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Li M, Wang H, Chen L, Guo G, Li P, Ma J, Chen R, Du H, Liu Y, Zhang W. Identification of a phage-derived depolymerase specific for KL47 capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its therapeutic potential in mice. Virol Sin 2022; 37:538-546. [PMID: 35513275 PMCID: PMC9437526 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the major pathogens causing global multidrug-resistant infections. Therefore, strategies for preventing and controlling the infections are urgently needed. Phage depolymerase, often found in the tail fiber protein or the tail spike protein, is reported to have antibiofilm activity. In this study, phage P560 isolated from sewage showed specific for capsule locus type KL47 K. pneumoniae, and the enlarged haloes around plaques indicated that P560 encoded a depolymerase. The capsule depolymerase, ORF43, named P560dep, derived from phage P560 was expressed, purified, characterized and evaluated for enzymatic activity as well as specificity. We reported that the capsule depolymerase P560dep, can digest the capsule polysaccharides on the surface of KL47 type K. pneumoniae, and the depolymerization spectrum of P560dep matched to the host range of phage P560, KL47 K. pneumoniae. Crystal violet staining assay showed that P560dep was able to significantly inhibit biofilm formation. Further, a single dose (50 μg/mouse) of depolymerase intraperitoneal injection protected 90%-100% of mice from lethal challenge before or after infection by KL47 carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. And pathological changes were alleviated in lung and liver of mice infected by KL47 type K. pneumoniae. It is demonstrated that depolymerase P560dep as an attractive antivirulence agent represents a promising tool for antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Genglin Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Ramakrishnan R, Singh AK, Singh S, Chakravortty D, Das D. Enzymatic Dispersion of Biofilms: An Emerging Biocatalytic Avenue to Combat Biofilm-Mediated Microbial Infections. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102352. [PMID: 35940306 PMCID: PMC9478923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance by pathogenic microbes has emerged as a matter of great concern to mankind. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi employ multiple defense mechanisms against drugs and the host immune system. A major line of microbial defense is the biofilm, which comprises extracellular polymeric substances that are produced by the population of microorganisms. Around 80% of chronic bacterial infections are associated with biofilms. The presence of biofilms can increase the necessity of doses of certain antibiotics up to 1000-fold to combat infection. Thus, there is an urgent need for strategies to eradicate biofilms. Although a few physicochemical methods have been developed to prevent and treat biofilms, these methods have poor efficacy and biocompatibility. In this review, we discuss the existing strategies to combat biofilms and their challenges. Subsequently, we spotlight the potential of enzymes, in particular, polysaccharide degrading enzymes, for biofilm dispersion, which might lead to facile antimicrobial treatment of biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Ramakrishnan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Simran Singh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Characterization and Comparative Genomics Analysis of a New Bacteriophage BUCT610 against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Efficacy Assessment in Galleria mellonella Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148040. [PMID: 35887393 PMCID: PMC9321532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-KP) has become an emerging threat as a result of the overuse of antibiotics. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is considered to be a promising alternative treatment for MDR-KP infection compared with antibiotic therapy. In this research, a lytic phage BUCT610 was isolated from hospital sewage. The assembled genome of BUCT610 was 46,774 bp in length, with a GC content of 48%. A total of 83 open reading frames (ORFs) and no virulence or antimicrobial resistance genes were annotated in the BUCT610 genome. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses showed that BUCT610 was most closely linked with the Vibrio phage pYD38-A and shared 69% homology. In addition, bacteriophage BUCT610 exhibited excellent thermal stability (4–75 °C) and broad pH tolerance (pH 3–12) in the stability test. In vivo investigation results showed that BUCT610 significantly increased the survival rate of Klebsiella pneumonia-infected Galleria mellonella larvae from 13.33% to 83.33% within 72 h. In conclusion, these findings indicate that phage BUCT610 holds great promise as an alternative agent with excellent stability for the treatment of MDR-KP infection.
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Venturini C, Petrovic Fabijan A, Fajardo Lubian A, Barbirz S, Iredell J. Biological foundations of successful bacteriophage therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e12435. [PMID: 35620963 PMCID: PMC9260219 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are selective viral predators of bacteria. Abundant and ubiquitous in nature, phages can be used to treat bacterial infections (phage therapy), including refractory infections and those resistant to antibiotics. However, despite an abundance of anecdotal evidence of efficacy, significant hurdles remain before routine implementation of phage therapy into medical practice, including a dearth of robust clinical trial data. Phage-bacterium interactions are complex and diverse, characterized by co-evolution trajectories that are significantly influenced by the environments in which they occur (mammalian body sites, water, soil, etc.). An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these dynamics is essential for successful clinical translation. This review aims to cover key aspects of bacterium-phage interactions that affect bacterial killing by describing the most relevant published literature and detailing the current knowledge gaps most likely to influence therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Venturini
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyWestmead Institute for Medical ResearchWestmeadNSWAustralia
- Faculty of ScienceSydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Aleksandra Petrovic Fabijan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyWestmead Institute for Medical ResearchWestmeadNSWAustralia
- Faculty of Health and MedicineSchool of MedicineSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Alicia Fajardo Lubian
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyWestmead Institute for Medical ResearchWestmeadNSWAustralia
- Faculty of Health and MedicineSchool of MedicineSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Stefanie Barbirz
- Department of MedicineScience FacultyMSB Medical School BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jonathan Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyWestmead Institute for Medical ResearchWestmeadNSWAustralia
- Faculty of Health and MedicineSchool of MedicineSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Westmead HospitalWestern Sydney Local Health DistrictWestmeadNSWAustralia
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Hua Y, Wu Y, Guo M, Ma R, Li Q, Hu Z, Chen H, Zhang X, Li H, Li Q, He P. Characterization and Functional Studies of a Novel Depolymerase Against K19-Type Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:878800. [PMID: 35814656 PMCID: PMC9257171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.878800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), a pathogen that causes severe nosocomial infections and yields a high mortality rate, poses a serious threat to global public health due to its high antimicrobial resistance. Bacteriophages encode polysaccharide-degrading enzymes referred to as depolymerases that cleave the capsular polysaccharide (CPS), one of the main virulence factors of K. pneumoniae. In this study, we identified and characterized a new capsule depolymerase K19-Dpo41 from K. pneumoniae bacteriophage SH-KP156570. Our characterization of K19-Dpo41 demonstrated that this depolymerase showed specific activities against K19-type K. pneumoniae. K19-Dpo41-mediated treatments promoted the sensitivity of a multidrug-resistant K19-type K. pneumoniae strain to the bactericidal effect of human serum and significantly increased the survival rate of Galleria mellonella infected with K19-type K. pneumoniae. Our results provided strong primary evidence that K19-Dpo41 was not only effective in capsular typing of K19-type K. pneumoniae but promising in terms of developing new alternative therapeutic strategies against K19-type CRKP infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfen Hua
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqin Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjie Guo
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ruijing Ma
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingchuan Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyuan Hu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongrui Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qingtian Li,
| | - Ping He
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Ping He,
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56
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Yin Y, Wang X, Mou Z, Ren H, Zhang C, Zou L, Liu H, Liu W, Liu Z. Characterization and genome analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage vB_PaeP_Lx18 and the antibacterial activity of its lysozyme. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1805-1817. [PMID: 35716268 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A lytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage, vB_PaeP_Lx18 (Lx18), was isolated from the sewage of a dairy farm. Biological characterization revealed that Lx18 was stable from 40 °C to 60 °C and over a wide range of pH values from 4 to 10. It was able to lyse 63.6% (21/33) of the P. aeruginosa strains tested and was able to reduce and disperse biofilms, with a biofilm reduction rate of 76.8%. Whole-genome sequencing showed that Lx18 is a dsDNA virus with a genome of 42,735 bp and G+C content of 62.16%. The genome contains 54 open reading frames (ORFs), 28 of which have known functions, including DNA replication and modification, transcriptional regulation, structural and packaging proteins, and host cell lysis. No virulence or tRNA genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that phage Lx18 belongs to the genus Phikmvvirus. The lysozyme of Lx18, Lys18, was cloned and expressed. The combined action of Lys18 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) had antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study of phage Lx18 and its lysozyme will provide basic information for further research on the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Zehua Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Huiying Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Can Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Ling Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Huanqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, 266109, China.
| | - Wenhua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, 266109, China.
| | - Zongzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, 266109, China
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Abdelkader K, Gutiérrez D, Latka A, Boeckaerts D, Drulis-Kawa Z, Criel B, Gerstmans H, Safaan A, Khairalla AS, Gaber Y, Dishisha T, Briers Y. The Specific Capsule Depolymerase of Phage PMK34 Sensitizes Acinetobacter baumannii to Serum Killing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050677. [PMID: 35625321 PMCID: PMC9137491 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising antimicrobial resistance is particularly alarming for Acinetobacter baumannii, calling for the discovery and evaluation of alternatives to treat A. baumannii infections. Some bacteriophages produce a structural protein that depolymerizes capsular exopolysaccharide. Such purified depolymerases are considered as novel antivirulence compounds. We identified and characterized a depolymerase (DpoMK34) from Acinetobacter phage vB_AbaP_PMK34 active against the clinical isolate A. baumannii MK34. In silico analysis reveals a modular protein displaying a conserved N-terminal domain for anchoring to the phage tail, and variable central and C-terminal domains for enzymatic activity and specificity. AlphaFold-Multimer predicts a trimeric protein adopting an elongated structure due to a long α-helix, an enzymatic β-helix domain and a hypervariable 4 amino acid hotspot in the most ultimate loop of the C-terminal domain. In contrast to the tail fiber of phage T3, this hypervariable hotspot appears unrelated with the primary receptor. The functional characterization of DpoMK34 revealed a mesophilic enzyme active up to 50 °C across a wide pH range (4 to 11) and specific for the capsule of A. baumannii MK34. Enzymatic degradation of the A. baumannii MK34 capsule causes a significant drop in phage adsorption from 95% to 9% after 5 min. Although lacking intrinsic antibacterial activity, DpoMK34 renders A. baumannii MK34 fully susceptible to serum killing in a serum concentration dependent manner. Unlike phage PMK34, DpoMK34 does not easily select for resistant mutants either against PMK34 or itself. In sum, DpoMK34 is a potential antivirulence compound that can be included in a depolymerase cocktail to control difficult to treat A. baumannii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Abdelkader
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.S.K.); (Y.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Diana Gutiérrez
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Latka
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Dimitri Boeckaerts
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Bjorn Criel
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hans Gerstmans
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amal Safaan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koum 51132, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed S. Khairalla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.S.K.); (Y.G.); (T.D.)
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Yasser Gaber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.S.K.); (Y.G.); (T.D.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Tarek Dishisha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.S.K.); (Y.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (K.A.); (D.G.); (A.L.); (D.B.); (B.C.); (H.G.)
- Correspondence:
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58
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Bujak K, Decewicz P, Kitowicz M, Radlinska M. Characterization of Three Novel Virulent Aeromonas Phages Provides Insights into the Diversity of the Autographiviridae Family. Viruses 2022; 14:1016. [PMID: 35632757 PMCID: PMC9145550 DOI: 10.3390/v14051016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we isolated and characterized three novel virulent Autographiviridae bacteriophages, vB_AspA_Bolek, vB_AspA_Lolek, and vB_AspA_Tola, which infect different Aeromonas strains. These three host-pathogen pairs were derived from the same sampling location-the arsenic-containing microbial mats of the Zloty Stok gold mine. Functional analysis showed they are psychrotolerant (4-25 °C), albeit with a much wider temperature range of propagation for the hosts (≤37 °C). Comparative genomic analyses revealed a high nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity of vB_AspA_Bolek and vB_AspA_Lolek, with significant differences exclusively in the C-terminal region of their tail fibers, which might explain their host range discrimination. The protein-based phage network, together with a phylogenetic analysis of the marker proteins, allowed us to assign vB_AspA_Bolek and vB_AspA_Lolek to the Beijerinckvirinae and vB_AspA_Tola to the Colwellvirinae subfamilies, but as three novel species, due to their low nucleotide sequence coverage and identity with other known phage genomes. Global comparative analysis showed that the studied phages are also markedly different from most of the 24 Aeromonas autographiviruses known so far. Finally, this study provides in-depth insight into the diversity of the Autographiviridae phages and reveals genomic similarities between selected groups of this family as well as between autographiviruses and their relatives of other Caudoviricetes families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monika Radlinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (P.D.); (M.K.)
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59
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Chang C, Yu X, Guo W, Guo C, Guo X, Li Q, Zhu Y. Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of Biofilm: A Promising New Dawn for the Future. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:825828. [PMID: 35495689 PMCID: PMC9048899 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.825828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex microbial microcolonies consisting of planktonic and dormant bacteria bound to a surface. The bacterial cells within the biofilm are embedded within the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) consisting mainly of exopolysaccharides, secreted proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA. This structural matrix poses a major challenge against common treatment options due to its extensive antibiotic-resistant properties. Because biofilms are so recalcitrant to antibiotics, they pose a unique challenge to patients in a nosocomial setting, mainly linked to lower respiratory, urinary tract, and surgical wound infections as well as the medical devices used during treatment. Another unique property of biofilm is its ability to adhere to both biological and man-made surfaces, allowing growth on human tissues and organs, hospital tools, and medical devices, etc. Based on prior understanding of bacteriophage structure, mechanisms, and its effects on bacteria eradication, leading research has been conducted on the effects of phages and its individual proteins on biofilm and its role in overall biofilm removal while also revealing the obstacles this form of treatment currently have. The expansion in the phage host-species range is one that urges for improvement and is the focus for future studies. This review aims to demonstrate the advantages and challenges of bacteriophage and its components on biofilm removal, as well as potential usage of phage cocktail, combination therapy, and genetically modified phages in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinbo Yu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wennan Guo
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyi Guo
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhang Zhu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, China
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60
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Chen X, Liu M, Zhang P, Xu M, Yuan W, Bian L, Liu Y, Xia J, Leung SSY. Phage-Derived Depolymerase as an Antibiotic Adjuvant Against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845500. [PMID: 35401491 PMCID: PMC8990738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage-encoded depolymerases are responsible for degrading capsular polysaccharides (CPS), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and exopolysaccharides (EPS) of the host bacteria during phage invasion. They have been considered as promising antivirulence agents in controlling bacterial infections, including those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This feature inspires hope of utilizing these enzymes to disarm the polysaccharide capsules of the bacterial cells, which then strengthens the action of antibiotics. Here we have identified, cloned, and expressed a depolymerase Dpo71 from a bacteriophage specific for the gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii in a heterologous host Escherichia coli. Dpo71 sensitizes the MDR A. baumannii to the host immune attack, and also acts as an adjuvant to assist or boost the action of antibiotics, for example colistin. Specifically, Dpo71 at 10 μg/ml enables a complete bacterial eradication by human serum at 50% volume ratio. A mechanistic study shows that the enhanced bactericidal effect of colistin is attributed to the improved outer membrane destabilization capacity and binding rate to bacteria after stripping off the bacterial capsule by Dpo71. Dpo71 inhibits biofilm formation and disrupts the pre-formed biofilm. Combination of Dpo71 could significantly enhance the antibiofilm activity of colistin and improve the survival rate of A. baumannii infected Galleria mellonella. Dpo71 retains the strain-specificity of the parent phage from which Dpo71 is derived: the phage-sensitive A. baumannii strains respond to Dpo71 treatment, whereas the phage-insensitive strains do not. In summary, our work demonstrates the feasibility of using recombinant depolymerases as an antibiotic adjuvant to supplement the development of new antibacterials and to battle against MDR pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weihao Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liming Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sharon S Y Leung
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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61
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Lytic Phages against ST11 K47 Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and the Corresponding Phage Resistance Mechanisms. mSphere 2022; 7:e0008022. [PMID: 35255715 PMCID: PMC9044933 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00080-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated and characterized a novel phage from hospital sewage, P13, able to lyse ST11 K47 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), a major CRKP lineage. P13 formed a large lytic plaque (3.0 to 6.0 mm in diameter) in double-layer LB agar after overnight coculture with its host bacterial strain. A translucent halo formed when the culture was prolonged to 48 h. P13 showed a narrow host range only lysing ST11 K47 CRKP with a burst size of around 167 PFU/cell and exhibited broad pH and thermal stability. Genome sequencing showed that P13 contains no virulence, lysogenic or antimicrobial resistance genes, making this lytic phage a potential agent for phage therapy. Transmission electron microscopy showed that P13 exhibited typical morphology of the family Podoviridae with an isometric head and a short noncontracted tail. Genomic analysis showed that P13 belongs to a novel species of the genus Przondovirus, subfamily Studiervirinae, family Autographiviridae. P13-resistant mutants of bacteria emerged after 4 h exposure to the phage. Interruptions of wbaP (encoding capsule polysaccharide synthesis) by insertion sequence IS903B mediated P13 resistance. The rapid emergence of resistant mutants represents a disadvantage for P13 as a therapeutic phage and highlights the need for recovery of a range of phages binding to different surface receptors of host bacteria to further extend their utility as a potential tool against CRKP. IMPORTANCE Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is a major challenge for infection control and clinical management. Alternative therapies to antimicrobial agents are urgently needed and bacteriophages (phages) are an attractive option. However, more novel lytic phages and more studies to reveal phage-resistant mechanisms are needed to overcome phage resistance. In this study, we isolated and characterized a novel species of lytic phage active against CRKP. We found this phage exhibited delayed formation of halo, which is atypical compared to other characterized similar phages, and we provide an explanation for this phenotype based on genomic analysis. We also identified mechanisms mediating resistance to the phage.
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62
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Singh A, Padmesh S, Dwivedi M, Kostova I. How Good are Bacteriophages as an Alternative Therapy to Mitigate Biofilms of Nosocomial Infections. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:503-532. [PMID: 35210792 PMCID: PMC8860455 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s348700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria survive on any surface through the generation of biofilms that provide a protective environment to grow as well as making them drug resistant. Extracellular polymeric matrix is a crucial component in biofilm formation. The presence of biofilms consisting of common opportunistic and nosocomial, drug-resistant pathogens has been reported on medical devices like catheters and prosthetics, leading to many complications. Several approaches are under investigation to combat drug-resistant bacteria. Deployment of bacteriophages is one of the promising approaches to invade biofilm that may expose bacteria to the conditions adverse for their growth. Penetration into these biofilms and their destruction by bacteriophages is brought about due to their small size and ability of their progeny to diffuse through the bacterial cell wall. The other mechanisms employed by phages to infect biofilms may include their relocation through water channels to embedded host cells, replication at local sites followed by infection to the neighboring cells and production of depolymerizing enzymes to decompose viscous biofilm matrix, etc. Various research groups are investigating intricacies involved in phage therapy to mitigate the bacterial infection and biofilm formation. Thus, bacteriophages represent a good control over different biofilms and further understanding of phage-biofilm interaction at molecular level may overcome the clinical challenges in phage therapy. The present review summarizes the comprehensive details on dynamic interaction of phages with bacterial biofilms and the role of phage-derived enzymes - endolysin and depolymerases in extenuating biofilms of clinical and medical concern. The methodology employed was an extensive literature search, using several keywords in important scientific databases, such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, etc. The keywords were also used with Boolean operator "And". More than 250 relevant and recent articles were selected and reviewed to discuss the evidence-based data on the application of phage therapy with recent updates, and related potential challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 226028, India
| | - Sudhakar Padmesh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 226028, India
| | - Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 226028, India
| | - Irena Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Sofia, 1000, Bulgaria
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63
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Liu S, Lu H, Zhang S, Shi Y, Chen Q. Phages against Pathogenic Bacterial Biofilms and Biofilm-Based Infections: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020427. [PMID: 35214158 PMCID: PMC8875263 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms formed by pathogens are known to be hundreds of times more resistant to antimicrobial agents than planktonic cells, making it extremely difficult to cure biofilm-based infections despite the use of antibiotics, which poses a serious threat to human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop promising alternative antimicrobial therapies to reduce the burden of drug-resistant bacterial infections caused by biofilms. As natural enemies of bacteria, bacteriophages (phages) have the advantages of high specificity, safety and non-toxicity, and possess great potential in the defense and removal of pathogenic bacterial biofilms, which are considered to be alternatives to treat bacterial diseases. This work mainly reviews the composition, structure and formation process of bacterial biofilms, briefly discusses the interaction between phages and biofilms, and summarizes several strategies based on phages and their derivatives against biofilms and drug-resistant bacterial infections caused by biofilms, serving the purpose of developing novel, safe and effective treatment methods against biofilm-based infections and promoting the application of phages in maintaining human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ying Shi
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (Q.C.); Tel.: +86-139-6717-1522 (Y.S.)
| | - Qihe Chen
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (Q.C.); Tel.: +86-139-6717-1522 (Y.S.)
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64
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Dakheel KH, Abdul Rahim R, Al-Obaidi JR, Neela VK, Hun TG, Mat Isa MN, Razali N, Yusoff K. Proteomic analysis revealed the biofilm-degradation abilities of the bacteriophage UPMK_1 and UPMK_2 against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:513-522. [PMID: 35122191 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The degradation activity of two bacteriophages UPMK_1 and UPMK_2 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus phages were examined using gel zymography. METHODS The analysis was done using BLASTP to detect peptides catalytic domains. Many peptides that are related to several phage proteins were revealed. RESULTS UPMK_1 and UPMK_2 custom sequence database were used for peptide identification. The biofilm-degrading proteins in the bacteriophage UPMK_2 revealed the same lytic activity towards polysaccharide intercellular adhesin-dependent and independent of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm producers in comparison to UPMK_1, which had lytic activity restricted solely to its host. CONCLUSION Both bacteriophage enzymes were involved in MRSA biofilm degradation during phage infection and they have promising enzybiotics properties against MRSA biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khulood Hamid Dakheel
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Palestine Street, PO Box 14022, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jameel R Al-Obaidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Vasantha Kumari Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tan Geok Hun
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Mat Isa
- Malaysia Genome Institute (MGI), Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurhanani Razali
- Membranology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-kun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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65
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Sun Z, Mandlaa, Wen H, Ma L, Chen Z. Isolation, characterization and application of bacteriophage PSDA-2 against Salmonella Typhimurium in chilled mutton. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262946. [PMID: 35073376 PMCID: PMC8786174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a common foodborne pathogen, especially in meat and meat products. Lytic phages are promising alternatives to conventional methods for Salmonella biocontrol in food and food processing. In this study, a virulent bacteriophage (PSDA-2) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was isolated from the sewage and it was found that PSDA-2 belongs to Cornellvirus genus of Siphoviridae family by morphological and phylogenetic analysis. Based on the one-step growth curve, PSDA-2 has a short latent period (10 min) and a high burst size (120 PFU/cell). The stability test in vitro reveals that PSDA-2 is stable at 30–70°C and pH 3–10. Bioinformatics analysis show that PSDA-2 genome consists of 40,062 bp with a GC content of 50.21% and encodes 63 open reading frames (ORFs); no tRNA genes, lysogenic genes, drug resistance genes and virulence genes were identified in the genome. Moreover, the capacity for PSDA-2 to control Salmonella Typhimurium in chilled mutton was investigated. The results show that incubation of PSDA-2 at 4°C reduced recoverable Salmonella by 1.7 log CFU/mL and 2.1 log CFU/mL at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 and 10,000 respectively, as relative to the phage-excluded control. The features of phage PSDA-2 suggest that it has the potential to be an agent to control Salmonella.
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66
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Li P, Zhang Y, Yan F, Zhou X. Characteristics of a Bacteriophage, vB_Kox_ZX8, Isolated From Clinical Klebsiella oxytoca and Its Therapeutic Effect on Mice Bacteremia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:763136. [PMID: 34925270 PMCID: PMC8678519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.763136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella oxytoca is an important nosocomial and community-acquired opportunistic pathogenic Klebsiella and has become the second most prevalent strain in the clinic after K. pneumoniae. However, there have been few reports of bacteriophages used for treating K. oxytoca. In this study, a novel bacteriophage, vB_Kox_ZX8, which specifically infects K. oxytoca AD3, was isolated for the first time from human fecal samples. The biological characteristics of vB_Kox_ZX8 showed an incubation period of 10 min, a burst size of 74 PFU/cell, and a stable pH range of 3-11. Genomic bioinformatics studies of vB_Kox_ZX8 showed that it belongs to the genus Przondovirus, subfamily Studiervirinae, family Autographiviridae. The genome of vB_Kox_ZX8 is 39,398 bp in length and contains 46 putative open reading frames encoding functional proteins, such as DNA degradation, packaging, structural, lysin-holin, and hypothetical proteins. We further investigated the efficacy of vB_Kox_ZX8 phage in the treatment of mice with bacteremia caused by K. oxytoca infection. The results showed that vB_Kox_ZX8 (5 × 109 PFU/mouse) injected intraperitoneally alone was metabolized rapidly in BALB/c mice, and no significant side effects were observed in the control and treatment groups. Importantly, intraperitoneal injection with a single dose of phage vB_Kox_ZX8 (5 × 107 PFU/mouse) for 1 h post-infection saved 100% of BALB/c mice from bacteremia induced by intraperitoneal challenge with a minimum lethal dose of K. oxytoca AD3. However, all negative control mice injected with PBS alone died. Owing to its good safety, narrow host infectivity, high lysis efficiency in vitro, and good in vivo therapeutic effect, phage vB_Kox_ZX8 has the potential to be an excellent antibacterial agent for clinical K. oxytoca-caused infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yangheng Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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67
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Biosca EG, Català-Senent JF, Figàs-Segura À, Bertolini E, López MM, Álvarez B. Genomic Analysis of the First European Bacteriophages with Depolymerase Activity and Biocontrol Efficacy against the Phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122539. [PMID: 34960808 PMCID: PMC8703784 DOI: 10.3390/v13122539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is the causative agent of bacterial wilt, one of the most destructive plant diseases. While chemical control has an environmental impact, biological control strategies can allow sustainable agrosystems. Three lytic bacteriophages (phages) of R. solanacearum with biocontrol capacity in environmental water and plants were isolated from river water in Europe but not fully analysed, their genomic characterization being fundamental to understand their biology. In this work, the phage genomes were sequenced and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The morphology was also observed by electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with a selection of phages able to infect R. solanacearum and the closely related phytopathogenic species R. pseudosolanacearum. The results indicated that the genomes of vRsoP-WF2, vRsoP-WM2 and vRsoP-WR2 range from 40,688 to 41,158 bp with almost 59% GC-contents, 52 ORFs in vRsoP-WF2 and vRsoP-WM2, and 53 in vRsoP-WR2 but, with only 22 or 23 predicted proteins with functional homologs in databases. Among them, two lysins and one exopolysaccharide (EPS) depolymerase, this type of depolymerase being identified in R. solanacearum phages for the first time. These three European phages belong to the same novel species within the Gyeongsanvirus, Autographiviridae family (formerly Podoviridae). These genomic data will contribute to a better understanding of the abilities of these phages to damage host cells and, consequently, to an improvement in the biological control of R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Biosca
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València (UV), 46100 Valencia, Spain; (J.F.C.-S.); (À.F.-S.); (E.B.); (B.Á.)
- Correspondence:
| | - José Francisco Català-Senent
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València (UV), 46100 Valencia, Spain; (J.F.C.-S.); (À.F.-S.); (E.B.); (B.Á.)
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad de Bioinformática y Bioestadística, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Àngela Figàs-Segura
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València (UV), 46100 Valencia, Spain; (J.F.C.-S.); (À.F.-S.); (E.B.); (B.Á.)
| | - Edson Bertolini
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València (UV), 46100 Valencia, Spain; (J.F.C.-S.); (À.F.-S.); (E.B.); (B.Á.)
- Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
| | - María M. López
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València (UV), 46100 Valencia, Spain; (J.F.C.-S.); (À.F.-S.); (E.B.); (B.Á.)
- Departamento de Investigación Aplicada y Extensión Agraria, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), 28800 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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68
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Rice CJ, Kelly SA, O’Brien SC, Melaugh EM, Ganacias JCB, Chai ZH, Gilmore BF, Skvortsov T. Novel Phage-Derived Depolymerase with Activity against Proteus mirabilis Biofilms. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2172. [PMID: 34683494 PMCID: PMC8539402 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adherence of Proteus mirabilis to the surface of urinary catheters leads to colonization and eventual blockage of the catheter lumen by unique crystalline biofilms produced by these opportunistic pathogens, making P. mirabilis one of the leading causes of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The Proteus biofilms reduce efficiency of antibiotic-based treatment, which in turn increases the risk of antibiotic resistance development. Bacteriophages and their enzymes have recently become investigated as alternative treatment options. In this study, a novel Proteus bacteriophage (vB_PmiS_PM-CJR) was isolated from an environmental sample and fully characterized. The phage displayed depolymerase activity and the subsequent genome analysis revealed the presence of a pectate lyase domain in its tail spike protein. The protein was heterologously expressed and purified; the ability of the purified tail spike to degrade Proteus biofilms was tested. We showed that the application of the tail spike protein was able to reduce the adherence of bacterial biofilm to plastic pegs in a MBEC (minimum biofilm eradication concentration) assay and improve the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Proteus mirabilis. Our study is the first to successfully isolate and characterize a biofilm depolymerase from a Proteus phage, demonstrating the potential of this group of enzymes in treatment of Proteus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Timofey Skvortsov
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.R.); (S.A.K.); (S.C.O.); (E.M.M.); (J.C.B.G.); (Z.H.C.); (B.F.G.)
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69
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Park DW, Park JH. Characterization of a novel phage depolymerase specific to Escherichia coli O157:H7 and biofilm control on abiotic surfaces. J Microbiol 2021; 59:1002-1009. [PMID: 34613607 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of foodborne diseases caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 as well as its ability to form biofilms poses major threats to public health worldwide. With increasing concerns about the limitations of current disinfectant treatments, phage-derived depolymerases may be used as promising biocontrol agents. Therefore, in this study, the characterization, purification, and application of a novel phage depolymerase, Dpo10, specifically targeting the lipopolysaccharides of E. coli O157, was performed. Dpo10, with a molecular mass of 98 kDa, was predicted to possess pectate lyase activity via genome analysis and considered to act as a receptor-binding protein of the phage. We confirmed that the purified Dpo10 showed O-polysaccharide degrading activity only for the E. coli O157 strains by observing its opaque halo. Dpo10 maintained stable enzymatic activities across a wide range of temperature conditions under 55°C and mild basic pH. Notably, Dpo10 did not inhibit bacterial growth but significantly increased the complement-mediated serum lysis of E. coli O157 by degrading its O-polysaccharides. Moreover, Dpo10 inhibited the biofilm formation against E. coli O157 on abiotic polystyrene by 8-fold and stainless steel by 2.56 log CFU/coupon. This inhibition was visually confirmed via fieldemission scanning electron microscopy. Therefore, the novel depolymerase from E. coli siphophage exhibits specific binding and lytic activities on the lipopolysaccharide of E. coli O157 and may be used as a promising anti-biofilm agent against the E. coli O157:H7 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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70
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Amankwah S, Abdella K, Kassa T. Bacterial Biofilm Destruction: A Focused Review On The Recent Use of Phage-Based Strategies With Other Antibiofilm Agents. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2021; 14:161-177. [PMID: 34548785 PMCID: PMC8449863 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s325594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are bacterial communities that live in association with biotic or abiotic surfaces and enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance. Their formation on both biotic and abiotic surfaces, including human tissue and medical device surfaces, pose a major threat causing chronic infections. In addition, current antibiotics and antiseptic agents have shown limited ability to completely remove biofilms. In this review, the authors provide an overview on the formation of bacterial biofilms and its characteristics, burden and evolution with phages. Moreover, the most recent possible use of phages and phage-derived enzymes to combat bacteria in biofilm structures is elucidated. From the emerging results, it can be concluded that despite successful use of phages and phage-derived products in destroying biofilms, they are mostly not adequate to eradicate all bacterial cells. Nevertheless, a combined therapy with the use of phages and/or phage-derived products with other antimicrobial agents including antibiotics, nanoparticles, and antimicrobial peptides may be effective approaches to remove biofilms from medical device surfaces and to treat their associated infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Amankwah
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Accra Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kedir Abdella
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Kassa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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71
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Gorodnichev RB, Volozhantsev NV, Krasilnikova VM, Bodoev IN, Kornienko MA, Kuptsov NS, Popova AV, Makarenko GI, Manolov AI, Slukin PV, Bespiatykh DA, Verevkin VV, Denisenko EA, Kulikov EE, Veselovsky VA, Malakhova MV, Dyatlov IA, Ilina EN, Shitikov EA. Novel Klebsiella pneumoniae K23-Specific Bacteriophages From Different Families: Similarity of Depolymerases and Their Therapeutic Potential. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:669618. [PMID: 34434173 PMCID: PMC8381472 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.669618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern in many countries worldwide. The rapid spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is the main driving force for the development of novel non-antibiotic antimicrobials as a therapeutic alternative. Here, we isolated and characterized three virulent bacteriophages that specifically infect and lyse MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae with K23 capsule type. The phages belonged to the Autographiviridae (vB_KpnP_Dlv622) and Myoviridae (vB_KpnM_Seu621, KpS8) families and contained highly similar receptor-binding proteins (RBPs) with polysaccharide depolymerase enzymatic activity. Based on phylogenetic analysis, a similar pattern was also noted for five other groups of depolymerases, specific against capsule types K1, K30/K69, K57, K63, and KN2. The resulting recombinant depolymerases Dep622 (phage vB_KpnP_Dlv622) and DepS8 (phage KpS8) demonstrated narrow specificity against K. pneumoniae with capsule type K23 and were able to protect Galleria mellonella larvae in a model infection with a K. pneumoniae multidrug-resistant strain. These findings expand our knowledge of the diversity of phage depolymerases and provide further evidence that bacteriophages and phage polysaccharide depolymerases represent a promising tool for antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman B. Gorodnichev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay V. Volozhantsev
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina M. Krasilnikova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan N. Bodoev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Kornienko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita S. Kuptsov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Popova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina I. Makarenko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander I. Manolov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Slukin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Bespiatykh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Verevkin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor A. Denisenko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene E. Kulikov
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Veselovsky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maja V. Malakhova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Dyatlov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N. Ilina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor A. Shitikov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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72
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Song M, Wu D, Hu Y, Luo H, Li G. Characterization of an Enterococcus faecalis Bacteriophage vB_EfaM_LG1 and Its Synergistic Effect With Antibiotic. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:698807. [PMID: 34336721 PMCID: PMC8322680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.698807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that could cause pneumonia and bacteremia in stroke patients. The development of antibiotic resistance in hospital-associated E. faecalis is a formidable public health threat. Bacteriophage therapy is a renewed solution to treat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. However, bacteria can acquire phage resistance quite quickly, which is a significant barrier to phage therapy. Here, we characterized a lytic E. faecalis bacteriophage Vb_EfaM_LG1 with lytic activity. Its genome did not contain antibiotic resistance or virulence genes. Vb_EfaM_LG1 effectively inhibits E. faecalis growth for a short period, and phage resistance developed within hours. However, the combination of antibiotics and phage has a tremendous synergistic effect against E. faecalis, prevents the development of phage resistance, and disrupts the biofilm efficiently. Our results show that the phage-antibiotic combination has better killing efficiency against E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyan Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongbo Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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73
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Abstract
Bacteriophages and bacterial biofilms are widely present in natural environments, a fact that has accelerated the evolution of phages and their bacterial hosts in these particular niches. Phage-host interactions in biofilm communities are rather complex, where phages are not always merely predators but also can establish symbiotic relationships that induce and strengthen biofilms. In this review we provide an overview of the main features affecting phage-biofilm interactions as well as the currently available methods of studying these interactions. In addition, we address the applications of phages for biofilm control in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Pires
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Luís D R Melo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Joana Azeredo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
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74
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Identification of a phage-derived depolymerase specific for KL64 capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its anti-biofilm effect. Virus Genes 2021; 57:434-442. [PMID: 34156584 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) poses a serious threat to global health. Phages and phage-derived enzymes gained increasing attention for controling CRKP infections. In this study, a lytic phage P510 infecting KL64 type K. pneumoniae was isolated and characterized. Whole genome analysis and electron microscopy analysis showed that phage P510 belonged to genus Przondovirus, family Autographiviridae, the order Caudovirales. The tail fiber protein of the phage was predicted to encode capsule depolymerase. Further analysis demonstrated that recombinant depolymerase P510dep had polysaccharide-degrading activity against KL64-types capsule of K. pneumoniae, and its lysis spectrum matched to host range of phage P510. We also demonstrated that the recombinant depolymerase was able to significantly inhibit biofilm formation. The discovery of the phage-derived depolymerase lays the foundation for controlling the spread of CRKPs.
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75
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Improving Phage-Biofilm In Vitro Experimentation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061175. [PMID: 34205417 PMCID: PMC8234374 DOI: 10.3390/v13061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages or phages, the viruses of bacteria, are abundant components of most ecosystems, including those where bacteria predominantly occupy biofilm niches. Understanding the phage impact on bacterial biofilms therefore can be crucial toward understanding both phage and bacterial ecology. Here, we take a critical look at the study of bacteriophage interactions with bacterial biofilms as carried out in vitro, since these studies serve as bases of our ecological and therapeutic understanding of phage impacts on biofilms. We suggest that phage-biofilm in vitro experiments often may be improved in terms of both design and interpretation. Specific issues discussed include (a) not distinguishing control of new biofilm growth from removal of existing biofilm, (b) inadequate descriptions of phage titers, (c) artificially small overlying fluid volumes, (d) limited explorations of treatment dosing and duration, (e) only end-point rather than kinetic analyses, (f) importance of distinguishing phage enzymatic from phage bacteriolytic anti-biofilm activities, (g) limitations of biofilm biomass determinations, (h) free-phage interference with viable-count determinations, and (i) importance of experimental conditions. Toward bettering understanding of the ecology of bacteriophage-biofilm interactions, and of phage-mediated biofilm disruption, we discuss here these various issues as well as provide tips toward improving experiments and their reporting.
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76
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Engineering the Modular Receptor-Binding Proteins of Klebsiella Phages Switches Their Capsule Serotype Specificity. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00455-21. [PMID: 33947754 PMCID: PMC8262889 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00455-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The high specificity of bacteriophages is driven by their receptor-binding proteins (RBPs). Many Klebsiella bacteriophages target the capsular exopolysaccharide as the receptor and encode RBPs with depolymerase activity. The modular structure of these RBPs with an N-terminal structural module to attach the RBP to the phage tail, and a C-terminal specificity module for exopolysaccharide degradation, supports horizontal transfer as a major evolutionary driver for Klebsiella phage RBPs. We mimicked this natural evolutionary process by the construction of modular RBP chimeras, exchanging N-terminal structural modules and C-terminal specificity modules. All chimeras strictly follow the capsular serotype specificity of the C-terminal module. Transplanting chimeras with a K11 N-terminal structural RBP module in a Klebsiella phage K11 scaffold results in a capsular serotype switch and corresponding host range modification of the synthetic phages, demonstrating that horizontal transfer of C-terminal specificity modules offers Klebsiella phages an evolutionary highway for rapid adaptation to new capsular serotypes.
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77
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Huang Z, Zhang Z, Tong J, Malakar PK, Chen L, Liu H, Pan Y, Zhao Y. Phages and their lysins: Toolkits in the battle against foodborne pathogens in the postantibiotic era. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3319-3343. [PMID: 33938116 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, foods waste caused by putrefactive organisms and diseases caused by foodborne pathogens persist as public health problems even with a plethora of modern antimicrobials. Our over reliance on antimicrobials use in agriculture, medicine, and other fields will lead to a postantibiotic era where bacterial genotypic resistance, phenotypic adaptation, and other bacterial evolutionary strategies cause antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This AMR is evidenced by the emergence of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and pan-resistant (PDR) bacteria, which produces cross-contamination in multiple fields and poses a more serious threat to food safety. A "red queen premise" surmises that the coevolution of phages and bacteria results in an evolutionary arms race that compels phages to adapt and survive bacterial antiphage strategies. Phages and their lysins are therefore useful toolkits in the design of novel antimicrobials in food protection and foodborne pathogens control, and the modality of using phages as a targeted vector against foodborne pathogens is gaining momentum based on many encouraging research outcomes. In this review, we discuss the rationale of using phages and their lysins as weapons against spoilage organisms and foodborne pathogens, and outline the targeted conquest or dodge mechanism of phages and the development of novel phage prospects. We also highlight the implementation of phages and their lysins to control foodborne pathogens in a farm-table-hospital domain in the postantibiotic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jinrong Tong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pradeep K Malakar
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Haiquan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai, China
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78
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Naknaen A, Suttinun O, Surachat K, Khan E, Pomwised R. A Novel Jumbo Phage PhiMa05 Inhibits Harmful Microcystis sp. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660351. [PMID: 33959116 PMCID: PMC8093824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystis poses a concern because of its potential contribution to eutrophication and production of microcystins (MCs). Phage treatment has been proposed as a novel biocontrol method for Microcystis. Here, we isolated a lytic cyanophage named PhiMa05 with high efficiency against MCs-producing Microcystis strains. Its burst size was large, with approximately 127 phage particles/infected cell, a short latent period (1 day), and high stability to broad salinity, pH and temperature ranges. The PhiMa05 structure was composed of an icosahedral capsid (100 nm) and tail (120 nm), suggesting that the PhiMa05 belongs to the Myoviridae family. PhiMa05 inhibited both planktonic and aggregated forms of Microcystis in a concentration-dependent manner. The lysis of Microcystis resulted in a significant reduction of total MCs compared to the uninfected cells. A genome analysis revealed that PhiMa05 is a double-stranded DNA virus with a 273,876 bp genome, considered a jumbo phage. Out of 254 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), only 54 ORFs were assigned as putative functional proteins. These putative proteins are associated with DNA metabolisms, structural proteins, host lysis and auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), while no lysogenic, toxin and antibiotic resistance genes were observed in the genome. The AMGs harbored in the phage genome are known to be involved in energy metabolism [photosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)] and nucleotide biosynthesis genes. Their functions suggested boosting and redirecting host metabolism during viral infection. Comparative genome analysis with other phages in the database indicated that PhiMa05 is unique. Our study highlights the characteristics and genome analysis of a novel jumbo phage, PhiMa05. PhiMa05 is a potential phage for controlling Microcystis bloom and minimizing MC occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ampapan Naknaen
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Oramas Suttinun
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Komwit Surachat
- Division of Computational Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Molecular Evolution and Computational Biology Research Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Rattanaruji Pomwised
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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79
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Azeredo J, García P, Drulis-Kawa Z. Targeting biofilms using phages and their enzymes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 68:251-261. [PMID: 33714050 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complex biofilm architecture composed of extracellular polymeric structures (EPS) provides a protective shield to physiologically diverse bacterial cells immersed in its structure. The evolutionary interplay between bacteria and their viruses (phages) forced the latter ones to develop specific strategies to overcome the biofilm defensive barriers and kill sessile cells. Phages are equipped with a wide panel of enzyme-degrading EPS macromolecules which together are powerful weapons to combat biofilms. Antibiofilm performance can be achieved by combining phages or phage-borne enzymes with other antimicrobials such as antibiotics. Nevertheless, a variety of enzymes encoded in phage genomes still need to be explored. To advance in biofilm control strategies we must deepen the understanding of the biofilm biology itself, as well as discover and better exploit the unlimited antibacterial potential of phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Azeredo
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares sn. 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
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80
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Topka-Bielecka G, Dydecka A, Necel A, Bloch S, Nejman-Faleńczyk B, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Bacteriophage-Derived Depolymerases against Bacterial Biofilm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:175. [PMID: 33578658 PMCID: PMC7916357 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to specific antibiotic resistance, the formation of bacterial biofilm causes another level of complications in attempts to eradicate pathogenic or harmful bacteria, including difficult penetration of drugs through biofilm structures to bacterial cells, impairment of immunological response of the host, and accumulation of various bioactive compounds (enzymes and others) affecting host physiology and changing local pH values, which further influence various biological functions. In this review article, we provide an overview on the formation of bacterial biofilm and its properties, and then we focus on the possible use of phage-derived depolymerases to combat bacterial cells included in this complex structure. On the basis of the literature review, we conclude that, although these bacteriophage-encoded enzymes may be effective in destroying specific compounds involved in the formation of biofilm, they are rarely sufficient to eradicate all bacterial cells. Nevertheless, a combined therapy, employing depolymerases together with antibiotics and/or other antibacterial agents or factors, may provide an effective approach to treat infections caused by bacteria able to form biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracja Topka-Bielecka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (B.N.-F.); (G.W.)
| | - Aleksandra Dydecka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (B.N.-F.); (G.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Necel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (B.N.-F.); (G.W.)
| | - Sylwia Bloch
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (B.N.-F.); (G.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (B.N.-F.); (G.W.)
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland;
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81
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Amarillas L, Villicaña C, Lightbourn-Rojas L, González-Robles A, León-Félix J. The complete genome and comparative analysis of the phage phiC120 infecting multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6114451. [PMID: 33598707 PMCID: PMC8022965 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phages infecting Salmonella and Escherichia coli are promising agents for therapeutics and biological control of these foodborne pathogens, in particular those strains with resistance to several antibiotics. In an effort to assess the potential of the phage phiC120, a virulent phage isolated from horse feces in Mexico, we characterized its morphology, host range and complete genome. Herein, we showed that phiC120 possesses strong lytic activity against several multidrug-resistant E. coli O157: H7 and Salmonella strains, and its morphology indicated that is a member of Myoviridae family. The phiC120 genome is double-stranded DNA and consists of 186,570 bp in length with a 37.6% G + C content. A total of 281 putative open reading frames (ORFs) and two tRNAs were found, where 150 ORFs encoded hypothetical proteins with unknown function. Comparative analysis showed that phiC120 shared high similarity at nucleotide and protein levels with coliphages RB69 and phiE142. Detailed phiC120 analysis revealed that ORF 94 encodes a putative depolymerase, meanwhile genes encoding factors associated with lysogeny, toxins, and antibiotic resistance were absent; however, ORF 95 encodes a putative protein with potential allergenic and pro-inflammatory properties, making needed further studies to guarantee the safety of phiC120 for human use. The characterization of phiC120 expands our knowledge about the biology of coliphages and provides novel insights supporting its potential for the development of phage-based applications to control unwanted bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Amarillas
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genómica Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Sinaloa 80110, México.,Laboratorio de Genética, Instituto de Investigación Lightbourn, Chihuahua 33981, México
| | - Claudia Villicaña
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genómica Funcional, CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Sinaloa 80110, México
| | - Luis Lightbourn-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Genética, Instituto de Investigación Lightbourn, Chihuahua 33981, México
| | - Arturo González-Robles
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, México
| | - Josefina León-Félix
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genómica Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Sinaloa 80110, México
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82
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Li P, Gao Z, Tan Z, Xiao J, Wei L, Chen Y. New developments in anti-biofilm intervention towards effective management of orthopedic device related infections (ODRI's). BIOFOULING 2021; 37:1-35. [PMID: 33618584 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1869725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Orthopedic device related infections (ODRI's) represent a difficult to treat situation owing to their biofilm based nature. Biofilm infections once established are difficult to eradicate even with an aggressive treatment regimen due to their recalcitrance towards antibiotics and immune attack. The involvement of antibiotic resistant pathogens as the etiological agent further worsens the overall clinical picture, pressing on the need to look into alternative treatment strategies. The present review highlightes the microbiological challenges associated with treatment of ODRI's due to biofilm formation on the implant surface. Further, it details the newer anti-infective modalities that work either by preventing biofilm formation and/or through effective disruption of the mature biofilms formed on the medical implant. The study, therefore aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the newer anti-biofilm interventions (non-antibiotic approaches) and a better understanding of their mechanism of action essential for improved management of orthopedic implant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Ya'an People's Hospital, Yaan City, China
| | - Zhenwu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan City, China
| | - Zhenwei Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Western Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Ya'an People's Hospital, Yaan City, China
| | - Li Wei
- Nursing Department, Three Gorges Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yirui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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83
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Beyond antibacterials - exploring bacteriophages as antivirulence agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:166-173. [PMID: 33333352 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Life-threatening infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria are becoming increasingly difficult to treat. There is growing interest in exploiting bacteriophages (or phages) to combat bacterial infections. Phages often target bacterial surface structures that may also be important for virulence. Upon phage challenge, these molecules may be lost or modified, resulting in phage resistance and possibly phenotypical conversion. Importantly, possible trade-offs may include lower fitness, increased sensitivity to antibiotics and immune defense mechanisms, and virulence attenuation. Although evolution of phage-resistance may be difficult to prevent, the trade-off phenomenon carries potential for antibacterial therapy. Here we present some insights into the molecular principles and significance of this coincidental interplay between phages, bacteria, and immune cells, and discuss the prospect of developing phage-derived products as antivirulence agents.
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84
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Townsend EM, Moat J, Jameson E. CAUTI's next top model - Model dependent Klebsiella biofilm inhibition by bacteriophages and antimicrobials. Biofilm 2020; 2:100038. [PMID: 33381752 PMCID: PMC7762788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella infections, including catheter associated urinary tract infections, are a considerable burden on health care systems. This is due to their difficulty to treat, caused by antimicrobial resistance and their ability to form biofilms. In this study, we investigated the use of a Klebsiella phage cocktail to reduce biofilm viability. We used two methodologies to investigate this, a standard 96-well plate assay and a more complicated Foley catheter-based model. The phage cocktail was used alone and in combination with clinically relevant antibiotic treatments. Viability was measured by both a resazurin based stain and colony forming unit counts, of cells sloughed off from the biofilm. We showed that phage infection dynamics and host survival vary significantly in different standard laboratory media, presumably due to the expression of different surface receptors and capsule composition by the bacteria effecting phage binding. This underscores the importance of a realistic model for developing phage therapy. We demonstrate that bacteriophage-based treatments are a viable option for preventing Klebsiella colonisation and biofilm formation on urinary catheters. Phage cocktails were able to significantly reduce the amount of biofilm that formed when they were present during early biofilm formation. The phages used in this study were unable to significantly reduce a pre-formed mature biofilm, despite encoding depolymerases. Phages applied together with antimicrobial treatments, showed synergistic interactions, in some cases the combined treatment was much more effective than antimicrobial treatments alone. We show that phage cocktails have the potential to prevent Klebsiella biofilms in catheters, if used early or as a preventative treatment and will work well alongside standard antibiotics in the treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Townsend
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - John Moat
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Jameson
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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85
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Advantages and limitations of microtiter biofilm assays in the model of antibiofilm activity of Klebsiella phage KP34 and its depolymerase. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20338. [PMID: 33230270 PMCID: PMC7683578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the potential antibiofilm strategies is to use lytic phages and phage-derived polysaccharide depolymerases. The idea is to uncover bacteria embedded in the biofilm matrix making them accessible and vulnerable to antibacterials and the immune system. Here we present the antibiofilm efficiency of lytic phage KP34 equipped with virion-associated capsule degrading enzyme (depolymerase) and its recombinant depolymerase KP34p57, depolymerase-non-bearing phage KP15, and ciprofloxacin, separately and in combination, using a multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae biofilm model. The most effective antibiofilm agents were (1) phage KP34 alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin/phage KP15, and (2) depolymerase KP34p57 with phage KP15 and ciprofloxacin. Secondly, applying the commonly used biofilm microtiter assays: (1) colony count, (2) LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit, and (3) crystal violet (CV) biofilm staining, we unravelled the main advantages and limitations of the above methods in antibiofilm testing. The diverse mode of action of selected antimicrobials strongly influenced obtained results, including a false positive enlargement of biofilm mass (CV staining) while applying polysaccharide degrading agents. We suggest that to get a proper picture of antimicrobials' effectiveness, multiple examination methods should be used and the results must be read considering the principle of each technique and the antibacterial mechanism.
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86
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Santiago AJ, Donlan RM. Bacteriophage Infections of Biofilms of Health Care-Associated Pathogens: Klebsiella pneumoniae. EcoSal Plus 2020; 9. [PMID: 33118486 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0029-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, are considered both serious and urgent public health threats. Biofilms formed by these health care-associated pathogens can lead to negative and costly health outcomes. The global spread of antibiotic resistance, coupled with increased tolerance to antimicrobial treatments in biofilm-associated bacteria, highlights the need for novel strategies to overcome treatment hurdles. Bacteriophages (phages), or viruses that infect bacteria, have reemerged as one such potential strategy. Virulent phages are capable of infecting and killing their bacterial hosts, in some cases producing depolymerases that are able to hydrolyze biofilms. Phage therapy does have its limitations, however, including potential narrow host ranges, development of bacterial resistance to infection, and the potential spread of phage-encoded virulence genes. That being said, advances in phage isolation, screening, and genome sequencing tools provide an upside in overcoming some of these limitations and open up the possibilities of using phages as effective biofilm control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J Santiago
- Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodney M Donlan
- Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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87
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Chegini Z, Khoshbayan A, Taati Moghadam M, Farahani I, Jazireian P, Shariati A. Bacteriophage therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: a review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:45. [PMID: 32998720 PMCID: PMC7528332 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens that causes infection with a high mortality rate due to resistance to different antibiotics. This bacterium prompts extensive tissue damage with varying factors of virulence, and its biofilm production causes chronic and antibiotic-resistant infections. Therefore, due to the non-applicability of antibiotics for the destruction of P. aeruginosa biofilm, alternative approaches have been considered by researchers, and phage therapy is one of these new therapeutic solutions. Bacteriophages can be used to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilm by destroying the extracellular matrix, increasing the permeability of antibiotics into the inner layer of biofilm, and inhibiting its formation by stopping the quorum-sensing activity. Furthermore, the combined use of bacteriophages and other compounds with anti-biofilm properties such as nanoparticles, enzymes, and natural products can be of more interest because they invade the biofilm by various mechanisms and can be more effective than the one used alone. On the other hand, the use of bacteriophages for biofilm destruction has some limitations such as limited host range, high-density biofilm, sub-populate phage resistance in biofilm, and inhibition of phage infection via quorum sensing in biofilm. Therefore, in this review, we specifically discuss the use of phage therapy for inhibition of P. aeruginosa biofilm in clinical and in vitro studies to identify different aspects of this treatment for broader use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Khoshbayan
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Taati Moghadam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Farahani
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Parham Jazireian
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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88
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Characterization and genome analysis of Klebsiella phage P509, with lytic activity against clinical carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae of the KL64 capsular type. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2799-2806. [PMID: 32989574 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increasing population infected by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae necessitates the development of alternative therapies. In this study, we isolated, characterized, and sequenced a bacteriophage, P509, which was able to specifically infect and lyse carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae of K locus type KL64. A one-step growth curve experiment showed that the latent time period of phage P509 was 5 min, and the burst size was about 85 phage particles/cell. Stability tests confirmed that P509 was stable over a wide range of temperatures (4 to 50 °C) and pH (3 to 11) conditions. Phage P509 was identified as a linear double-stranded DNA phage with a genome of 40,954 bp with 53.2% G + C content, encoding 50 predicted proteins. Genomic and morphological analysis suggested that P509 belonged to the genus Przondovirus, family Autographiviridae, order Caudovirales. Further analysis showed that no virulence-related genes or lysogen-formation gene clusters were detected in the genome, suggesting that P509 is a lytic phage, making it potentially suitable for clinical applications. In vitro, the number of viable cells in three phage-treated groups (MOI = 0.1, 0.01, 0.001) decreased by 3.75 log10 CFU/ml, 3.32 log10 CFU/ml and 3.21 log10 CFU/ml, respectively, after 80 min of incubation, in comparison to that in the untreated group. Based on these characteristics, phage P509 may be a promising candidate for future phage therapy applications.
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89
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Vukotic G, Obradovic M, Novovic K, Di Luca M, Jovcic B, Fira D, Neve H, Kojic M, McAuliffe O. Characterization, Antibiofilm, and Depolymerizing Activity of Two Phages Active on Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:426. [PMID: 32974360 PMCID: PMC7461965 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. Its various intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of antibiotic resistance make the therapeutic challenge even more serious. One of the promising alternative treatments that is increasingly highlighted is phage therapy, the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections. Two phages active against nosocomial carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strain 6077/12, vB_AbaM_ISTD, and vB_AbaM_NOVI, were isolated from Belgrade wastewaters, purified, and concentrated using CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation. The phages were screened against 103 clinical isolates of A. baumannii from a laboratory collection and characterized based on plaque and virion morphology, host range, adsorption rate, and one-step growth curve. Given that phage ISTD showed a broader host range, better adsorption rate, shorter latent period, and larger burst size, its ability to lyse planktonic and biofilm-embedded cells was tested in detail. Phage ISTD yielded a 3.5- and 2-log reduction in planktonic and biofilm-associated viable bacterial cell count, respectively, but the effect was time-dependent. Both phages produced growing turbid halos around plaques indicating the synthesis of depolymerases, enzymes capable of degrading bacterial exopolysaccharides. Halos tested positive for presence of phages in the proximity of the plaque, but not further from the plaque, which indicates that the observed halo enlargement is a consequence of enzyme diffusion through the agar, independently of the phages. This notion was also supported by the growing halos induced by phage preparations applied on pregrown bacterial lawns, indicating that depolymerizing effect was achieved also on non-dividing sensitive cells. Overall, good rates of growth, fast adsorption rate, broad host range, and high depolymerizing activity, as well as antibacterial effectiveness against planktonic and biofilm-associated bacteria, make these phages good candidates for potential application in combating A. baumannii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Vukotic
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mina Obradovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Novovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Branko Jovcic
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Fira
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | - Milan Kojic
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivia McAuliffe
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
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90
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Li M, Guo M, Chen L, Zhu C, Xiao Y, Li P, Guo H, Chen L, Zhang W, Du H. Isolation and Characterization of Novel Lytic Bacteriophages Infecting Epidemic Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1554. [PMID: 32793133 PMCID: PMC7385232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) poses a significant clinical problem given the lack of therapeutic options available. Alternative antibacterial agents, such as bacteriophages, can be used as a valuable tool to treat the infections caused by these highly resistant bacteria. In this study, we isolated 54 phages from medical and domestic sewage wastewater between July and September 2019 and determined their host ranges against 54 clinical CRKP isolates, collected from a tertiary hospital in eastern China. The 54 CRKP isolates were from 7 sequence types (STs) and belonged to 9 capsular K locus types, harboring blaKPC–2 (n = 49), blaNDM–1 (n = 5), and blaIMP–4 (n = 3). Among them, the epidemic KPC-2-producing ST11 strains were most predominant (88.9%). The 54 phages showed different host ranges from 7 to 52 CRKP isolates. The total host ranges of three phages can potentially cover all 54 CRKP isolates. Among the 54 phages, phage P545, classified as a member of Myoviridaes, order Caudovirales, had a relatively wide host range (96.3%), a short latent period of 20 min, and a medium burst size of 82 PFU/cell and was stably maintained at different pH values (4–10) and temperatures (up to 60°C). P545 showed the ability to inhibit biofilm formation and to degrade the mature biofilms. Taken together, the results of our study showed that the newly isolated phage P545 had a relatively wide host range, excellent properties, and antibacterial activity as well as antibiofilm activity against a clinical CRKP ST11 isolate, providing a promising candidate for future phage therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Chaowang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The North District of Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuyi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxiong Guo
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States.,Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Seton Hall University, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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91
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Wintachai P, Naknaen A, Thammaphet J, Pomwised R, Phaonakrop N, Roytrakul S, Smith DR. Characterization of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae phage KP1801 and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11803. [PMID: 32678251 PMCID: PMC7367294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended spectrum β lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) is being reported with high morbidity and mortality rates and is considered as the highest priority for new antimicrobial strategies. To develop an alternative antimicrobial agent, phage KP1801 with broad lytic activity was isolated. The genome of phage KP1801 was double stranded DNA of 49,835 base pairs, with a GC content of 50.26%. There were 75 putative open reading frames. Phage KP1801 was classified as being in the order Caudovirales, belonging to the Siphoviridae family. About 323 proteins were detected by shotgun proteome analysis. The phage inhibited biofilm formation and reduced pre-formed biofilm in a dose dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrated a membrane damage of bacterial cells treated with phage, resulting in cell death. Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of the phage were evaluated in Galleria mellonella. Administration of ESBL-KP infection with phage significantly improved the survival of G. mellonella. The number of intracellular bacteria in larvae showed a significant decrease compared with untreated control while the number of phage increased. These studies suggested that phage KP1801 has the potential for development as an alternative for antibiotics and biocontrol agents against ESBL-KP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ampapan Naknaen
- Department of Microbiology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Jirapath Thammaphet
- School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Rattanaruji Pomwised
- Department of Microbiology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Narumon Phaonakrop
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
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92
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Yuan Y, Li X, Wang L, Li G, Cong C, Li R, Cui H, Murtaza B, Xu Y. The endolysin of the Acinetobacter baumannii phage vB_AbaP_D2 shows broad antibacterial activity. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:403-418. [PMID: 32519416 PMCID: PMC7936296 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spread of multidrug‐resistant bacteria has induced intense research for novel therapeutic approaches. In this study, the Acinetobacter baumannii bacteriophage D2 (vB_AbaP_D2) was isolated, characterized and sequenced. The endolysin of bacteriophage D2, namely Abtn‐4, contains an amphipathic helix and was found to have activity against multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative strains. By more than 3 log units, A. baumannii were killed by Abtn‐4 (5 µM) in 2 h. In absence of outer membrane permeabilizers, Abtn‐4 exhibited broad antimicrobial activity against several Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus and Salmonella. Furthermore, Abtn‐4 had the ability to reduce biofilm formation. Interestingly, Abtn‐4 showed antimicrobial activity against phage‐resistant bacterial mutants. Based on these results, endolysin Abtn‐4 may be a promising candidate therapeutic agent for multidrug‐resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Yuan
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Dalian, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Dalian, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Cong Cong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huijing Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Dalian, China
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93
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Ji J, Liu Q, Wang R, Luo T, Guo X, Xu M, Yin Q, Wang X, Zhou M, Li M, He P. Identification of a novel phage targeting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus In vitro and In vivo. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104317. [PMID: 32512153 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen that causes various diseases including infections on the skin, in the bloodstream and the lower respiratory tracts. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) made the treatment of the bacterial infection more difficult, calling for development of new therapeutics. Compared with conventional antibiotic therapy, phage therapy offers a promising alternative to combat infections caused by MRSA. RESULTS Here we showed that phage VB_SauS_SH-St 15644 isolated from sewage inhibited MRSA isolates in vitro and in the murine skin infection model. Phage VB_SauS_SH-St 15644 belongs to Siphoviridae. The genome of the phage is a linear, 45,111 bp double-stranded DNA with GC content of 33.35%. Among the 37 clinical MRSA isolates tested, 12 (32%) were lysed by the phage in vitro. The phage was relatively stable at temperatures up to 40 °C or between pH 6 and 9. However, the phage was sensitive to UV light. 80% of the phage was approximately adsorbed to the host MRSA isolate in 4 min. The one-step growth curve showed that the latent period was about 12 min followed by the growth period (about 9 min). The burst size was estimated at 13 PFU per infected cell. Furthermore, in a murine skin infection model, the phage significantly inhibited MRSA infection. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that phage VB_SauS_SH-St 15644 has a potential to inhibit MRSA skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengsha Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuetong Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ping He
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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94
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Domingo-Calap P, Beamud B, Mora-Quilis L, González-Candelas F, Sanjuán R. Isolation and Characterization of Two Klebsiella pneumoniae Phages Encoding Divergent Depolymerases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3160. [PMID: 32365770 PMCID: PMC7246685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a major global health concern. The search for new therapies has brought bacteriophages into the spotlight, and new phages are being described as possible therapeutic agents. Among the bacteria that are most extensively resistant to current antibiotics is Klebsiella pneumoniae, whose hypervariable extracellular capsule makes treatment particularly difficult. Here, we describe two new K. pneumoniae phages, πVLC5 and πVLC6, isolated from environmental samples. These phages belong to the genus Drulisvirus within the family Podoviridae. Both phages encode a similar tail spike protein with putative depolymerase activity, which is shared among other related phages and probably determines their ability to specifically infect K. pneumoniae capsular types K22 and K37. In addition, we found that phage πVLC6 also infects capsular type K13 and is capable of striping the capsules of K. pneumoniae KL2 and KL3, although the phage was not infectious in these two strains. Genome sequence analysis suggested that the extended tropism of phage πVLC6 is conferred by a second, divergent depolymerase. Phage πVLC5 encodes yet another putative depolymerase, but we found no activity of this phage against capsular types other than K22 and K37, after testing a panel of 77 reference strains. Overall, our results confirm that most phages productively infected one or few Klebsiella capsular types. This constitutes an important challenge for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Domingo-Calap
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, ISysBio, Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (L.M.-Q.); (F.G.-C.); (R.S.)
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Beatriz Beamud
- FISABIO-Salud Pública, Generalitat Valenciana, 46020 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Lucas Mora-Quilis
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, ISysBio, Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (L.M.-Q.); (F.G.-C.); (R.S.)
| | - Fernando González-Candelas
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, ISysBio, Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (L.M.-Q.); (F.G.-C.); (R.S.)
- FISABIO-Salud Pública, Generalitat Valenciana, 46020 Valencia, Spain;
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, ISysBio, Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (L.M.-Q.); (F.G.-C.); (R.S.)
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95
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Chen Y, Li X, Wang S, Guan L, Li X, Hu D, Gao D, Song J, Chen H, Qian P. A Novel Tail-Associated O91-Specific Polysaccharide Depolymerase from a Podophage Reveals Lytic Efficacy of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00145-20. [PMID: 32111587 PMCID: PMC7170472 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00145-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are important zoonotic foodborne pathogens, causing diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. However, antibiotic treatment of STEC infection is associated with an increased risk of HUS. Therefore, there is an urgent need for early and effective therapeutic strategies. Here, we isolated lytic T7-like STEC phage PHB19 and identified a novel O91-specific polysaccharide depolymerase (Dep6) in the C terminus of the PHB19 tailspike protein. Dep6 exhibited strong hydrolase activity across wide ranges of pH (pH 4 to 8) and temperature (20 to 60°C) and degraded polysaccharides on the surface of STEC strain HB10. In addition, both Dep6 and PHB19 degraded biofilms formed by STEC strain HB10. In a mouse STEC infection model, delayed Dep6 treatment (3 h postinfection) resulted in only 33% survival, compared with 83% survival when mice were treated simultaneously with infection. In comparison, pretreatment with Dep6 led to 100% survival compared with that of the control group. Surprisingly, a single PHB19 treatment resulted in 100% survival in all three treatment protocols. Moreover, a significant reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines was observed at 24 h postinfection in Dep6- or PHB19-treated mice. These results demonstrated that Dep6 or PHB19 might be used as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent STEC infection.IMPORTANCE Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen worldwide. The Shiga-like toxin causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. Although antibiotic therapy is still used for STEC infections, this approach may increase the risk of HUS. Phages or phage-derived depolymerases have been used to treat bacterial infections in animals and humans, as in the case of the "San Diego patient" treated with a phage cocktail. Here, we showed that phage PHB19 and its O91-specific polysaccharide depolymerase Dep6 degraded STEC biofilms and stripped the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from STEC strain HB10, which was subsequently killed by serum complement in vitro In a mouse model, PHB19 and Dep6 protected against STEC infection and caused a significant reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. This study reports the use of an O91-specific polysaccharide depolymerase for the treatment of STEC infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dayue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaoyang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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96
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Liu Y, Leung SSY, Huang Y, Guo Y, Jiang N, Li P, Chen J, Wang R, Bai C, Mi Z, Gao Z. Identification of Two Depolymerases From Phage IME205 and Their Antivirulent Functions on K47 Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:218. [PMID: 32117192 PMCID: PMC7034173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) pose a significant threat to global public health. In present research, a total of 80 CRKP strains belonging to ST11 were collected with 70% (56 of 80 isolates) expressing a K47 capsular type. Thus, it is significant to prevent and control infections caused by these bacteria. Capsule depolymerases could degrade bacterial surface polysaccharides to reduce their virulence and expose bacteria to host immune attack. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of phage-encoded depolymerases as antivirulent agents in treating CRKP infections in vitro and in vivo. Here, two capsule depolymerases (Dpo42 and Dpo43) derived from phage IME205 were expressed and characterized. Although both depolymerases act on strains with a capsular serotype K47, they are active against different subsets of strains, indicating subtle differences in capsule composition that exist within this serotype. The host range of phage IME205 matched to the sum of specificity range of Dpo42 and Dpo43. These two enzymes maintained stable activity in a relatively broad range of pH levels (pH 5.0–8.0 for Dpo42 and pH 4.0–8.0 for Dpo43) and temperatures (20–70°C). Besides, both Dpo42 and Dpo43 could make host bacteria fully susceptible to the killing effect of serum complement and display no hemolytic activity to erythrocytes. In summary, capsule depolymerases are promising antivirulent agents to combat CRKP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yatao Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Puyuan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rentao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhancheng Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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