During late gestation, 120 multiparous sows were divided randomly into the control group (Basal diet) and REE-G group (Basal diet supplemented with 200 mg REE/kg). After delivery, REE-G group was further divided into two groups: REE-L- (Change to basal diet during lactation) and REE-L+ group (REE diet all the time). Our results showed that maternal REE supplementation improved the antioxidant and immunity of sows and piglets. Additionally, REE supply during late gestation significantly decreased the coefficient of within-litter variation (CV) in birth weight and increased the weaning weights and the average daily gain (ADG) of piglets. During lactation, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in piglets of REE-L+ group were higher, while no difference between REE-L- and the control group. More beneficial bacteria (Christensenellaceae and Ruminococcaceae) were found in the REE-L+ group while some opportunistic pathogens (Proteobacteria and Campylobacter) were relatively suppressed. Fecal microbiota showed correlation with antioxidase, inflammatory factors, and average daily gain (ADG). Collectively, our findings indicated that REEs added in both gestation and lactation was more conducive to establish a healthier status for sows and their offspring.
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Pan J, Yin J, Zhang K, Xie P, Ding H, Huang X, Blachier F, Kong X. Dietary xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation alters gut microbial composition and activity in pigs according to age and dose. AMB Express 2019; 9:134. [PMID: 31456084 PMCID: PMC6712192 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effect of dietary xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) supplementation on the gut microbial composition and activity in pigs of different ages. Eighty pigs with an average body weight (BW) of 30 kg were randomly divided into eight groups: A control group, a group that received antibiotic treatment, and six groups fed diets supplemented with 100, 250, and 500 g/t XOS, of which three groups were in the growing period (GP, 30–65 kg BW) and three groups in the growing and fattening period (GFP, 30–100 kg BW). At the end of the experiment, the intestinal contents were sampled for analyses of gut microbiota and bacterial metabolites including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bioamines. The results showed that 100 g/t XOS supplementation during the GFP significantly reduced the relative abundances of presumably pathogenic bacteria (Proteobacteria and Citrobacter), but enhanced the relative abundances of likely beneficial bacteria (Firmicutes and Lactobacillus). However, XOS supplementation during the GP showed little effect on the gut microbiota when pigs were killed at 100 kg BW. Meanwhile, 100 g/t XOS supplementation during the GFP decreased the level of 1,7-heptane diamine and increased the acetic acid, straight-chain fatty acids, and total SCFAs concentrations in the intestinal contents. Statistical analysis showed that both the dose and exposure time to XOS supplementation affected the microbial communities. In summary, 100 g/t XOS supplementation during the GFP modified the gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity. Possible consequences of such changes for the host are discussed.
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Sakwinska O, Bosco N. Host Microbe Interactions in the Lactating Mammary Gland. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1863. [PMID: 31456777 PMCID: PMC6701204 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria present in human milk constitute the human milk microbiome (hMM). Both the older culture-based work and the more recent studies using molecular detection of bacterial DNA have reached similar conclusions: the hMM mostly consists of commensal staphylococci such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, and streptococci. The prevalence of other bacterial groups such lactobacilli varies widely, while the abundance and prevalence of bifidobacteria is generally low. Recently, the hMM became accepted as a part of a physiologically normal state with suggested potential health benefits. Most research on the hMM has focused on its composition and potential effect on the breastfed infant. A major role as a microbiome inoculum for the infant gut has been proposed, but remains to be clearly demonstrated. Herein, we also discuss the emerging connection between the hMM and mammary gland physiology and lactation. Similarities between the mammary gland and mucosal interfaces are considerable, and in particular mucosal-like immune attributes of mammary gland. The potential role of hMM-host interactions in the mammary gland in maternal health is explored with a primary focus on lactational mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sakwinska
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nabil Bosco
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Nestlé Research Singapore Hub, Singapore, Singapore
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Wang H, Hu C, Cheng C, Cui J, Ji Y, Hao X, Li Q, Ren W, Deng B, Yin Y, Deng J, Tan C. Unraveling the association of fecal microbiota and oxidative stress with stillbirth rate of sows. Theriogenology 2019; 136:131-137. [PMID: 31255919 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the composition and function of gut microbiota possibly contribute to the oxidative stress and host metabolism of sows. However, a functional link between gut bacteria with oxidative stress and stillbirth rate of sows remain unclear. To address this issue, the reproductive performance, oxidative stress and gut microbiota of sows with high (H) and low (L) stillbirth rate were analyzed. Results showed that, compared with the H group, the L group had a shorter farrowing duration as well as higher concentration of serum total antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity. For the gut microbiota composition of the tested sows, 6 genera differed between the two groups, 7 genera were correlative with stillbirth rate, and 2 genera were correlated with farrowing duration. The relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001, Marvinbryantia and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004 were negatively correlated with antioxidant capacity, but positively correlated with the stillbirth rate of sows. Furthermore, the microbiota functions in the polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis and nitrotoluene degradation were found to be different between the two groups through the phylotypic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states. Collectively, gut microbiota and their functions vary between sows with high or low stillbirth rate, while stillbirth rate and farrowing duration are significantly correlated with the gut microbiota composition and oxidative stress status of sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengjun Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanhui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China; Academician Workstation of Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengquan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Gu XL, Li H, Song ZH, Ding YN, He X, Fan ZY. Effects of isomaltooligosaccharide and Bacillus supplementation on sow performance, serum metabolites, and serum and placental oxidative status. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 207:52-60. [PMID: 31208846 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) and Bacillus supplementation on sow performance, serum metabolites, and serum and placental oxidative status. Multiparous gestating sows (n = 130) with similar body conditions were randomly allocated to five groups (n = 26) receiving a basal diet (CON group) or a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% IMO (IMO group); 0.5% IMO and 0.02% Bacillus subtilis (IMO + S group); 0.5% IMO and 0.02% Bacillus licheniformis (IMO + L group); or 0.5% IMO, 0.02% Bacillus subtilis, and 0.02% Bacillus licheniformis (IMO + S+L group). There were no significant differences in the litter sizes among all dietary groups. The average piglet birth weight was improved in all treatment groups, and the placental efficiency was greater in the IMO + S and IMO + S+L groups than in the CON group (P < 0.05). The IMO + S+L group had increased the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reduced the total cholesterol in umbilical venous serum (P < 0.05). Additionally, the malondialdehyde concentrations were greater in umbilical venous serum of piglets in all treatment groups relative to that in the CON piglets (P < 0.05). The placental total antioxidant capacity was increased in the IMO+L and IMO+S+L groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the growth hormone concentration in umbilical venous serum was greater (P < 0.05) in all treatment groups. Overall, IMO and Bacillus supplementation during late gestation resulted in a changed metabolism of sows, improved the placental antioxidant capacity, and increased the growth hormone concentrations in umbilical venous serum, which ultimately improved the piglet birth weight and placental efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Gu
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - H Li
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Z H Song
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Y N Ding
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - X He
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Z Y Fan
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, 410128, China.
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Liu Y, Zheng Z, Yu L, Wu S, Sun L, Wu S, Xu Q, Cai S, Qin N, Bao W. Examination of the temporal and spatial dynamics of the gut microbiome in newborn piglets reveals distinct microbial communities in six intestinal segments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3453. [PMID: 30837612 PMCID: PMC6400902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in immune development and disease progression in mammals from birth onwards. The gastrointestinal tract of newborn mammals is rapidly colonized by microbes with tremendous biomass and diversity. Understanding how this complex of segmental communities evolves in different gastrointestinal sites over time has great biological significance and medical implications. However, most previous reports examining intestinal microbiota have focused on fecal samples, a strategy that overlooks the spatial microbial dynamics in different intestinal segments. Using intestinal digesta from six intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) of newborn piglets, we herein conducted a large-scale 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based study to characterize the segmental dynamics of porcine gut microbiota at eight postnatal intervals (days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 120 and 180). A total of 4,465 OTUs were obtained and showed that the six intestinal segments could be divided into three parts; in the duodenum-jejunum section, the most abundant genera included Lactobacillus and Bacteroides; in the ileum, Fusobacterium and Escherichia; and in the cecum-rectum section, Prevotella. Although the microbial communities of the piglets were similar among the six intestinal segments on postnatal day 1, they evolved and quickly differentiated at later intervals. An examination of time-dependent alterations in the dominant microbes revealed that the microbiome in the large intestine was very different from and much more stable than that in the small intestine. The gut microbiota in newborn piglets exhibited apparent temporal and spatial variations in different intestinal segments. The database of gut microbes in piglets could be a referable resource for future studies on mammalian gut microbiome development in early host growth phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223001, China
| | - Zhijun Zheng
- Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai, 200123, China.,Shenzhen Jinrui Biotechnology, Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Lihuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sen Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Li Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai, 200123, China.,Shenzhen Jinrui Biotechnology, Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Shunfeng Cai
- Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai, 200123, China.,Shenzhen Jinrui Biotechnology, Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Nan Qin
- Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai, 200123, China. .,Shenzhen Jinrui Biotechnology, Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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